Zoology by Harsh Kaushik

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION
IN ANIMALS
ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ANIMAL TISSUES
A tissue is a group of similar cells having a specific function and origin.

ANIMAL TISSUES I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE(EPITHELIUM)
• It has a free surface that faces body fluid or outside environment.

• Covers or lines body or some parts of the body.
• Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix.
• Are avascular but Nerves are present
• Origin is from all three germ layers-Ectodermal, Mesodermal and Endodermal
Simple
Single layered
Epithelial
Tissue
Compound
Multiple layered

▪ Composed of a single layer of cells.

▪ It lines body cavities, ducts and tubes.
▪ Functions-Diffusion, Filtration, Absorption, Secretion etc
▪ Based on structural modification of cells, simple epithelium is 3 types.

1. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Thin layer of flattened cells

with irregular boundaries.
• Found in the walls of blood
vessels and lung alveoli.
• Functions: form a diffusion
boundary.
1. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Also known as Pavement Epithelium-
Flattened Tile like appearance
• Tessellated Epithelium- Wavy appearance
➢ In Mesothelium- Lining of hollow organs
➢ In Endothelium-Lining of Blood/Lymph
vessels
• Location of Simple Squamous Epithelium:
❖ Alveoli of Lungs
❖ Bowman’s capsule of Nephron
❖ Descending Limb of Loop of Henle
❖ Endothelium of Blood/Lymph capillaries
ENDOTHELLIUM AND MESOTHELIUM

SUMMARY

2. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• Composed of cube-like cells.

• Found in ducts of glands and tubular
parts of nephrons.
• Functions: Secretion and absorption.
• Epithelium of proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT) of nephron has microvilli.
2. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
BRUSH BORDER KINOCILIATED

NORMAL CUBOIDAL
CUBOIDAL CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM
Present in: Have microvilli on free Have Motile cilia on free
• Small ducts of glands surface for increasing surface which beats to
• Tubular part of surface area of move particles in a
Nephron Absorption direction.
• Ascending Loop of Present in: Present in:
Henle, DCT and • PCT of Nephron • Terminal Bronchioles
Collecting Duct.
• Germinal epithelium of
Gonads ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE FOUND IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF LUNG
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR IN TRACHEA CILIATED CUBOIDAL IN SIMPLE SQUAMOUS IN

AND BRONCHUS TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLUS
SUMMARY

3. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Composed of tall and slender cells.

• Their nuclei are located at the base.
• Free surface may have microvilli.
• Found in lining of stomach & intestine.
• Functions: Secretion & absorption.
3. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
NORMAL BRUSH BORDER KINOCILIATED STEREOCILIATED

COLUMNAR COLUMNAR COLUMNAR COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM
Present in Have Goblet cells Present in Present in

• Glands of Gastro which secrete • Fallopian Tube • Epididymis
intestinal Tract mucus • Upper • Vas deferens
Present in Respiratory • Internal Ear
• Gastro intestinal tract
Tract

SUMMARY
SUMMARY
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH
KAUSHIK
Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells 1. Ciliated epithelium
• Cells bear cilia on their free surface.
• Present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
• Function: To move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium.

Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells 2. Glandular epithelium
For secretion. They are 2 types:
◼ Unicellular: Consists of isolated glandular cells. E.g. Goblet cells of the
alimentary canal.
◼ Multicellular: Consists of cluster of cells. E.g. Salivary gland.

Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells 2. Glandular epithelium
Based on mode of pouring of their secretions, glands are 2 types:
❖ Exocrine glands: They release secretions through ducts (tubes). Exocrine
glands secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes etc.
❖ Endocrine (ductless) glands: No ducts. They produce hormones.

 Composed of multi-layered cells.

 Limited role in secretion and absorption.
 They cover the dry surface of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining
of ducts of salivary glands & pancreatic ducts.
 Functions: Protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.

MULTILAYERED
STRETCHABLE OR NON
TRANSITIONAL STRETCHABLE OR
EPITHELIUM OR STRATIFIED
UROTHELIUM EPITHELIUM
➢ Consist of several layers of
cells that become flattened STRATIFIED STRATIFIED STRATIFIED
when stretched. SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR
➢ It appears cuboidal when EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM
relaxed and squamous
Large Ducts of Conjunctiva of the eye,
when stretched. NON Lobar ducts of salivary
KERATINIZED Salivary, Sweat,
Present in KERATINIZED glands, Certain parts of
Mammary and
• Ureter In Skin Buccal cavity, Pharynx, Pancreatic glands the male urethra
• Urinary bladder Oesophagus, Anal canal, Parts of male urethra Vas deferens, Uterus,
• Urethra Vagina etc Anus, Pharynx
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF DIFFERENT EPITHELIAL TISSUES

CELL JUNCTIONS
• These are the junctions that provide structural and functional links between
adjacent cells.
• They are 3 types:
Tight junctions
Cell
Adhering junctions
junctions
Gap junctions

CELL JUNCTIONS
Tight • Help to stop substances from
Junctions leaking across a tissue.
• Also k/a (Occluding Junction)
Adhering • Perform cementing to keep

Junctions neighbouring cells together.
• Facilitate the cells to communicate

Gap with each other by connecting
Junctions cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for
rapid transfer of ions, small
molecules & big molecules.
CELL JUNCTIONS AND THEIR FUNCTION

II. CONNECTIVE TISSUES

ANIMAL TISSUES
 It links and supports other tissues/organs.

 Most abundant in complex animals.
 All connective tissues except blood have fibroblast cells. They secrete fibrous proteins
called collagen & elastin. They give strength, elasticity & flexibility to tissue.
 The cells also secrete modified polysaccharides (matrix), which accumulate between
cells and fibres. (Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides
and hyaluronic acid is present in matrix)
Distribution and main functions of the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
ANIMAL TISSUES
Loose Areolar Tissue
connective
TISSUE
tissue Adipose Tissue

TISSUES
Dense regular
Dense
CONNECTIVE
connective
Dense irregular
CONNECTIVE
tissue
Cartilage
Specialised
connective Bone
tissue
Blood

ANIMAL TISSUES
1.Loose Connective Tissue
• In this, cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells etc.) and fibres are loosely arranged
in a semi-fluid matrix.
• It is 2 types: Areolar & Adipose.
Areolar Adipose

ANIMAL TISSUES
1.Loose Connective Tissue a. Areolar Tissue
o Present beneath the skin.

o It serves as a support framework for epithelium.

ANIMAL TISSUES
1.Loose Connective Tissue b. Adipose Tissue
o Seen mainly beneath skin.

o Its cells (adipocytes) store fats.
o Excess nutrients are converted into fats and stored in this tissue.

ANIMAL TISSUES
2. Dense Connective Tissue
▪ Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed.
▪ 2 types:
❖ Dense regular connective tissues
❖ Dense irregular connective tissues

ANIMAL TISSUES
2. Dense Connective Tissue a. Dense regular
❖ Show regular pattern of fibres.

❖ Collagen fibres are present in rows between many parallel bundles of
fibres.
E.g. tendons and ligaments.
ANIMAL TISSUES
2. Dense Connective Tissue a. Dense regular
◼ Tendons: Attach skeletal muscles to bones.

◼ Ligaments: Attach one bone to another.
Tendon Ligament

ANIMAL TISSUES
2. Dense Connective Tissue b. Dense Irregular
❖ Irregular pattern of fibroblasts and fibres (mostly collagen).

❖ Present in skin.

ANIMAL TISSUES
3. Specialized Connective Tissue A. Cartilage
◼ In this, intercellular material (matrix)
is solid and pliable (due to chondroitin
Cartilage
salts) and resists compression.
cell ◼ Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) are
enclosed in small cavities within the
matrix secreted by them.
◼ Most of the cartilages in vertebrate
embryos are replaced by bones in
adults.
◼ Cartilage is present in the tip of nose,
outer ear, joints in the vertebral
column, limbs and hands in adults.
ANIMAL TISSUES
3. Specialized Connective Tissue B. Bone
◼ It has hard and non-pliable matrix rich in calcium salts and
collagen fibres which give bone its strength.
◼ Bone is composed of 30% organic and 70% inorganic components
◼ Bone cells (osteocytes) are seen in spaces called lacunae.

ANIMAL TISSUES
3. Specialized Connective Tissue B. Bone
Functions
✓ It provides structural frame to body.
✓ Support and protect softer tissues
and organs.
✓ Limb bones serve weight-bearing
functions.
✓ Take part in locomotion and
movements.
✓ Blood cells are produced in bone
marrow.

REGIONS OF A BONE
Bone is divided into 3 zones.
➢ The diaphysis, or shaft,
➢ The epiphysis, or the ends, and
➢ The metaphysis, the region in between the two.
❖ The diaphysis contains the medulla of the bone, which houses
bone marrow. The marrow is the primary tissue responsible
for the production of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
❖ The epiphysis is the terminal end of the long bone that is
typically responsible for articulation. It is also the primary
source of red bone marrow in long bones, which allows
erythropoiesis.
❖ The metaphysis is the region of the bone that contains the
epiphyseal plate in children, which is responsible for growth
as it remains cartilaginous until after puberty. After ossification
in adulthood, the metaphysis is primarily responsible for
transferring load bearing from the epiphysis to the diaphysis.

Cross Section of Bone
Haversian
Canal
Volkmann’s
Canal

EFFECT OF HCl and KOH ON BONE
Effect of HCl on Bone: Bone becomes decalcified and
becomes Soft and Flexible.
Reason: Bone is made of minerals, and the most prominent
mineral is calcium. When a bone is dropped in the HCl
medium, the calcium of bone slowly starts dissolve due to the
action of the strong acid.
HCl + Ca ----> CaCl2 + H2. Afterward, the bone is depleted of
calcium but it does not "melt" because there are other
minerals that make up the bone such as potassium, vitamins,
and collagen.
Effect of KOH on Bone: Nothing happens to Bone.

Reason: Bones are majorly made up of two elements calcium
and phosphorus. KOH cannot demineralize the calcium.
Thus, bone-in KOH remain unaffected. But, the surrounding
muscles and connective tissue get dissolved, so that the bone
now appears clean.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BONE AND CARTILAGE

ANIMAL TISSUES
3. Specialized Connective Tissue C. Blood
◼ A fluid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells
(WBC) & platelets.
◼ Helps in the circulation of various substances.

SUMMARY OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• The tissues is of Mesodermal origin and is made of many muscle
fibres (muscle cells).
• Muscle fibres are composed of numerous fine myofibrils.
• Muscle fibres can contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen).
• Muscles take part in locomotion and movements.
FASCIA

TYPES OF MUSCLES
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

(striated/ (non- striated muscles
voluntary) or visceral)
muscle muscle

1
Skeletal (striated/
voluntary) muscle
▪ They are attached to bones. E.g. Biceps.

▪ Striations are present in muscle fibres.
▪ Muscle fibres are bundled together in a
parallel fashion.
▪ A sheath of tough connective tissue encloses
several bundles of muscle fibres.
2
Smooth (non-
striated/ visceral)
▪ Involuntary & fusiform (fibres taper at both ends).

▪ No striations.
▪ Cell junctions hold them together and they are
bundled together in a connective tissue sheath.
▪ They are seen in the wall of internal organs such
as the blood vessels, stomach and intestine.
3
Cardiac muscle
▪ Involuntary muscle seen only in the heart.

▪ Cell junctions fuse the plasma membranes of
the cells and make them stick together.
▪ Communication junctions (intercalated discs)
allow the cells to contract as a unit, i.e., when
one cell receives a signal to contract, its
neighbour cells are also contracted.
 Made up of neurons (unit of neural system).
 Responsible for control & co-ordination of body.
 Neurons are excitable cells. They carry impulses.
 Neurons are protected and supported by
neuroglial cells.
 Neuroglia make up more than half the volume
of neural tissue (are not excitable)
NEUROGLIAL CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
They have four main

functions:
(1) To surround
neurons and hold
them in place,
(2) To supply
nutrients and
oxygen to
neurons;
(3) To insulate one
neuron from
another,
(4) To destroy
pathogens and
remove dead
neurons
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
❖ Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems.
❖ This organization is essential for better coordinated activities of cells.
❖ An organ is made of one or more type of tissues. E.g. Heart has all
type of tissue i.e. epithelial, connective, muscular & neural tissues
but in different proportions.
MORPHOLOGY AND
ANATOMY OF ANIMALS
Morphology: Study of form or external features.

Anatomy: Study of morphology of internal organs.
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Genus Periplaneta
Species americana
• They are nocturnal, omnivores, live in damp places.
• Colour: Brown or black. Bright yellow, red & green coloured
ZOOLOGY BY
cockroaches are also seen in tropical regions.
HARSH KAUSHIK • Size: ¼ inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm).
COCKROACH MORPHOLOGY
(Periplaneta ▪ The adults are about 34-53 mm long.
americana) ▪ Body is covered by a hard brown chitinous exoskeleton.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
(Periplaneta ▪ In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites
(dorsal tergites & ventral sternites). They are joined to each other
americana) by a thin and flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane).
▪ The body has 3 regions: head, thorax & abdomen.
Tergites
Sternites
ZOOLOGY BY
Dorsal Ventral
HARSH KAUSHIK
MORPHOLOGY 1. Head
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ Triangular head is formed by 6 fused segments.
americana) ▪ It shows great mobility in all directions due to flexible neck.
▪ Head bears a pair of thread-like antennae, a pair of compound
eyes and biting & chewing type mouth parts.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
MORPHOLOGY 1. Head
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ A labrum (upper lip) ▪ Hypopharynx (tongue)
americana) Mouth ▪ 2 mandibles ▪ A labium (lower lip)
parts ▪ 2 maxillae
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
MORPHOLOGY 2. Thorax
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ It has 3 parts: prothorax, mesothorax & metathorax.
americana) ▪ The head is connected to thorax by a neck (short extension of the
prothorax).
▪ Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
MORPHOLOGY 2. Thorax
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta 2 pairs of wings: Forewings (2) and Hind wings (2).
▪ Forewings (mesothoracic) or tegmina: Opaque, dark and leathery
americana) and cover the hind wings when at rest.
▪ Hind wings (metathoracic): Transparent, membranous and are
used in flight.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
MORPHOLOGY 3. Abdomen
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ It consists of 10 segments.
americana) ▪ In females, 7th (boat shaped), 8th & 9th
sterna form a brood (genital) pouch.
It contains female gonopore,
spermathecal pores & collateral glands.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ In males, genital pouch lies at the hind
end of abdomen bounded dorsally by 9th
americana) & 10th terga and ventrally by 9th sternum.
▪ It contains dorsal anus, ventral male
genital pore (gonopore) & gonapophysis.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
▪ In both sexes, 10th segment bears a pair of jointed anal cerci.
americana) ▪ Males bear a pair of short, threadlike anal styles.
Anal cercus
ZOOLOGY BY Anal style

HARSH KAUSHIK
(Periplaneta Differences between male and female cockroach
americana)
Male Female
• Larger size • Smaller size
• Wings extend beyond the tip • Do not extend beyond the
of the abdomen tip of the abdomen
• Narrow abdomen • Broad abdomen
• Anal styles present • Absent
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK • Brood pouch absent • Present
ANATOMY Digestive system
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)
Alimentary canal has 3 parts:

❖ Foregut
❖ Mid gut
❖ Hindgut
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana) Foregut
▪ It is lined by cuticle. It includes
Mouth → pharynx →
oesophagus → crop (to store
food) → gizzard (proventriculus).
▪ Gizzard helps in grinding the
food. It has an outer layer of
thick circular muscles and thick
inner cuticle forming 6 chitinous
plates (teeth).
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)
Mid gut (Mesenteron)
▪ It is not lined by cuticle.
▪ 6-8 tubules (hepatic or gastric
caecae) are seen at the junction
of foregut & mid gut. They
secrete digestive juice.
▪ At the junction of mid gut &
hindgut, there are 100-150
yellow coloured thin
filamentous Malpighian tubules.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)
Hindgut
▪ It is broader than mid gut and
lined internally by cuticle.
▪ Hindgut includes ileum, colon &
rectum.
▪ Rectum opens out through
anus.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
ANATOMY Circulatory system
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)
▪ Blood vascular system: Open
type.
▪ Blood vessels are poorly
developed and open into space
(haemocoel).
▪ Visceral organs located in the
haemocoel are bathed in blood
(haemolymph).
▪ Haemolymph= colourless
plasma + haemocytes.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
ANATOMY Circulatory system
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
americana)
▪ Heart consists of elongated
muscular tube lying along mid
dorsal line of thorax and abdomen.
▪ It has funnel-shaped chambers
with ostia on either side.
▪ Blood from sinuses enter heart
through ostia and is pumped
anteriorly to sinuses again.
13 chambers in Heart,
3 Sinuses
ZOOLOGY BY 12 pair of Ostia,
HARSH KAUSHIK 12 pair of Alary muscles
ANATOMY Respiratory system
COCKROACH
▪ It consists of a network of trachea that open through 10 pairs of
(Periplaneta
small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body.
americana) ▪ The thin branches of tracheal tubes are called tracheoles. They
carry oxygen from the air to all parts.(exchange occurs at
tracheoles)
▪ The opening of the spiracles is regulated by sphincters.
▪ Gas exchange takes place at the tracheoles by diffusion.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
ANATOMY Excretory system
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta
▪ Uricotelic.
americana) ▪ Excretory organ is Malpighian tubules.
▪ Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells. They absorb
nitrogenous wastes and convert them into uric acid. It is excreted
out through hindgut.
▪ Fat body, nephrocytes & urecose glands also help in excretion.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
ANATOMY Nervous system
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ It consists of segmentally
arranged ganglia joined by paired
americana) longitudinal connectives on the
ventral side.
▪ 3 ganglia lie in the thorax and 6 in
the abdomen.
▪ The head holds only a bit of
nervous system. Remaining part
is situated along the ventral part
of the body. So, if the head of
cockroach is cut off, it will still
live for one week.
▪ The supra-oesophageal ganglion
ZOOLOGY BY (brain) supplies nerves to
HARSH KAUSHIK antennae and compound eyes.
ANATOMY Nervous system
COCKROACH
▪ Sense organs: Antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal
(Periplaneta
cerci etc.
americana) ▪ Sensory receptors of antennae monitor the environment.
▪ Each compound eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia.
Using these, a cockroach can receive several images of an object.
This is called mosaic vision. It has more sensitivity but less
resolution, being common during night (hence called nocturnal
vision).
ZOOLOGY BY
Mosaic vision
HARSH KAUSHIK
ANATOMY Reproductive system
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta Male Reproductive System
americana) Cockroaches are
Dioecious i.e. male and
female are separate.
Males reproductive
system consists of:
▪ A pair of testes
▪ Seminal vesicles
▪ Accessory glands
▪ External genitalia
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
americana) ▪ Testes: Lie laterally in the 4th -6th abdominal segments.
Each testis → a thin vas deferens → seminal vesicle → ejaculatory
duct → male gonopore.
▪ Seminal vesicles: To store
sperms.
Sperms are glued together to
form bundles called
spermatophores. They are
discharged during copulation.
Cockroach
mating
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
americana) ▪ Accessory glands: Include a mushroom gland (in 6th-7th
abdominal segments) and phallic gland. Their secretions
nourish the sperms.
▪ External genitalia (male

gonapophysis or
phallomeres): Chitinous
asymmetrical
structures, surrounding
the male gonopore.
Cockroach
mating
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta Female Reproductive System
americana)
ZOOLOGY BY ▪ It consists of 2 large ovaries, 2 oviducts, 2 spermatheca,

HARSH KAUSHIK genital chamber, 2 Collaterial glands etc.
COCKROACH
americana)
Ootheca
▪ Ovaries lie laterally in the 2nd – 6th abdominal segments.

▪ Each ovary is formed of 8 ovarian tubules (ovarioles), containing a
chain of developing ova.
ZOOLOGY BY ▪ Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (vagina)
HARSH KAUSHIK which opens into the genital chamber.
COCKROACH
americana)
Ootheca
▪ A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segment which opens into

the genital chamber.
▪ Sperms are transferred through spermatophores. Their fertilised eggs
are encased in ootheca, (3/8” (8 mm long)
ZOOLOGY BY ▪ Ootheca is dark reddish to blackish brown capsule, 8 mm long.
HARSH KAUSHIK ▪ Females lay 9-10 oothecae, each contain 14-16 eggs.
COCKROACH
(Periplaneta ▪ Development of P. americana is
paurometabolous (development
americana) through nymphal stage).
▪ Nymphs look like adults. They moult
13 times to reach the adult form.
▪ The next to last nymphal stage has
wing pads.
▪ Only adult cockroaches have wings.
ZOOLOGY BY
HARSH KAUSHIK Moulting
COCKROACH ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
(Periplaneta
americana)
▪ They are pests because they destroy food and

contaminate it with their smelly excreta.
▪ They also transmit bacterial diseases like cholera,
ZOOLOGY BY typhoid, tuberculosis etc.
HARSH KAUSHIK
MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF
FROG

Zoology by Harsh Kaushik

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STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

• It has a free surface that faces body fluid or outside environment.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

▪ Composed of a single layer of cells.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

• Thin layer of flattened cells

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

• Composed of cube-like cells.

BRUSH BORDER KINOCILIATED

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR IN TRACHEA CILIATED CUBOIDAL IN SIMPLE SQUAMOUS IN

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

• Composed of tall and slender cells.

NORMAL BRUSH BORDER KINOCILIATED STEREOCILIATED

Present in Have Goblet cells Present in Present in

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

 Composed of multi-layered cells.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

Adhering • Perform cementing to keep

• Facilitate the cells to communicate

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

 It links and supports other tissues/organs.

tissue Adipose Tissue

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

o Present beneath the skin.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

o Seen mainly beneath skin.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

❖ Show regular pattern of fibres.

◼ Tendons: Attach skeletal muscles to bones.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

❖ Irregular pattern of fibroblasts and fibres (mostly collagen).

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

Effect of KOH on Bone: Nothing happens to Bone.

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

ZOOLOGY BY HARSH KAUSHIK

▪ They are attached to bones. E.g. Biceps.

▪ Involuntary & fusiform (fibres taper at both ends).

▪ Involuntary muscle seen only in the heart.

They have four main

Morphology: Study of form or external features.

ZOOLOGY BY Anal style

Alimentary canal has 3 parts:

▪ External genitalia (male

ZOOLOGY BY ▪ It consists of 2 large ovaries, 2 oviducts, 2 spermatheca,