EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Prof.Dr.Bekir Uğur ERGÜR

Classification of Lining Epithelium

1.According to layers:
• Simple
• Stratified

2. According to surface cell shape:

• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
 Simple squamous epithelium Mesothelium

• Endothelium
• Endocardium
• Mesothelium
Endothelium
 Simple cuboidal epithelium

In this example you see the simple This slide is taken from kidney tubules
cuboidal epithelium cells.Their representing the simple cuboidal epithelium cells.
• Thyroid gland follicles
• Intra-glandular ducts
• Chroid plexus
• Lens capsule
• Pigmented retina epithelium
 Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Apicalsurface: mikrovilli or cilia

• Striated border
• Brush border

• Gastrointestinal system, stomach, intestine

and gall bladder
• Uterus and uterine tubes
• Bronchi (Lung)
Slide from small intestine.The
clear like areas between
epithelial cells are goblet
cells.Epithelial cells sit on a
basement membrane.

Slide from large intestine.Large intestine is lined

by simple columnar epithelium.The number of
goblet cells increase in large intestine.
Stratified Epithelium

• Basal cells, sitting on

basement membrane, mostly
columnar, cuboidal or
polygonal.

• Rest of the layers are

composed by polygonal cells.

• Upper-most cells (free

surface) give the name of
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Squamous cells
locates at apical
surface
• Usually seen at
wet surfaces
(esophagus)

• Mouth
• Oropharynx
• Esophagus
• Epiglottis
(gastrointestinal surface)
• Cornea
• Vagina
 Keratinized stratified squmaous
epithelium

• Upper-most surface is lined by

keratin (acelluar).
• Cytoplasm of cells are rich by
keratine.• Epidermis
• Tongue

Function:
• Resistant for physical damages
• Not allows for water transition

****Mostly seen in skin. The special

name is epidermis.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Mostly found in Sweat glands ducts.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• Surface cells are columnar

• Deeper located cells are
polygonal
• In wide excreation canals we
observe
 Speacial Epitelia:
• Pseudostratified Epithelium
• Transitional Epithelium

Pseudostratified Epithelium
• Respirotary Epithelium:
• Trachea
• Primary brochus

Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium wtih
goblet cells.

It seem as stratified but actually it is not stratified.

All of the cells sit on basement membrane.Some of them reach to the apical
surface some of them dont’t.
Transitional Epithelium

-When organ is filled by urine surface lining cells seem squamous.

• Surface cells are

dome-shaped
(umbrella-shaped)
• Uroplakin…bright
pinkish layer over the
surface epithelium.
Regeneration of Epithelium
• Regeneration time varies from organ-to-organ
• Small intestine 4-6 days
• In stratified epithelia, mitosis occurs in basal part.
Whereas, it happens by undifferantiated cells in simple
epithelia.
• After injury, damaged area is covered by simple
epithelium.
• Basal lamina is needed for tissue repairment.
-Regeneration depends on localization but all epithelial cell
regenerate itself.
-If the injury include the basement membrane ,it is very difficult to
regenerate this injury.

Metaplasia:Transformation of one kind of epithelium to another

epithelium.
Pseudostratified epithelium…-to stratified epithelium (smokers)
The process is reversible, but sometimes can go through neoplasia

Neoplasia ..over-reproduction of epithelial cells.

• Malign/benign
• Epithelium derived tumors are named as carcinoma
• Glandular epithelium derived tumors are named as adeno-
carcinom
Glandular Epithelium
• absorbs and makes
some secretions like
enzymes, hormones,
saliva, sweat or
some sebaceous
secretions.
 According to secretion type:

Ecsocrine glands:Exterior secretion

•Connected with surface epithelium
•Canals (ducts)
Endocrineglands:Interiorsecretion
•Not connected with surface epithelium
•No canals
•Gives their secretions to exterior area
•Secretes hormones

i.Celluar organisation is likely to anastomose Such as; kidney, parathyroidgland,

anteriorhypophysis, langerhans

ii.Cells makes formations of follicles or vesicles Suchas; thyroidgland

Cytokines:
Molecules which are efficient at cell-cell communication over
receptors in target cell Based on the impact distance of
cytokine:
1.Autocrine
2.Paracrine
3.Endocrine
Exocrine glands(exterior secretion glands)
According to secretion mechanism:
1. Merocrine secretion
2. Apocrine secretion
3. Holocrine secretion
Merocrine secretion:
Membrane surrounded secretion vesicles
are givent oe xtracellular space by exocytosis
No cytoplasmic loss
Parotid gland, exocrine acinar cells of
pancreas
Apocrine secretion:
Membrane bounded secretion granules
protrudes from cells with a small amount of
cytoplasm
Mammary gland, apocrine sweat glands in
skin.
Holocrine secretion:
• Secretion accumulates in cell and bursts with
cell.
• Sebaceous glands in skin
Exocrine glands:
• Uni cellular (single cell)
• Multi cellular
• Intra-epithelial
• Extra-epithelial
Intra-epithelial uni-cellularglands
•Goblet Cell
•Respiratory and gastrointestinal system
Multicellular glands
Acini are connected with surface by canals
Classification:
•Secretion
•Canals
•Form of secretory portion
Canal system classification:
• Simple
• Compound

Secretory end piece classification:

• tubular
• Alveolar-acinar
Simple glands:
Simple tubular
•Coiled(salivary gland)
•Branched (stomach)
Simple coiled tubular

•Sweat gland
•Merocrine secretion
Simple alveolargland:
Paraurethral gland (prostate)