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• Composed of two or three layers of cuboidal cells with the basal layer
of cells often appearing nonuniform in distribution
• Mainly found lining large ducts of exocrine glands
• The cells often have smooth apical surfaces and form barriers and
ducts
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• Endocrine
Release their products into interstitial fluid or directly into the
bloodstream
• Exocrine
Secrete their products either through ducts into the lumen of an organ
or directly onto the body surfaces
Classification of Exocrine Glands
1. Classified by Product
• serous glands (watery proteinaceous fluid, ex: parotid, von Ebner of the
tongue, pancreas, and sweat glands)
• mucous glands (viscous mixture of glycoprotein and water, ex: goblet cells in
the small and large intestines, respiratory epithelium, hard and soft palates,
and stomach.
• mixed glands/seromucous (submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and
glands
in the trachea and esophagus)
• sebaceous glands (produce lipids, ex: skin)
2. Classified by Mechanisms of Secretion
• Merocrine secretion
the secretory product is released from the cell by exocytosis without the loss
of cell material (cytoplasm), ex: zymogen granules by pancreatic acinar cells
• Apocrine secretion
the secretory product is released together with part of the apical cytoplasm
of the secretory cell, ex: lipid secretion by epithelial cells of the mammary
gland
• Holocrine secretion
the secretory product is released by disintegration of the entire cell, ex: fatty
lubricant secretory product, sebum, is released by the cells of sebaceous
glands
3. Classified by Morphology
• Unicellular
Composed of only single cells. The secretory products are released
directly onto the surface of an epithelium, ex: Goblet cells
• Multicellular
Consist of numbers of secretory cells arranged in different
organizations (acini or tubules)
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