HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

BIOLOGY– ZOOLOGY
CHAPTER – 3
TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
 TISSUES
Group of cells that are
similar in structure and
perform common or related
functions are called as tissues
TISSUE – The living fabrics
Tissues are organized in
specific proportions and
patterns to form various
organs. Hence tissues are
called as “living fabrics”
 HISTOLOGY
The Study of tissues
 FOUR BASIC TYPE OF ANIMAL TISSUES
•Epithelial tissue
•Connective tissue
•Muscular tissue
•Nervous tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
• Sheet of cells covering the body surface or body cavity
• Functions
a) Protection b) Absorption c) Filtration
d) Excretion e) Secretion f) Sensory reception
 SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
• Composed of single layer of cells
• Found in the organs of absorption, secretion and filtration
Types of simple epithelium
a) squamous epithelium
b) Cuboidal epithelium
c) Columnar epithelium
d) Ciliated epithelium
e) Pseudostratified epithelium
f) Glandular epithelium
 SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
•Single layer of thin flattened cells with irregular boundaries
LOCATION
•Glomerulus of kidney, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, vessels
FUNCTION
a) Diffusion boundary
b) Filtration
 CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
•Single layer of cube-shaped cells
LOCATION
•Tubules of kidney, surface of ovaries, secretory parts of some glands
FUNCTION
a) Secretion
b) Absorption
 COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Single layer of tall pillar-like cells with oval nuclei at the base
LOCATION
• Digestive tract of stomach to rectum
• Goblet cells are modified cuboidal epithelial cells in digestive tract secrets mucus
• Cuboidal cells at small intestine are modified with microvilli for absorption
FUNCTION
a) Secretion of enzymes, mucus etc.
b) Absorption
 CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Single layer of tall pillar-like cells with oval nuclei at the base and possess cilia at
their free ends
LOCATION
• Lining of small bronchioles, fallopian tubes, uterus
FUNCTION
a) propelling the mucus by ciliary action
 PSEUDO STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• Unequal sized columnar cells.
• Though single layered, it appears to be multi-layered due to position of nuclei at different
levels in different cells
• Types – (a) cells with cilia (b) cells without cilia
LOCATION
• Cell with cilia are found in the upper respiratory tract (trachea)
• Cells without cilia are found in lining of epididymis, urethra
FUNCTION
a) protection b) Absorption c) Secretion
 MICROSCOPIC IMAGES
OF
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Microscopic image
Of
Columnar epithelium

Microscopic image
Of
Ciliated Columnar epithelium
MICROSCOPIC IMAGES
OF
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
 MICROSCOPIC IMAGE
OF
CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
 GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
Some of the cuboidal and columnar
epithelial cells are modified and involved
in secretion. Such epithelial cells are
called glandular epithelium
 GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
TYPES OF GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM (based on pouring of their secretion)
a) Exocrine glands or Ducted glands
b) Endocrine glands or Ductless glands

TYPES OF GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM (based on number of cells)

a) Unicellular glandular epithelium – Example: Goblet cells in intestine
b) Multicellular glandular epithelium – Example: Salivary glands
 TYPES OF MULTICELLULAR EPITHELIUM CELLS
BASED ON STRUCTURE
a) Simple glands
b) Compound glands
BASED ON THEIR SECRETORY UNITS
a) Tubular
b) Alveolar
c) Tubulo-alveolar
BASED ON THEIR MODE OF SECRETION
a) Merocrine
b) Holocrine
c) apocrine
 COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
• Made of multi-layered cells
• Main role is to provide protection against chemical & mechanical stress
• Found in skin, pharynx, inner lining of salivary and pancreatic ducts etc.
TYPES OF COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
a) Stratified squamous epithelium
b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
c) Stratified columnar epithelium
d) Transitional epithelium
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 STRATIFIED
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
 JUNCTIONS
• The cells of the epithelium are held together with little intercellular material called
as junctions
• These junctions provide both structural and functional link between cells
Types of junctions
a) Tight junctions
b) Adhering junctions
c) Gap junctions
TIGHT JUNCTION ADHERING JUNCTION GAP JUNCTION
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• Develops from mesoderm
• Widely distributed in our body
• Most abundant tissue in our body
• All the connective tissues consists of fibres, ground
matrix and cells
• Fibres of the connective tissue may be collagen fibre,
elastin fibre & reticulate fibre
• Functions of connective tissue includes binding, support,
protection, insulation and transportation
 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
•Cells and fibres are loosely arranged in matrix
•Example: Areolar tissue, Adipose tissue, Reticular tissue
 AREOLAR TISSUE
•Found beneath the skin
•It contains fibroblast cells, macrophages
and mast cells
•Acts as a support framework for epithelium
•Acts as reservoir of water and salts for
surrounding tissues, hence called as tissue
fluid
 ADIPOSE TISSUE
• Located beneath the skin (subcutaneous)
• It is also found surrounding the organs like kidneys, eyeball, heart.
• It contains fat cells or adipose cells which occupies 90% of tissue
• These cells store excess of nutrients in the form of fat
• Highly vascularized tissue
• Types of adipose tissue – White adipose tissue and Brown adipose tissue
• White adipose has less mitochondria and stores nutrients
• Brown adipose has more mitochondria and used to heat the blood stream to make the body warm
 RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
•Found in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
•Similar to areolar tissue, but contains high
reticular cells
•It mostly contains lymphocytes
 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
•Also called as connective tissue proper
•In dense connective tissue, the fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed
in the matrix
•Types of dense connective tissue
a) Dense regular connective tissue
b) Dense irregular connective tisse
c) Elastic connective tissue
 DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• The fibre bundles are arranged in parallelly rows
• Most of the fibres are collagen fibres and few elastic fibres
• Fibroblast are the major cells found in dense connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments
• Tendons attach the skeletal muscles to bones
• Ligaments attach one bone to other bone
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Bundles of collagen fibres along with few elastic
fibres are arranged irregularly
• Fibroblasts are the major type of cells
• It provides strength to withstand the tension exerted in
various directions and provides structural strength
• It is found in skin(leathery dermis), fibrous
membranes of kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles,
joints etc
 ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Connective tissue with high content of elastin fibres
• It allows recoiling of tissues after stretching
• It is found in the walls of large arteries, ligaments of vertebral column, bronchi
BLOOD – A fluid connective tissue
•Blood is a fluid connective tissue
•It is composed of plasma and formed elements
•Plasma is the liquid part of the blood
•Formed elements are the solid part of the blood
•Formed elements contains RBC, WBC and platelets
•Blood acts as a transport medium for carrying respiratory gases,
nutrients, wastes etc. throughout the body
 BONE – A specialised connective tissue
• Bones are the hard tissues with non-pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres
• The cells of the bone tissue are called as Osteocytes
• These cells are present in spaces called lacunae
• Bones form the structural framework to body
• It supports and protect the internal organs
• It is involved in locomotion
• It is also serves weight-bearing functions
• The bone marrow forms the production site of blood cells
 MUSCLE TISSUE
•Muscles are the organs of locomotion
•Each muscle is made of many long cylindrical
fibres arranged parallelly
•Each fibre is made of many fine threads called
myofibrils.
•The muscle fibres contract and relax to bring out
the movement
 SKELETAL MUSCLES
•Found closely attached to the skeletal bones
•They have striations
•Each muscle fibre is covered by tough
connective tissue
•These muscles are voluntary in action
•Examples: muscles in biceps, triceps,
chest muscles, thigh muscles
 SMOOTH MUSCLES
•Found in the internal organs
•They do not have striations and have tapering ends
at both side
•Cell junctions hold them together and they are
surrounded by a connective sheath
•These muscles are involuntary in action
•Examples : muscles of blood vessels, stomach,
intestine
 CARDIAC MUSCLES
• Found only in the heart
• Cell junctions between the muscle cells holds
them together
• Communication junctions in the muscle cells are
involved in transmitting the impulses
• They have striations
• They are involuntary in action
NEURAL TISSUE
•Neural tissue is made of neurons
•They are highly excitable cells
•Nervous tissue exerts the greatest control
over body’s co-ordination
•Apart from neurons, the nervous tissue
contains neuroglial cells which support and
protect neurons.