GROUP 2

TISSUES OF THE HUMAN BODY

THE STUDY OF TISSUES

 BODY TISSUE

TISSUES

GROUPS OF CELLS WHICH

ARE SIMILAR IN

STRUCTURE AND WHICH

PERFORM COMMON

RELATED FUNCTIONS

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4 P R I M A RY T Y P E S O F T I S S U E S

Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue Muscle Tissue

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E P I T H E L I A L T I S S U E L O C AT I O N S :

-Covers the body

-lines the cavities, tubes,
ducts and blood vessels
inside the body.
-covers the organs inside
the body cavities

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE FUNCTIONS:

Protection from Protection against Contains receptors which Filters,Secrete and

physical and chemical microbial invasion respond to stimuli reabsorbs materials and
energy Secretes serious fluids to
lubricate structures.
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HALLMARKS OF EPITHELIL TISSUES:

— Tissue is avascular.
- Basal surface is attached to an underlying basement
- made of closely packed, flattened cells
- line the inside or outside of body areas
- little intercellular material
- a basement membrane connects epithelial tissue to connective
tissue
-nutrients are brought in by connective tissues and enter epithelial
tissues by diffusion

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C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F E P I T H E L I A
Number of Cell layers Shape of cells
•Cuboidal- cube-shaped. like fish scales
•Simple- one layer
•Squamous- flattened. like dice
•Stratified- more than one layer

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EPITHELIA
•SIMPLE EPITHELIA •GLANDULAR EPITHELIA

- very thin (not suited for protection) - one or more cells responsible for secreting
- providing absorption, secretion and particular product
filtration -product and release different secretory products

•TRANSITIONAL
EPITHELIUM
• S T R AT I F I E D E P I T H E L I A
- appears cuboidal when relaxed and squamous
- composed of more than one layer of when stretched.
epithelial cells. - changes shape in response to stretching
- protection against microorganisms (stretchable epithelium)
•location
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- lining the structures of the urinary system.
 BODY TISSUE

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

•SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM • S T R AT I F I E D S Q U A M O U S

-consist of a single layer of flattened cells.
-it works in membranes to facilitate secretion, filtration or diffusion.
•Location:
-it forms membranes, forms walls of capillaries and forms serous
membranes.
EPITHELIUM
-cells are flattened, joined tightly together, and stacked.
-function as protective covering where friction is common.
•locations:
Skin (outer portion), Mouth, and Esophagus

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CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

•SIMPLE CUBOIDAL • S T R AT I F I E D C U B O I D A L
EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM

-single layer or cells that are approximately as tall as they
are wide.
-Functions in secretion and absorption.
•Location:
-Forms wall of kidney tubules, covers the surface of
ovaries and common in glands and their ducts.
- two layers of cuboidal cells
-function in secretion and protection.
-makes multiple membrane junctions between adjacent cells.
•location
- it is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat
glands.

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COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• S T R AT I F I E D C O L U M N A R
•SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
EPITHELIUM
- composed of column-shaped cells arranged in multiple layers.
- Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide. - providing protection and secretion.
- providing absorption and secretion •location
•Location: - it is found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus and male urethra
- lining of digestive tract from stomach to anus

• S T R AT I F I E D C U B O I D A L A N D
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- Rare in human body
•location
- it is found in ducts of large glands
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COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• P S E U D O S T R AT I F I E D
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- all cells rest on a basement membrane
• location:
- along the respiratory airways

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TWO MAJOR GLAND TYPES DEVELOP FROM

EPITHELIAL SHEETS
Endocrine glands
- Ductless; secretions diffuse into blood
vessels
include pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal
glands.

Exocrine glands
-Secretions empty through ducts to the
epithelial surface.
include sweat glands, lacrimal glands,
13 salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas
and intestines.
 BODY TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE
associated with the bones of skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body.
Functions: to contract or shorten, to produce movemnt.

THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

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S K E L E TA L M U S C L E T I S S U E

- Controlled voluntarily
- Cells are long and Cylindrical
- Multi-nucleate
- Striped
- Produced facial Expressions
•Characteristic of skeletal muscle cells
- Striations (Stripes)
- Multinucleat (more than one nucleus
- Long, Cyndrical shape

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CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

- found only in the heart

- involuntarily controlled
- Uni-nucleate
• Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
- has stripes (striations)
- One nucleus per cell
-Short, branching cells

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SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

- Involuntarily Controlled
- Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus and blood
vessels.
-Peristalsis (wace like motion)
• Characteristic of smooth muscle cells:
- No visible striations
- One nucleus per cell
- Spindle-shaped cells

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts
•Functions:
-Binding
-Protection
-Binding

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•Variations in blood supply
-some tissue types are well vascularized
-some are avascular or poor blood supply
•Extracellular Matrix
-Non-living material that sorrounds living cells.
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TWO MAIN ELEMENTS OF

E X T R A C E L L U L A R M AT R I X

•GROUND
S U B S TA N C E
- mostly water, along with adhesion
proteins and polysaccharide
molecules

•FIBERS
- Collagen (White) fibers
- Elastic (yellow) fibers
-Reticular fibers 19
 BODY TISSUE

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MOST RIGID TO SOFTEST

•Bone
•Cartilage
•Dense connective tissue
•Loose connective tissue
•Blood

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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•BONE
composed of ;
-osteocytes
-hawd matrix of calcium salts
-large numbers of collagen fibers
Function:
to protect and support the body

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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• C A RT I L A G E
- less hard and more flexible than bone
- Chindrocyte is the major cell type
T Y P E S O F C A RT I L A G E
•Hyaline Cartilage
•Fibro Cartilage
•Elastic Cartilage

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T Y P E S O F C A RT I L A G E

• H YA L I N E C A R T I L A G E
- most widespread type of cartilage
Locations:
• F I B R O C A RT I L A G E
-Trachea
-Attaches ribs to breastbone - highly compressible
-Cover end of long bones Locations:
- forms cushion like discs between vertebrae
• E L A S T I C C A RT I L A G E of the spinal column

- provides elasticity
Locations:
-supports the external ear 23
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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- Main matrix element is collagen fiber
Locations:
- Tendons: attach skeletal muscle to bone
- Ligaments: attach bone to bone at joints and more elastic
than tendons
- Dermis: lower layers of the skin.

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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other
connective tissues (except blood)
Types of loose connective tissue:
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular

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 BODY TISSUE

TYPES OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•AREOLAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
- most widely distributed connective tissue •ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
- soft, pliable tissue like cobwebs TISSUE
- can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
- an areolar tissue in which adipose cells dominate
Functions:
-insulates the body
•RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE -serves as a site of fuel storage

- Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells

(like fibroblasts)
- forms storma (internal framework) of organs
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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•BLOOD
- blood cells sorrounded by fluid matrix known as blood
plasma
- functions as the transport vehicle for the cardiovasular
system, carrying:
-nutrients
-Wastes
-Respiratory gases

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N E RV O U S T I S S U E

• Function is to receive and conduct

electrochemicalimpulses to and from
body parts
-Irritability
-Conductivity
•Composed of neurons and nerve
support cells
- support cells called nueroglia insulate,
protect, and support neurons

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T I S S U E R E PA I R ( W O U N D H E A L I N G

Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two

ways:
• Regeneration
- replacement of destroyed tissue by the same
kind of cells
2. Fibrosis
-repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue
(scar tissue)
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T I S S U E R E PA I R
•Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on:
• types of tissues damaged
• Severity of the injury
• clean cuts (incisions) heal more successfully than ragged tears of the tissue
Tissues that regenerate easily
-epithelial tissue
- fibrous connective tissues and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
-Skeletal Muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
-Cardiac muscle
-Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord 3 0
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T I S S U E R E PA I R
•Events of tissue repair
Inflammation sets the stage;
-capillaries become very permeable
- clotting proteins migrate into the area from the bloodstream
- A clot walls off the injured area
Granulation tissues forms;
-growth of new capillaries
- Rebuild collagen fibers
Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
- scab detaches
- whether scar is visible or invisible depends on severity of wound
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D E V E L O P M E N TA L A S P E C T S O F
CELLS AND TISSUES
• Growth through cell division continues through puberty
• Cell populations exposed to friction ( such as epithelium) replace lost cells throughout life
• Connective tissues remains mitotic and forms repair (scar tissue)
• Muscle tissues may becomes amitotic by the end of puberty
• Nervous tissue becomes amitotic shortly after birth
• injury can severly handicap amitotic tissues
• the causes of aging is unknown but the chemical and physical insults, as well as genetic
programming l, have been proposed as possible causes

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D E V E L O P M E N TA L A S P E C T S O F
CELLS AND TISSUES

• Neoplasms, both benign and cancerous, represent abnormal cell masses in which
normal controls on cell division are not working.
• Hyperplasia (increase in size) of a tissue or organ may occur when tissue is
strongly stimulated or irritated.
•Atrophy (decrease in size) of a tissue or organ occurs when the organ is no longer
stimulated normally.

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THANK YOU AND GODBLESS!

JHANA DANO P AT R I C K C A R I A G A
GROUP 2 MEMBERS:
ALDREANA NICHOLE CALIO RAINER EBUS
DEBBIE DAGAMAC JOSHUA FERNANDEZ
IRISH MAE CALAGUE P AT A N D R E D A N T E
JANE ECLE
LY N L E E C L AVA C I L L A S