(MICRO- - Date: 07/17/21

PARA1001)
Microorganism
Lesson 1Significance and General Characteristics of Microorganisms

Beneficial uses (Talaro & Chess, 2018)

 Bacteria are primary decomposers, recycle nutrients back into the environment.
 Microbes cheese, pickles, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread, and beer
 Microbes produce antibiotics – that mold Penicillium Notatum – Discovered in 1928 by
Alexander Fleming
 Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs. - Escherichia coli a normal inhabitant of
our colon - produces vitamin B - metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting.
 Bacterial species - Bacillus thuringensis is used as insect pest control.
 Bacteria used to clean up pollutant and toxic wastes (bioremediation) - Exxon Valdez oil
spill clean-up where Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. were used.
 Certain bacterial species used in recombinant DNA technology, gene therapy, and genetic
engineering - can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins – not normally produce
 Microorganisms serve as the first link in food chains (producers) - particularly marine and
fresh water microorganisms.

Diseases Cause (Talaro & Chess, 2018).

Pneumonia, whooping cough, botulism, typhoid fever, AIDS, and the most recent pandemic Covid-19
Disease No. of Deaths
Top Causes of Death Worldwide – All Diseases
• Heart disease • 12.2 million
• Stroke • 5.7 million
• Cancer • 5.7 million
• Respiratory Infections* • 3.9 million
• Chronic lower-respiratory disease • 3.9 million
• Accidents • 3.5 million
• Most
HIV/AIDS • 2.9
microorganisms are free-living, that is, they live freely million
in the environment like in the soil and
• Perinatal
water without causing harm and may even benefit other organisms.•
conditions 2.5 million
• Diarrheal diseases • 2.0 million
• Parasites require interaction with other organisms and• may1.6sometime
Tuberculosis million live inside or on another
organism.
Cowan (2012)
The relative sizes of various microscopic and non-microscopic objects
• discussed that two cell lines appeared during evolutionary history and these are termed
(lumen
• Typical
learning, virus measures
prokaryotic
2020) about
cells and 100 nm cells.
eukaryotic
• 10• times smaller
These cellsthan a typical
do not bacterium
only differ in the (~1 *µm)
complexity
• Which
• ofistheir
at least 10 times
structure butsmaller
also in than
termsa of
typical plantand
contents or functions.
animal cell (~10–100 µm)
• An • object must measure
prokaryotic about
cells are 100smaller
10x µm to be visible
than without cells
eukaryotic a microscope
- lack intracellular structures called
• Microorganisms
organelles vary in size ranging from 10 nm (nanometers) to 100 mu (micrometers) to the
macroscopic.
• Majority of microorganisms are prokaryotes and only some are eukaryote.
• They can be divided into six major types: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.
Lesson 2 Acellular Microorganisms

Virus Villareal (2004)

100 years, scientific community has repeatedly changed about viruses. Viruses today are thought of
 Viruses were discovered by Martinus Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist in 1897 who also
coined the Latin name “virus” meaning poison. studied filtered plant juices of infected plants, found they
caused healthy plants to become sick.

The real breakthrough in the field of microbiology was perhaps when Edward Jenner
developed a smallpox vaccine in 1796, using milder cowpox viruses which led to its eradication.

General Characteristics Shape

Viruses come in a variety of shapes.
Viruses are smaller than the smallest cell - - Helical shape like the Ebola virus. HELICAL
measured in nanometers - electron Polyhedral like the Influenza virus or POLYHEDRAL
microscope - 20th century more complex shapes like Bacteriophages. COMPLEX

Viruses as previously mentioned, are noncellular. contain a protein coat called the
Capsid, a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA. capable of reproducing
only when inside a host cell.

Viruses are inactive since they lack ribosomes

6 and enzymes needed for metabolism - Outside of host cells. use the raw materials and
enzymes of the host cell to be able to reproduce.

Some viruses are enclosed in a protective envelope, some may have spikes to help
attach to the host cell, and most infect only specific host cells.
Different shapes of viruses

 Taxonomy  Bacteriophages
Viruses belong to families whose names end in Viruses attack bacteria are called
–viridae, genusModel
whose (left)
namesand electron micrograph of a bacteriophage
end in -virus.. bacteriophage or just phage. T-phages are a
(Biology
Group of viruses sharingJunction, 2020)
the same genetic specific class of bacteriophages with
information and ecological niche (host) belong icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and
to the same viral species and subspecies are tails. T-phages are T4 and T7 which infect E.
designated by a number or letter - Identified coli, an intestinal bacteria have six small spikes
either be RNA or DNA - to the presence of an at the base of a contractile tail are used to attach
envelope, according to capsid shape, and host to the host cell and inject viral DNA into cell.
they infect.
  Viral Replication
Viruses are very specific as to which species they
attack (host specific). Bacteriophage reproduction
occurs in one of the cycles, either lytic or lysogenic.
Lytic cycle- bacterial cells are broken open or lyzed
and destroyed after immediate replication of the
virus. As soon as the cell is destroyed, the phage
progeny can find new hosts to
infect. lytic phages undergo a phenomenon known
as lysis inhibition. Temperate phages- able to
undergo lysogeny
 Retrovirus
Retroviruses contain RNA and not DNA as their
genetic material and contain enzyme
called reverse transcriptase. They belong to family
Retroviridae. One is called human T-lymphotropic
virus type
1 (HTLV-1) and the other is called human T-
lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II).

 Latency Period  Retrovirus

Viruses are very specific as to which species they Retroviruses contain RNA and not DNA as their
attack (host specific). Bacteriophage reproduction genetic material and contain enzyme
occurs in one of the cycles, either lytic or lysogenic. called reverse transcriptase. They belong to family
Lytic cycle- bacterial is destroyed, the phage Retroviridae. One is called human T-lymphotropic
progeny can find new hosts to virus type
infect. lytic phages undergo a phenomenon known 1 (HTLV-1) and the other is called human T-
as lysis inhibition. Temperate phages- able to lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II).
undergo lysogeny
The virus remains dormant until host conditions deteriorate, perhaps Due to depletion of nutrients; then, the endogenous
phages (known as prophages) become active. At this point they initiate the reproductive cycle, resulting in lysis of the host
cell. As the lysogenic Cycle allows the host cell to continue to survive and reproduce, the virus is reproduced in all of the cell’s
offspring.

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 Taxonomy
Viruses belong to families whose names end in –viridae, genus whose names end in -virus.. Group of viruses
sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host) belong to the same viral species and subspecies
are designated by a number or letter - Identified either be RNA or DNA - to the presence of an envelope,
according to capsid shape, and host they infect.
 Bacteriophages
Viruses attack bacteria are called bacteriophage or just phage. T-phages are a specific class of bacteriophages
with icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and tails. T-phages are T4 and T7 which infect E. coli, an
intestinal bacteria have six small spikes at the base of a contractile tail are used to attach to the host cell and inject
viral DNA into cell.
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