SIGMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG

CURRENT CARRIER AIDED

PROTECTION

PREPARED BY:- GUIDED BY:-

Khamal Dharmesh R. (150503109509)
Mr.Deep Thanki
Electrical Department
SIE,Bakrol,Vadodara
 FLOW OF PRESENTATION
• Need of carrier-aided protection
• Carrier-aided protection
• Carrier-aided distance protection
(i) under REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING SCHEME
(ii) permissible OVER-REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING SCHEME
(iii) carrier ACCELERATION SCHEME
• Advantages of carrier-aided protection
 NEED OF CARRIER-AIDED PROTECTION
• An electrical power system consists of generators , transformers , transmission
line , etc. Our main aim is to give uninterrupted power supply to the consumers.
• Electrical faults interrupt the power supply. These faults are detected by relays
and the fault current is interrupted by the C.B.
• Most of faults are transient in nature and are not permanent. So auto reclosing
system is used which can be automatically or manually.
• In HV lines and EHV lines maintains the stability of the system. In HV lines and
EHV lines , very fast and simultaneous operation of C.B. at the 2 ends is
necessary.
• The 3 stepped distance provided only to 60% of the line . For about 20% of line
each end , the instantaneous protection is possible from local end but protection
is delayed from remote end. The carrier aided protection overcomes this
limitation to 100% of line from both the ends.
 CARRIER-AIDED PROTECTION
• The main elements of carrier channel are:-
1. line trap
2. Coupling capacitor
3. Carrier current (CC) transmitter
4. Carrier current (CC) receiver
FIGURE OF CARRIER-AIDED PROTECTION
 CONTI…
1. LINE TRAP
 It is used at both ends of the protected section
 It is inserted between the bus-bar and connection of the coupling capacitor of the
line.
 It is parallel to LC network tuned at the high frequency. It offers high impedance
to high frequency.
 It offers high impedance to high frequency carrier current and low impedance to
power frequency current.
 The traps are employed to confine the carrier current to the protected section.
 CONTI…
2. COUPLING CAPACITOR
 Coupling capacitor is connected between one of the line conductor and the
carrier equipment.
 Its role is to isolate the carrier equipment from the high power line voltage.
 It offers low reactance to the high frequency currents and a high reactance to the
power frequency current.
3. CARRIER CURRENT TRANSMITTER
 The role of carrier current transmitter is to transmit high frequency output
voltage through protected region
4. CARRIER CURRENT RECEIVER
 The rate of carrier current receiver is to receive the frequency output voltage
from carrier current transmitter which is local and from transmitter at the other
end.
CARRIER-AIDED DISTANCE PROTECTION

• The protection scheme which provide the instantaneous tripping for the entire
length of the line and back-up protection are known as carrier-aided distance
protection.
• This scheme completely isolates the circuit simultaneously from both the ends.

• There are 2 main modes of operation of the inter-tripping scheme:

1. Under reach transfer tripping
2. Over reach transfer tripping
(i)UNDER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING
SCHEME
 CONTI…
• The carrier transmitter at station B sends signals in the line.

• The carrier signal is transmitted at station A at high speed. At receiver at A

station receives the carrier signal.

• This send the tripping signal to trip circuit which operates and close the
contacts of C.B. at A station. So, the C.B. at both the stations operate
simultaneously.
 (ii)PERMISSIBLE OVER-REACH TRANSFER
TRIPPING SCHEME

• The scheme in which second zone relay is used to transmit the carrier
signals to the remote end of the protected line is called permissive
over-reach transfer tripping scheme.

• The second zone in this scheme is a directional relay and it monitors

the receive relay contacts.
(iii)CARRIER ACCELERATION SCHEME
 CONTI…
• In this scheme, a carrier signal received from the opposite end is used to extend
the reach of zone 1 from 80% to 120% as shown in figure.
• When the fault occurs, the carrier signal is sent to zone 1 measuring unit. The
reach is extended from 80% to 120% of the line to be protected by shunting the
timer element of zone 2 by normally open carrier receiver relay contact.
• The second zone time is reduced as it gets included in zone 1 measuring unit.
Hence the faults in zone 2 are also cleared rapidly.
CARRIER BLOCKING SCHEME
 CONTI…
• The distance relay need to be operated at station A and station B if fault occurs,
say at F1, anywhere in the protected zone. But if the fault is external to zone 1
and occurs in the forward direction of the reverse looking relays will not operate.

• When a fault at F2 in zone 2, it will be seen by the forward-looking zone 1 at A

and by the reverse looking zone 2 at B. It will be external fault for zone 1. Since
the fault is located near B it will be cleared by zone 2.

• If fault is not instantly cleared by relays at station B for zone 2,the relay at A will
trip after time lapse in zone 2.this works as back-up protection.
 ADVANTAGES OF CARRIER-AIDED
PROTECTION
• Fast, simultaneous operating of C.B. at both ends.
• This provides 100% protection of transmission line from both the
ends.
• For simultaneous faults, current protection provides easy
discrimination.
• This protection system maintains stability of the system by preventing
shocks to the system.
• Tripping due to synchronizing power surges does not occur, yet during
internal faults clearing is obtained.
THANK YOU