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Cell Membranes: Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Cell Membranes: Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Cell Membranes
Lecture Presentations by
Nicole Tunbridge and
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Life at the Edge
Potassium ion
Two phospholipids
WATER
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
Fibers of extra-
cellular matrix (ECM)
Carbo-
Glyco- hydrates
protein Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Phospholipid Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton Peripheral
proteins Integral
CYTOPLASMIC
protein
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Fibers of extra-
cellular matrix (ECM)
Carbo-
hydrates
Glyco-
protein
Phospholipid Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Figure 8.3b
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Peripheral
proteins
Integral
protein CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Results
Membrane proteins
Mouse cell
Human cell
Data from L. D. Frye and M. Edidin, The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of
mouse-human heterokaryons, Journal of Cell Science 7:319 (1970).
Results
Membrane proteins
Mouse cell
Human cell
Hybrid cell
Data from L. D. Frye and M. Edidin, The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of
mouse-human heterokaryons, Journal of Cell Science 7:319 (1970).
Results
Membrane proteins
Mixed proteins
Mouse cell after 1 hour
Human cell
Hybrid cell
Data from L. D. Frye and M. Edidin, The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of
mouse-human heterokaryons, Journal of Cell Science 7:319 (1970).
Fluid Viscous
Cholesterol reduces
membrane fluidity at
moderate temperatures,
but at low temperatures
hinders solidification.
Cholesterol
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid
Composition
Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes of
many species appear to be adaptations to specific
environmental conditions
Ability to change the lipid compositions in response
to temperature changes has evolved in organisms
that live where temperatures vary
N-terminus EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
α helix
C-terminus
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Cell-surface membranes can carry out several
functions:
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
matrix (ECM)
ATP
Signal transduction
(a) Transport (b) Enzymatic (c) Signal
activity transduction
Glyco-
protein
HIV
(a) HIV can infect a cell with (b) HIV cannot infect a cell
CCR5 on its surface, as in lacking CCR5 on its surface,
most people. as in resistant individuals.
Lipid
bilayer
Transmembrane Secretory
glycoproteins protein
Golgi
apparatus
Vesicle
Attached
carbohydrate
Glycolipid
ER
lumen
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face Transmembrane
Extracellular face glycoprotein Secreted
protein
Membrane
glycolipid
WATER
Sugar
molecule H2O
Selectively
permeable
membrane
Osmosis
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Figure 8.11a
Selectively
permeable
membrane
Water molecules
can pass through Water molecules
pores, but sugar cluster around
molecules cannot. sugar molecules.
Contractile vacuole
50 µm
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
3
P
Pi
5
4
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
P P
Pi
3 Phosphorylation leads 4 The new shape has a
to a change in protein high affinity for K+, which
shape, reducing its affinity binds on the extracellular
for Na+, which is released side and triggers release
outside. of the phosphate group.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
Figure 8.15c
ATP –
+ EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
+ H+
H+
H+ H+
Proton pump +
H+
CYTOPLASM – + H+
+
–
Sucrose
Sucrose
H+/sucrose
cotransporter Diffusion of H+
+ H+
H+ –
H+
– + H+
H+
H+ H+
Proton pump
H+
– + H+
ATP
Receptor-Mediated
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Endocytosis
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID Solutes
Solutes
Pseudopodium
Receptor
Plasma
membrane
Coat
protein
Food
or Coated
other pit
particle
Coated vesicle with
specific solutes
Coated
(purple) bound to
vesicle
Food receptors (red)
vacuole
CYTOPLASM
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
In phagocytosis, a cell engulfs a particle in a
vacuole
The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the
particle
5 µm
Food
Pseudopodium of amoeba
or
An amoeba engulfing a green algal other
cell via phagocytosis (TEM) particle
Food
vacuole
CYTOPLASM
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
In pinocytosis, molecules dissolved in droplets are
taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny
vesicles
Solutes
Plasma
membrane
0.25 µm
Coat
protein
Coated
vesicle
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding of
specific solutes to receptors triggers vesicle
formation
Receptor proteins, receptors, and other molecules
from the extracellular fluid are transported in the
vesicles
Emptied receptors are recycled to the plasma
membrane
Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
Coated
0.25 µm vesicle
with specific
solutes
(purple) bound
to receptors (red)
Top: A coated pit
Bottom: A coated vesicle
forming during receptor-
mediated endocytosis (TEMs)