National Taiwan University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Seismic Design of Structures
(11-2)

Maximum Considered Earthquake (2)

Lap-Loi Chung (鍾立來)
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
seismic zone for short-period structure: 震區短
週期之最大考量譜加速度
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
seismic zone for 1-second-period structure: 震區
一秒週期之最大考量譜加速度
Near-fault adjustment factor for periods with
constant spectral acceleration (MCE): 最大考量
反應譜等加速度段之近斷層調整因子
Near-fault adjustment factor for periods with
constant spectral velocity (MCE): 最大考量反應
譜等速度段之近斷層調整因子
2
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Site amplification factor of maximum considered
spectrum for periods with constant acceleration:
最大考量反應譜等加速度段之工址放大係數
Site amplification factor of maximum considered
spectrum for periods with constant velocity: 最
大考量反應譜等速度段之工址放大係數

3
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum considered earthquake
Earthquake with 2% probability of exceedance in
50 years
Earthquake with return period of 2,475 years

Structure is designed such that collapse is

prevented even under maximum considered
earthquake.

4
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Two parameters
S MS Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site for short-period structure
S M1 Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site for 1-second-period structure

Damping ratio ζ = 5%

S M1
T0
M

S MS
5
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration SaM
(unit: g) S M1
M
T0 
S MS (0.4  3T T ), T  0.2T
0
M
0
M
S MS

S MS , 0.2T0  T  T0
M M
SaM 
 M1
S T , T 0
M
 T  2.5 T0
M Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-5(b)
0.4S MS , 2.5T0  T
M

Fundamental vibration
period: T (unit: s)
Damping ratio ζ:
0.05 (5%)
6
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of site
for short-period structure SMS depends on seismic
zone, fault distance and site classification.
S MS  F
a
(M)
N (M)
A S M
S

SSM: maximum considered spectral acceleration of

seismic zone for short-period structure
NA(M): near-fault adjustment factor (MCE) for
periods with constant acceleration
Fa(M): site amplification factor (MCE) for periods
with constant acceleration
7
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of site
for 1-second-period structure SM1 depends on
seismic zone, fault distance and site classification.
S M1  Fv(M) N V(M) S1M

S1M: maximum considered spectral acceleration of

seismic zone for 1-second-period structure
NV(M): near-fault adjustment factor (MCE) for
periods with constant velocity
Fv(M): site amplification factor (MCE) for periods
with constant velocity
8
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
seismic zone for short-period structure SSM and 1-
second-period structure S1M can be looked up from
tables according to administrative units (town, city
or district).
SSM (g) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7
S S ?
M
S
D
S
S MS  Fa(M) N A(M) SSM

S1M (g) 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40

S S ?
M
1 1
D
S M1  Fv
(M)
N (M) M
V S 1
Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-1 9
 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Distribution of maximum considered spectral
acceleration of seismic zone for short-period
structure SSM and 1-second-period structure S1M
S SM for 2%/50 S1M for 2%/50

S MS  F
a
(M)
N (M) M
A S S

S M1  F
v
(M)
N (M) M
V S 1

Seismic Design Codes

Figures C2-4 and C2-5 10
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find maximum considered (2475-
year return period) spectral acceleration of seismic
zone for short-period structure and 1-second-
period structure.
S ?
M
S S1M  ?

11
 Example
SSM  ? S1M  ?
Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-1

Maximum considered (2475-year return period)

spectral acceleration of seismic zone for short-period
structure SSM  1.0 SSD  0.8
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration of seismic zone for 1-second-
period structure S1M  0.55 S1D  0.45
12
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Near-fault adjustment factors (MCE) for periods
with constant acceleration NA(M) and periods with
constant velocity NV(M) depend on distance between
site and fault.
If far away from fault, factors equal to 1.
The closer the fault distance, the higher the factors.
Che-Long-Pu (車籠埔) fault (unit of r: km)
r<2 2<r<5 5<r<8 8<r<12 12<r
NA(M) 1.25 1.20 1.10 1.03 1.00
NV(M) 1.50 1.45 1.30 1.15 1.00
N A(M)  N A(D) ? N V(M)  N V(D) ? Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-4-1 13
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County and within 2 km from Yu-Li (玉里)
fault. Find maximum considered (2475-year return
period) near-fault adjustment factors for periods
with constant acceleration and periods with
constant velocity. N A  ? N V(M)  ?
(M)

Hua-Dong Area fault (including Yu-Li) (r: km)

r<2 2<r<5 5<r<8 8<r<12 12<r<15
NA(M) 1.32 1.26 1.10 1.02 1.00
NV(M) 1.58 1.48 1.30 1.16 1.05
N (M)
A  1.32 N A(D)  1.42 N V(M)  1.58 N V(D)  1.58
SDC Table 2-4-7 14
 Example
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of seismic zone
for short-period structure SSM  1.0 SSD  0.8
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of seismic zone
for 1-second-period structure S1M  0.55 S1D  0.45
Maximum considered near-fault adjustment factor for
periods with constant acceleration N A(M)  1.32 N A(D)  1.42
Maximum considered near-fault adjustment factor for
periods with constant velocity N V(M)  1.58 N V(D)  1.58

Maximum considered spectral acceleration of seismic zone

with near-fault effect for short-period structure
SS(M)  N A(M) SSM  1.32 SS(D)  N A(D) SSD  1.136
Maximum considered spectral acceleration of seismic zone
with near-fault effect for 1-second-period structure
S1(M)  N V(M) S1M  0.869 S1(D)  N V(D) S1D  0.711 15
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3

Site amplification factor for periods with constant

acceleration Fa and periods with constant velocity
Fv depends on site classification.

For hard site, site amplification factors Fa and Fv

are 1.
The softer the site, the higher the amplification
factors Fa and Fv.

16
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Site amplification factor for periods with constant
acceleration Fa
Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-2(a)
Site class SS<0.5 SS=0.6 SS=0.7 SS=0.8 0.9<SS
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
Site class 1: hard site SS  S (M)
S N (M)
A S M
S

Site class 2: ordinary site SS(M)  S (D)

S ?
Site class 3: soft site F (M)
F (D)
?
a a 17
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Site amplification factor for periods with constant
velocity Fv
Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-2(b)
Site class S1<0.3 S1=0.35 S1=0.4 S1=0.45 0.5<S1
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
3 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4
Site class 1: hard site S1  S (M)
1 N (M) M
V 1S
Site class 2: ordinary site S(M)
1 S (D)
1 ?
Site class 3: soft site Fv(M)  Fv(D) ? 18
 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3

Site is classified according to mean shear wave

velocity to depth of 30 m.
i 1 di
n
n
VS 30  d  30m

n i
d VSi
i 1 i
i 1

Seismic Design Codes

Equation 2-5(a)

di: thickness of soil layer i (unit: m)

VSi: shear wave velocity of soil layer i (unit: m/s)
19
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
The harder the site, the higher the shear wave
velocity.
The softer the site, the lower the shear wave
velocity.

Site class 1: hard site 270 m s  VS30

Site class 2: ordinary site 180  VS30  270 m s

Site class 3: soft site VS30  180 m s

Seismic Design Codes
Section 2.4
20
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3

From boring data to depth of 30 m, shear wave

velocity is estimated
120qui0.36 , N i  2
Cohesive soil layer VSi  
i , 2  N i  25
13
100 N
Sandy soil layer VSi  80 N i1 3 , 1  N i  50
Seismic Design Codes
Equation 2-5
qui: unconfined (uniaxial) compression strength
(unit: kgf/cm2)
Ni: N value from standard penetration test of soil
layer i.
21
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3

The harder the site, the larger the N value of

standard penetration test, and the higher the
shear wave velocity VS .
The softer the site, the smaller the N value of
standard penetration test, and the lower the
shear wave velocity VS.

22
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find maximum considered (2475-
year return period) site amplification factors for
periods with constant acceleration and periods
with constant velocity. Fa  ? Fv  ?
(M) (M)

Find maximum considered spectral acceleration of

site for short-period and 1-second-period
structure. S MS  ? SM1  ?
Mean shear wave velocity to depth of 30 m,
VS30  661.52  270 m s
Site class 1.
23
 Example
Maximum considered spectral acceleration with
near-fault effect for short-period structures
SS(M)  N A(M) SSM  1.32
Site class 1 Seismic Design Codes Table 2-2(a)
Site class SS<0.5 SS=0.6 SS=0.7 SS=0.8 0.9<SS
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
Site amplification factor for periods with constant
acceleration Fa(M)  1.0 Fa(D)  1.0
Spectral acceleration of site for short-period
structures S MS  Fa(M) SS(M)  1.32 S DS  Fa(D) SS(D)  1.136
24
 Example S1( D )  NV( D ) S1D  0.711
Maximum considered spectral acceleration with
near-fault effect for 1-second-period structure
S1(M)  N V(M) S1M  0.869

Site class 1 Seismic Design Codes Table 2-2(b)

Site class S1<0.3 S1=0.35 S1=0.4 S1=0.45 0.5<S1
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
3 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4
Site amplification factor for periods with constant
velocity Fv(M)  1.0 Fv(D)  1.0
Spectral acceleration of site for 1-second-period
structure S M1  Fv(M) S1(M)  0.869 S D1  Fv(D) S1(D)  0.711
25
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration for site SaM (unit: g)
1. From administration unit (town, district) of site,
look up Table 2-1 of Seismic Design Codes to get
maximum considered spectral accelerations of
seismic zone for short-period structures SSM and
1-second-period structure S1M.
2. From distance between fault and site, look up
Tables 2-4-1 to 2-4-7 of Seismic Design Codes to
get near-fault adjustment factors (MCE) for
periods with constant acceleration NA(M) and
periods with constant velocity NV(M).
26
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration for site SaM (unit: g)
3. From geological boring, measure or estimate
mean shear wave velocity to depth of 30 m for
site classification.
4. From site class and SS(M) = NA(M) SSM, look up
Table 2-2(a) of Seismic Design Codes to get site
amplification factor (MCE) for periods with
constant acceleration Fa(M). From site class and
S1(M) = NV(M) S1M, look up Table 2-2(b) of Seismic
Design Codes to get site amplification factor
(MCE) for periods with constant velocity Fv(M).
27
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration for site SaM (unit: g)
5. Maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site for short-period structures SMS and 1-
second-period structure SM1: S MS  Fa
(M)
N (M) M
A SS
S M1  F
v
(M)
N (M)
V S
1
M

6. Maximum considered (2475-year return period)

spectral acceleration SaM (unit: g) of site
SMS (0.4  3T T0M ), T  0.2T0M
 S
SMS , 0.2T0  T  T0
M M
T0  M1
M
SaM  S MS
SM1 T , T0  T  2.5T0
M M


0.4 SMS , 2.5T0  T
M Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-5(b) 28
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find maximum considered (2475-
year return period) spectral acceleration of site.
S MS  1.32 SM1  0.869 S aM  ?
 3T
1.32(0.4  0.658 ), T  0.1316 s

1.32, 0.1316  T  0.658 s

S aM 
0.869
 , 0.658  T  1.645 s
 T

0 .528, 1.645 s  T T0  S M1 S MS  0.658 s
M

29
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find maximum considered (2475-
year return period) spectral acceleration of site.
S MS  1.32 SM1  0.869 S aM  ?

1.32

0.528

0.1316 0.658 1.645

SaD  ?
30
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration of site in Taipei Basin SaM
(unit: g)
Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-7(b)

Two parameters
SMS: maximum considered spectral acceleration
for short-period structure
T0M: corner period between short period and
medium to long period
31
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration of site in Taipei Basin SaM
(unit: g) SMS (0.4  3T T0M ), T  0.2T0M

SMS , 0.2T0  T  T0
M M
SaM 
SMST0 T , T0  T  2.5T0
M M M

0.4 SMS , 2.5T0M  T

Seismic Design Codes

Table 2-7(b)
Fundamental vibration period of structure:
T (unit: s)
Damping ratio of structure: 0.05 (5%)
32
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Taipei basin is divided into micro-zones, Taipei
zone 1, Taipei zone 2 and Taipei zone 3 according to
administration units in Table 2-6 (a).
Micro-zone SMS T0M (s)
Taipei zone 1 0.8 1.60
Taipei zone 2 0.8 1.30
Taipei zone 3 0.8 1.05
Seismic Design Codes S MS  S DS ?
Table 2-6(c)
T 0
M
T ?
0
D
The softer the site, the longer the T0M.
33
 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration of site in Taipei Basin SaM
(unit: g)
1. From administration unit of site, look up Table
2-6(a) of Seismic Design Codes to get micro-zone,
Taipei zone 1, Taipei zone 2 or Taipei zone 3.
2. From micro-zone of site, look up Table 2-6(c) of
Seismic Design Codes to get maximum
considered spectral acceleration of site for short-
period structure SMS and corner period between
short and medium to long period T0M.
34
 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration of site in Taipei Basin SaM
(unit: g)
3. From Table 2-7(b) of Seismic Design Codes to get
maximum considered (2475-year return period)
spectral acceleration of site SaM (unit: g)。
S MS (0.4  3T T0M ), T  0.2T0M

 MS
S , 0.2T M
 T  T M
SaM  0 0

 MS 0
S T M
T , T0
M
 T  2.5T0
M

0.4S MS , 2.5T0M  T

35
 HW11
The site locates at Xuefu (學府) Li, Da’an(大安)
Dist., Taipei City.

Find two parameters SMS ,T0M and plot the

maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site.
Micro-zone SMS T0M (s)
Taipei zone 1 0.8 1.60
Taipei zone 2 0.8 1.30
Taipei zone 3 0.8 1.05
36
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Ministry of Interior (2011), ‘Seismic Design Codes
of Buildings’. (in Chinese)
http://www.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option
=com_content&view=article&id=10471&Itemid=5
7

37
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(1-1) Videos on Strategies for Prevention of
Earthquake Disaster
English https://youtu.be/P0-ZqkSWAgk
Chinese https://youtu.be/Pv0zlzDh9DI
(1-2) Videos on Earthquake Engineering and
Seismic Design
English https://youtu.be/x0SoVtwTCVI

38
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(2-1) Videos on Fundamental Vibration Period
English https://youtu.be/heIqjIP3dJM
Chinese https://youtu.be/-WPHcpRCGqw
(2-2) Videos on Simplified Calculation of
Fundamental Period
English https://youtu.be/PFAtC5GcN1Y
Chinese https://youtu.be/CmILRnIS65w

39
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(3-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/R3ouXosWlvA
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(3-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/NYB0ZMqWDLY
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(4) Videos on Damping of Structure
English https://youtu.be/bt3XDUG-VYg
Chinese https://youtu.be/W2K-zTz4WvU
40
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(5-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/yYx4Z2DXycQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg
(5-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/VxFieYPSh68
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg

41
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(6-1) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/QGaLxvNM-Sk
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(6-2) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/JiO4bK-FpmU
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(7) Videos on Seismic Analysis of SDOF Structure
English https://youtu.be/muwUsj7zHuQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/qljvU_pxStA
42
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(8) Videos on Response Spectrum of Seismic
Record
English https://youtu.be/eca-kfiM-fg
Chinese https://youtu.be/xA7boiyNquA
(9-1) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (1)
English https://youtu.be/qdOmxNmDUak
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA
(9-2) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (2)
English https://youtu.be/_0YVISXIE_M
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA

43
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(10-1) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force (1)
English https://youtu.be/ET2XaJ6OSkc
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0
(10-2) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force (2)
English https://youtu.be/iz29snBBbBw
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0

44
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
(11-1) Videos on Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) (1)
English https://youtu.be/ZqgMNc1hrU4
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw
(11-2) Videos on Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) (2)
English https://youtu.be/SMSAPNtvI-g
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw

45
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)
Site class 1, 2 or 3 (SMS and SM1)
Seismic zone; fault distance; site classification

Taipei basin (SMS and T0M)

Micro-zone
Thank You!

46