National Taiwan University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Seismic Design of Structures
(10)

Design (Basis) Seismic Force

Lap-Loi Chung (鍾立來)
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force
Design (basis) seismic force: 設計 (基準) 地震力
Importance factor: 用途係數
First yielding seismic force amplification factor: 起
始降伏地震力放大係數
Seismic force reduction factor for structural
system: 結構系統地震力折減係數
Ductility capacity: 韌性容量
Allowable ductility capacity: 容許韌性容量

2
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force
I  SaD  Seismic Design Codes
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m Equation 2-3

V: design (basis) seismic force

I: importance factor
SaD: design (basis) spectral acceleration for site
W: total structural weight (dead load)
αy: first yielding seismic force amplification factor
Fu: seismic force reduction factor for structural
system
3
 Importance Factor I
I  SaD 
V   W
I = 1.5 1.4 y  Fu m
Category 1: remain operational for emergency
response after earthquake (hospital)
Category 2: contain considerable amount of
poisonous and explosive substances (nuclear
power plant)
I = 1.25
Category 3: used by public with high occupant
density (department store)
I = 1.0
Category 4: others Seismic Design Codes
Section 2.8 4
 Example
I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)

Township, Hualien (花蓮) County and within 2 km
from Yu-Li (玉里) fault. The site is hard site (class
1). Find importance factor of the building.

Residential building belongs to category 4 (others),

it importance factor is I  1.0

5
 Design Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Design spectral acceleration of I  SaD 
V   W
site SaD (unit: g) 1.4 y  Fu m

SDS (0.4  3T T0D ), T  0.2T0D

 Seismic Design Code
SDS , 0.2T0  T  T0
D D
SaD  Table 2-5(a)
SD1 T , T0  T  2.5T0
D D
S D1
0.4 SDS , 2.5T0D  T T0 
D

S aD S DS
S DS

S D1 / T
Fundamental vibration
period: T (unit: s) 0 .4 S DS 0 .4 S D S

Damping ratio: 0.05 (5%) T

0 .2T0D T0
D
2 .5T0D
6
 Design Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Design spectral acceleration of I  SaD 
V   W
Taipei Basin SaD (unit: g) 1.4 y  Fu m

SDS (0.4  3T T0D ), T  0.2T0D


 DS
S , 0.2T D
 T  T D
Seismic Design Codes
SaD  0 0
Table 2-7(a)
SDST0 T , T0  T  2.5T0
D D D

0.4SDS , 2.5T0D  T
S aD
S DS

S DST0D / T
Fundamental vibration
period: T (unit: s) 0 .4 S DS 0 .4 S D S

Damping ratio: 0.05 (5%) T

0 .2T0D T0
D
2 .5T0D
7
 Example
I  1.0 I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)

Township, Hualien (花蓮) County and within 2 km
from Yu-Li (玉里) fault. The site is hard site (class
1). The building is reinforced concrete structure
with moment resisting frame. It is 2-story with
story height 3 m and total height 6 m. Find design
spectral acceleration SaD.

8
 Example
I  1.0 I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

Approximate fundamental period of reinforced

concrete structure with moment resisting frame
and without nonstructural rigid wall, shear wall or
other lateral force resisting members:

T  0.070h
34
n  0.070(6) 34
 0.268 s

9
 Example
I  1.0 T  0.268 s I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m
Design (basis) spectral acceleration SaD.
 3T
1.136(0.4  0.626 ), T  0.1252 s
 S DS  1.136
1.136, 0.1252  T  0.626 s
 SD1  0.711
S aD 
0.711
 , 0.626  T  1.565 s
 T
0.4544, 1.565 s  T T0D  S D1 S DS  0.626 s


SaD  1.136
10
 Example
I  SaD 
I  1.0 SaD  1.136 V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)

Township, Hualien (花蓮) County. Find total
structural weight (dead load) W.

2nd floor weight: W2 F  79.10 tf

Roof weight: WRF  66.95 tf
Total structural weight: W  W2F  WRF  146.05 tf
11
First yielding seismic force amplification factor αy
I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m
Under design earthquake, structure remains
elastic.
After design seismic force is amplified by αy times,
first yielding occurs.
amplification factor αy depends on design methods
and loading combination.
If reinforced concrete structure is designed by
ultimate strength design method and load factor of
seismic force is 1, αy = 1.0。
Seismic Design Codes
Section 2.9 12
First yielding seismic force amplification factor αy
I  SaD 
V   W
Pu 1.4 y  Fu m

Py

Pd

D
Dy* Dy Du
Seismic Design Codes
Figure C2-1

13
First yielding seismic force amplification factor αy
Pd: design seismic force I  SaD 
V   W
Py: yielding seismic force 1.4 y  Fu m

Pu: ultimate seismic force

Δ: structural displacement
Pu
Py
 y
Pd Py

Pu Pd
 1.4
Py D
Dy* Dy Du
14
 Example
I  SaD 
I  1.0 SaD  1.136 W  146.05 tf V   W
1.4 y  Fu m
A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)
Township, Hualien (花蓮). The site is hard site
(class 1). The building is reinforced concrete
structure. Find first yielding seismic force
amplification factor αy.
It is reinforced concrete structure designed by
ultimate strength design method and load factor of
seismic force is 1.
α y  1.0
15
Seismic force reduction factor for structural system Fu
Seismic Design Codes I  SaD 
V   W
Equation 2-15 1.4 y  Fu m
 T  0.2T0 D

 2 Ra  1  ( 2 Ra  1  1) D
, T  0.2 T0
D

 0.2T 0
 2 Ra  1, 0.2T0D  T  0.6T0D
Fu  
 2 R  1  ( R  2 R  1) T  0 .6T D
0
, 0.6T D
 T  T D
 a a a
0.4T0D
0 0

R , T D  T
 a 0
Ra: allowable ductility capacity
Seismic force reduction factor for structural system
Fu depends on fundamental vibration period and
allowable ductility capacity Ra.
16
Seismic force reduction factor for structural system Fu
 T  0.2T0D I  SaD 
 2 Ra  1  ( 2 Ra  1  1) D
, T  0.2 T0
D
V   W
 0.2T 0 1.4 y  Fu m
 2 Ra  1, 0.2T0D  T  0.6T0D
Fu  
 2 R  1  ( R  2 R  1) T  0 .6T D
0
, 0.6T D
 T  T D
 a a a
0.4T0D
0 0

R , T D  T
 a 0

Fu
D
(T , Ra )
0

(0.2T0D , 2Ra  1)
(0.6T0D , 2Ra  1)
(0, 1) T: fundamental vibration period
Ra: allowable ductility capacity
T 17
Seismic force reduction factor for structural system Fu
 T  0.2T0D  SaD 
 2 R  1  ( 2 R  1  1) , T  0.2 T D
I
a a
0.2T D 0
V   W
 0
1.4 y  Fu m
 2 Ra  1, 0.2T0D  T  0.6T0D
Fu  
 2 R  1  ( R  2 R  1) T  0 .6T D
0
, 0.6T D
 T  T D
 a a a
0.4T0D
0 0

R , T D  T
 a 0

The longer the period T, the larger the reduction factor

Fu, the more the reduction for seismic force V.
When period is very short, structure is rigid and
reduction factor Fu is close to 1. No reduction for
seismic force V.
When period is very long, structure is flexible and
reduction factor Fu is close to Ra. Maximum reduction
for seismic force V.
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Seismic force reduction factor for structural system Fu
 T  0.2T0D I  SaD 
 2 Ra  1  ( 2 Ra  1  1) 0.2T D , T  0.2T0
D
V   W
 0 1.4 y  Fu m
 2 Ra  1, 0.2T0D  T  0.6T0D
Fu  
 2 R  1  ( R  2 R  1) T  0 .6T D
0
, 0.6T D
 T  T D
 a a a
0.4T0D
0 0

R , T D  T
 a 0

The higher the allowable ductility capacity Ra, the

better the ductility, the larger the reduction factor Fu
and the more the reduction for seismic force V.
When allowable ductility capacity equals Ra, structure
has no ductility. Reduction factor Fu equals 1 and no
reduction for seismic force V.
19
Seismic force reduction factor for structural system Fu
I  SaD  Short period: equal energy
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m 1 1
V y ( Ra D y  D y  Ra D y )  Ve D e
2 2
Fu  2 Ra  1, 0.2T0D  T  0.6T0D
V
 V y ( Ra D y  D y  Ra D y )  Ve ( e )D y
Vy
Ve 2
 ( )  2 Ra  1
Vy
Ve
  2 Ra  1
Vy
 Fu  2 Ra  1

20
Seismic force reduction factor for structural system Fu
I  SaD  Long period: equal displacement
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

Fu  Ra , T0D  T Ra D y  D e
Ve
 Ra D y  ( )D y
Vy
Ve
  Ra
Vy
 Fu  Ra

21
 Allowable Ductility Capacity Ra
Site class 1, 2 or 3
R 1 Seismic Design Codes
Ra  1 
1.5 Equation 2-13

Taipei basin
R 1 Seismic Design Codes
Ra  1  Equation 2-14
2.0

R: ductility capacity of structure

22
 Allowable Ductility Capacity Ra
R 1
Site class 1, 2 or 3 Ra  1 
1.5

R 1
Taipei basin Ra  1 
2

For site class 1, 2 or 3, 2/3 nonlinear displacement

is allowed.
For Taipei basin, 1/2 nonlinear displacement is
allowed because basin effect (longer duration).

23
 Ductility Capacity R
Pu
Du
R
Py Dy

Pd Seismic Design Codes

Figure C2-1
D
Dy* Dy Du

R 1
Site class 1, 2 or 3 Ra  1 
1.5
R 1
Taipei basin Ra  1 
2 24
 Ductility Capacity R
Reinforced concrete structure with moment
resisting frames
Seismic Design Codes
R  4.8 Table 1.3

25
 Example
I  1.0 W  146.05 tf I  SaD 
V   W
SaD  1.136 α y  1.0 1.4 y  Fu m

A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)

Township, Hualien (花蓮). The site is hard site
(class 1). The building is reinforced concrete
structure with moment resisting frame. Find
seismic force reduction for structural system Fu.
Ductility capacity of reinforced concrete structures
with moment resisting frame R  4.8
R 1
Allowable ductility cacity Ra  1   3.533
1.5 26
 Example
I  1.0 W  146.05 tf Ra  3.53 I  SaD 
V   W
SaD  1.136 α y  1.0 1.4 y  Fu m

Fundamental vibration period T  0.268 s

 T  0.1252
2.463  (1.463) 0.1252 , T  0.1252 s

2.463, 0.1252  T  0.3756 s
Fu  
2.463  (1.070) T  0.3756 , 0.3756  T  0.626 s
 0.2504
3.533, 0.626 s  T
T D  0.626 s
0

Seismic force reduction factor for structural system

Fu  2.463
27
 Modification for (SaD/Fu)
I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

 SaD SaD
 ,  0.3
 Fu Fu
 SaD   SaD SaD
   0.52  0.144, 0.3   0.8
 Fu  m  Fu Fu
0.7 SaD , 0.8  SaD

 Fu Fu
Seismic Design Codes
Equation 2-2

28
 Modification for (SaD/Fu)
 SaD SaD
 ,  0.3
F
 u Fu
 SaD   S S
   0.52 aD  0.144, 0.3  aD  0.8
 Fu  m  Fu Fu (SaD/Fu)m
0.7 SaD , 0.8  SaD 0.7

 Fu Fu
0.6

0.5
(SaD/Fu)m

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2
29 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
SaD/Fu
 Modification for (SaD/Fu)
 SaD SaD
 ,  0.3
 Fu Fu
 SaD   SaD SaD
   0.52  0.144, 0.3   0.8
 Fu  m  Fu Fu
0.7 SaD , 0.8  SaD

 Fu Fu
The shorter the vibration period T, the higher the
spectral acceleration SaD and the lower the reduction
factor Fu.
The shorter the vibration period T, the higher the
effect of soil-structure interaction and the lower the
ground intensity.
Therefore, (SaD/Fu)m is modified and reduced.
30
 Example
I  1.0 W  146.05 tf I  SaD 
SaD  1.136 α y  1.0 V   W
1.4 y  Fu m
Fu  2.463

A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)

Township, Hualien (花蓮). Find modification for
(SaD/Fu).

SaD 1.136
  0.4612
Fu 2.463

 SaD  SaD
    0.52  0.144  0.3838
 Fu  m Fu
31
 Example
I  1.0 W  146.05 tf I  SaD 
SaD  1.136 V   W
 SaD  1.4 y  Fu m
Fu  2.463    0.3838
α y  1.0  Fu m

A residential building locates at Ruisui (瑞穗)

Township, Hualien (花蓮). Find design seismic
force V.

I  SaD  1.0
V   W  (0.3838)W
1.4α y  Fu  m 1.4(1.0)

 0.274W  40.0 tf
32
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

1. From usage of building, look up Section 2.8 of

Seismic Design Codes, get importance factor I.
2. From seismic zone, fault distance, site
classification and vibration period, get design
(basis) spectral acceleration SaD。

3. From dimension of structure and its members,

get total weight (dead load) W。

33
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m
4. From structural system, design method and
loading combination, look up section 2.9 of
Seismic Design Codes, get first yielding
amplification factor αy.
5. From structural system, look up Table 1-3 of
Codes, get ductility capacity R. From R and site
class, according to Equations 2-13 and 2-14, get
allowable ductility capacity Ra. From Ra and
vibration period T, according to Equation 2-15
of Codes, get seismic force reduction factor Fu.
34
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
I  SaD 
V   W
1.4 y  Fu m

6. From SaD/Fu, according to Equation 2-2 of

Seismic Design Codes, get (SaD/Fu)m.

7. According to Equation 2-3 of Seismic Design

Codes, get design (basis) seismic force V.

35
 HW10
A residential building locates at Xuefu (學府)
Village, Da’an(大安) Dist., Taipei City.
The building is reinforced concrete structure with
moment resisting frame.
W=146.05tf.
Find design seismic force V.

36
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
Ministry of Interior (2011), ‘Seismic Design Codes
of Buildings’. (in Chinese)
http://www.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option
=com_content&view=article&id=10471&Itemid=5
7

37
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(1-1) Videos on Strategies for Prevention of
Earthquake Disaster
English https://youtu.be/P0-ZqkSWAgk
Chinese https://youtu.be/Pv0zlzDh9DI
(1-2) Videos on Earthquake Engineering and
Seismic Design
English https://youtu.be/x0SoVtwTCVI

38
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(2-1) Videos on Fundamental Vibration Period
English https://youtu.be/heIqjIP3dJM
Chinese https://youtu.be/-WPHcpRCGqw
(2-2) Videos on Simplified Calculation of
Fundamental Period
English https://youtu.be/PFAtC5GcN1Y
Chinese https://youtu.be/CmILRnIS65w

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 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(3-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/R3ouXosWlvA
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(3-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/NYB0ZMqWDLY
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(4) Videos on Damping of Structure
English https://youtu.be/bt3XDUG-VYg
Chinese https://youtu.be/W2K-zTz4WvU
40
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(5-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/yYx4Z2DXycQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg
(5-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/VxFieYPSh68
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg

41
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(6-1) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/QGaLxvNM-Sk
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(6-2) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/JiO4bK-FpmU
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(7) Videos on Seismic Analysis of SDOF Structure
English https://youtu.be/muwUsj7zHuQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/qljvU_pxStA
42
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(8) Videos on Response Spectrum of Seismic
Record
English https://youtu.be/eca-kfiM-fg
Chinese https://youtu.be/xA7boiyNquA
(9-1) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (1)
English https://youtu.be/qdOmxNmDUak
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA
(9-2) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (2)
English https://youtu.be/_0YVISXIE_M
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA

43
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force V
(10) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force
English (in preparation)
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0

44
 Design (Basis) Seismic Force
I  SaD 
I: importance factor V   W
1.4 y  Fu m
SaD: design (basis) spectral acceleration
W: total structural weight (dead load)
αy: first yielding seismic force amplification factor
Fu: seismic force reduction factor for structural
system

Thank You!

45