INDIGENOUS

PRACTICES
WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS PRACTICES?
Set of beliefs and rituals that the people
from the different tribes practice. They
strive to survive in a forest in use of
natural supplies and preserve current
resources.
 IGOROT

LUZON TRIBES MANGYAN

 IGOROTS
History
- The old tagalog word Igorot means “the people from the mountains”.
The Igorots live in uplands of Cordillera Region, they resisted to live
under the American and Spanish colonization. Currently, the Igorots
are divided into five ethno-linguistic groups – Bontocs, Kalinga, Isneg,
Kankana-ey, and Ibaloi who made the popular rice terraces.
 BONTOC TRIBE
- They are known as “peaceful farmers” who live in
central Mountain Province around the banks of Chico
River. Some of their practices and beliefs are
headhunting, believing on anitos, having tattoos for
decoration purposes, and performing dance rituals that
act out certain aspects of the hunt.
KALINGA TRIBE
- They are located in Kalinga Province who speak
Kalinga and Limos language. Specifically, the Kalinga
tribe lives in the drainage areas of middle Chico
River and practice both wet and dry farming, they
also established an institution of peace pacts called
"Botong“ for minimizing warfares and headhunting.
 ISNEG TRIBE
- Also known as Apayao, Isnag, or Dibagat-Kabugao Itneg located in Northern Apayao.
Their language is Isnag. They are distinguished as the Igorot tribe who have fine
construction of houses. Currently, they are still practicing Animism with a little touch of
Christianity.
KANKANA-EY TRIBE
- They are also known as Segada-Besao Igorot, western Bontoc or Aplai who are located
some parts of Benguet, Western Province, and Southern Ilocos Sur. Courtship between
men and women happens between the two institutions, the “dap-ay” (men’s dormitory)
and “began” (the women’s dormitory).
IBALOI TRIBE
- They are farmers that are located in Southern Benguet who cultivate rice. They speak
Malayo-Polynesian, a branch of Austronesian language which is similar to Pangasinan
language.
Status today
- They are still alive today. In fact some are located in the tropical forest of the
foothills but most live in rugged grassland and in pine forest zone.
 MANGYANS
History
- Mangyan tribes are ancient inhabitants of Mindoro Island. They differ in
many ways despite of being grouped as one. In comparison to the
technological advance between the two geographical divisions, the Southern
tribes are more advanced as seen in their use of weaving, pottery and system
of writing. The Northern tribes, on the other hand, are simpler in their way of
living. The word “Mangyan” is the generic name for the eight indigenous
groups with their own tribal name, language and customs.
Contribution and Lifestyle
THE EIGHT INDIGENIOUS GROUPS
Hanunuo Mangyans
- Located in the municipalities of Mansalay, Bulalacao
- MALE: Wears “ba-ag” (loin cloth) and “balukas” shirt
- FEMALE: Wears “ramit” (indigo-dyed short skirt) and “lambung”
(blouse)
- They practice skillfully the "swidden" kind of farming which is
different from "kaingin" system that is more destructive to
environment.
- Surat Mangyan – their syllabic writing system which is considered
Indic as origin.
Alangan Mangyans
- Located in the municipalities of Naujan, Baco, San
Teodoro, Victoria in Oriental Mindoro and municipality of
Sablayan in Occidental Mindoro.
- The "Alangan" name means one who lives along
the rivers or valleys.
- They practice also swidden farming the same as
Hanunuo Mangyans.
- MALE: Wears g-strings with fringes in front
- FEMALE: Wears "lingeb" (SKIRT) together with
the g-string called "abayen" and the upper
covering is called "ulango" made of buri palm.
Tau-Buid Mangyans
- located in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and
Gloria in Occidental Mindoro
- they are known as “pipe smokers”
- both male and female wears loin cloth
Bangon Mangyans
- located in the municipalities of Bongabong, Bansud, Gloria and Bongabon River in Oriental
Mindoro
- This tribe has their own culture, language and writing system.
Tadyawan Mangyans
- located in the municipalities of Naujan, Victoria, Socorro, Pola, Gloria, Pinamalayan, and Bansud.
- They practice "kaingin" system for farming.
- MALE: wears g-strings called "abay".
- FEMALE: wears "paypay" for upper covering and "talapi" for lower covering.
Ratagnon Mangyans
- located in municipality of Magsaysay in Occidental Mindoro
- The name "Ratagnon" means mixture of Tagalog and Visayan people which is similar to “Cuyunon”
language. A visayan language in Cuyo Island in Palawan.
- MALE: wears g-string for lower covering.
- FEMALE: wears a wrap-around cloth
: female upper covering is made from woven nito or vine.
Iraya Mangyans
- located in Puerto Galera, San Teodoro, and Baco in oriental Mindoro
- the name "Iraya" means man or human being
- They’re described as curly, deep wavy hair and dark skin but lighter than Negritos.
- MALE: They are skillful in nito weaving for making handicrafts.
: wears G-string
- FEMALE: wears blouse and skirt.
Buhid Mangyans
- located in the municipalities of Roxas, Bansud, Bongabong and some parts of in Oriental Mindoro.
- the name "Buhid" literally means mountain dwellers.
- they are known as pot makers where other tribes of Mindoro are buying cooking pots from them.
- MALE: wear a traditional G-strings.
- FEMALE: wears "linagmon" (a woven black and white brassier) and "abol" (black and white skirt)
 THE ARTS
- Mangyans offers a rich artistic heritage to the history of pre-colonial Philippines. Like any
other indigenous tribes in the country their art is an expression of social relations in their
community hence the adage, “Art for art’s sake” does not apply to them.
POEM:
Ara kaw bala kasapo Didn’t you notice before
Ga buyong-buyong ang barko That a boat turns left and right
Nagapangita rikudo Looking for a landing-place
Yadtong punduhon maayo Where it can anchor safely?
(Finding the right and well thought decision)
Nos anod di anod wan Its a fact that we all know
Nos anod ti tuo wan A truth wherever we go
Kayaw toy was lanbungan The sun is in the afternoon
Kayaw ambaba yi man will be setting very soon.
(Accepting the ageing and dying is something we all share)
Pakudos meanwhile is a Mangyan design that is characterized by simple symmetrical organization with
equal stress on vertical and horizontal composition and an orderly use of lines and spaces that are
pleasing to the eyes.

The Mangyan script like the Baybayin is based on the

syllables of the Philippine phonetics.
TUMANDOK

HILIGAYNON
VISAYAN TRIBES
 TUMANDOK
History
- The tumandok tribe are also known as panay bukidnon
group. They live in Capiz, Lambunao, Aklan, Antique and Ilo-ilo
of Panay Island and has a population of 95,000. They are the
largest group of indigenous people in Panay Island. They are
the descendants of the ten datus of borneo who escaped the
tyranny of sultan makatunaw.
Status today
- there are still a lot of their existence but most of them embraces the
modernity
- struggle to defend their lands
 HILIGAYNON
History
- In 1600s, the Hiligaynon people was permitted to participate in international
trades which were a sign of large find of Chinese porcelains. They created
fine works such as gold and stones. They are located in the Western Visayas
region which includes Panay Island, Negros Occidental, and Romblon. There are
5.4 million total of population in year 1990, 10% of the nation are speaks in
Hiligaynon Ilonggo.
Culture and Beliefs
- They believe that the world is divided into three parts: the
upperworld, middleworld, and lowerworld
- Each community in the tribe has specialists who are able to
communicate with spirits and heal illnesses believed to be caused by
the spirits.
- Recover lost objects, predict future, discover misfortunes
- Baybalan: a medium whom a spirit has befriended and granted
powers (offers Latin prayers and Catholic sacred objects to increase
the power of rituals)
- They view the government and justice system as corrupt due to the
wealthy people who bribe officials to receive verdicts they wish.
Contribution and Lifestyle
CRAFTS AND HOBBIES
Hiligaynon practice weaving baskets, place mats, and textiles.
CULTURAL HERITAGE
- They have an epic called Hinilawood.
FOOD
- They eat snacks consists of rice cakes, boiled roots, or bananas. Men do not eat breakfast as a sign of
hospitality, they just join visitors who are being served breakfast
- Men practice the palm wine drinking sessions called tuba every 6PM, some women may also join the
session.
CLOTHING
- Fieldwork: men wear worn-out pants and often go shirtless
- Formal: men wear long pants, shirts, and shoes otherwise they go barefoot
- Patadyong: tube skirt worn by married women
 HOUSES
- raised from 9 to 13 feet off the ground
- uses bamboos for the walls
- nipa, coconut palm, or cogon grass leaves
for the roofs

LANGUAGE
- the Hiligaynon language is the language of
the Ilo-ilo province
- other distinct speech forms: (Capizeño,
Aklanon, and Kiniray-a, the last spoken in
interior villages)
 MARANAO

MINDANAO TRIBES BADJAO

 MARANAO
History
- The Maranao people have lived on the Southern Philippine island of
Mindanao since at least the 13th century. "Maranao" means "people of the
lake" referring to Lake Lanao in the province of Lanao del Sur after their
traditional territory in the area surrounding Lake Lanao in the Bukidnon-
Lanao Plateau. They also have the largest of the Muslim cultural-linguistic
groups of the Philippines. Numbering more than 840,000 in the late 20th
century.
Culture and Beliefs
- The Maranaos are superstitious. They believe in the hidden powers of the ANTING
ANTING amulets. They wear it on their neck, arms or legs believing it’ll give them
good luck.
- It’s hard to court a Maranao lady because the man needs to present a dowry.
- MARANAO HOUSES
Contribution and Lifestyle
CLOTHING, ARCHIECTURE AND DESIGN
- They are famous for their sophisticated weaving with beautiful designs and colors.
- Their architecture was influenced by the Indus and Islamic religion.
- Their textiles are also famous for their ornate designs and colors.
MALONG
- A hand-woven fabric with beautifully patterned designs.
- Can be worn by all genders and classes, with dominant hues of gold and purple.
- Women wear it as skirt, a dress, a blouse or a gown. The rest of the family use it either as hammock, a
fruit basket, a sleeping bag, a bathrobe, a baby carriage or a simple market bag.
- YELLOW MALONG is considered to be royal or high class.
- VARIETIES OF MALONG
LANDAP
ANDON
PLAIDS
 AWANG (DUGOUT BOAT)
- Used in Lake Lnao
- Possibly the most unique and ornate dugouts.
KULINTANG
- The predominate instrumental music of the
Maranao people.
- A musical tradition predates Islam and is thus
shared by both Muslim and non-Muslim people
groups throughout Mindanao, as well as in other
island nations to the South.
 DARANGEN
- A Maranao epic song that encompasses a wealth of knowledge of the Maranao people.
- It was proclaimed by UNESCO in 2005 as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible
Heritage of Humanity.
SARIMANOK
- is a legendary bird of the Maranao that has become a universal symbol of their art. It is portrayed
as a bird with colorful wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on its mouth and claws.
 BADJAO
History
- Also known as the “man of sea” and named as SEA GYPSIES as they use
a boat called VINTAS to travel around the sea and hunt for their food,
with in SULU.
- Although, there are some tribes in Mindanao are frightened with their
existence, Badjao is a loving and peaceful group.
- Badjaos were influenced by the Islams, but there were Muslims tribes who
drove them away and brought them to the sea.
Culture and Beliefs
- They believe to their God of Sea (Omboh Dilaut)
especially whenever they harvest a lot, along their
hunt on the sea.
- To praise and consult their God they dance
at least once a year.
- Badjao tribe almost depend their lives to their God's belief, when it comes to
troubles and success.
- Their spiritual leaders who lead the rituals are called SHAMAN.
- Weddings in Badjao last for 3 days including dancing, food, and Festivals. Ideal ages of marriage
couples are 13-14 years old.

Contribution and Lifestyle

- Sea gypsies harvest fish to live and because of other group who are using modern technology and
dynamite fishing, it resulted to lesser fish in the sea that affected the sea gypsies livelihood.
- Badjaos find it hard to live as their only supply is the sea, but it is not easy
to be on the land and experience rejections everyday.
 CONTRIBUTION
Vinta - a boat they use for harvesting fish, but
may also used to celebrate their festival but both
has different features, when it comes to fishing
their Vinta is more larger and can hold longer,
while for the vinta they use to celebrate it is
more colorful and smaller but cannot last for long

CLOTHES
Patadjong - a big cloth that is used by Badjao
people that can fit to anyone. Patadjong has
different uses, it benefitted them a lot.
 - Patadjong also show their distinguish from others by the appearance of the
cloth.
- Badjaos wear colorful cloth because they love music, and festivity. Another
reason is, it was made from traditional Dastar Fabric which came from natural
resources.

INDUSTRIAL ART
- boat building, pottery making, weaving, blacksmithing

HOUSE
- this dweller of the sea mostly lived in a house above the water,
Badjao house consists of a lot of people’s effort. They put their stilts
between coastal rocks and corals, but they make sure that they did
not destroy a particular sea creature, and ensure they will not
affect or harm other wildlife.
Status Today
- until now the most marginalize group are Badjao, and they are the muslim tribe that is
criticized by other tribes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKou5z0lwYM (A video of Rita Gaviola)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBm0Dordtt4 (A video of BADJAOS)
 Republic Act 10908
AN ACT MANDATING THE INTEGRATION OF FILIPINO-MUSLIM
AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES HISTORY, CULTURE AND IDENTITY
IN THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY IN BOTH BASIC AND
HIGHER EDUCATION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRgPp-jiHxo
REFERENCES
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http://thingsasian.com/story/last-tribes-mindanao-badjao-sea-gypsies
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w=1
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https://www.archdaily.com/638523/5-architectural-secrets-of-the-badjao-21st-century-sea-people
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10] Maranao People
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http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/people/ethnic-groups-in-the-philippines/maranao/
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http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/139/the-culture-and-art-of-the-mangyan
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http://noypicollections.blogspot.com/2011/07/igorot-people-of-cordillera-region.html
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https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Hiligaynon.html
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https://www.rappler.com/nation/105758-ph-army-lumad-killings-tribal-conflict