Application of Materials

Part II, Engineering materials

Structural strength

Strenth of
Stiffness Reliability Lifetime
Materials
Strength of materials
Properties determined at tensile/compression
tests
N

mm2
Fmax
Rm
FeH
FeL Rp0,2

0
Jäävpikenemine
Permanent elongation L, mm  
Total elongation A
Kogupikenemine At
Criteria for materials selection
 plastic materials – yield strength (yield limit) –
Re, Rp (Rec, Rpc)
 brittle materials – strength limit – Rm (Rmc), Rm/

Classification of materials (Re, Rp0,2)

 low strength < 250 N/mm2
 medium strength 250...750 N/mm2
 high strength 750...1500 N/mm2
 super high strength > 1500 N/mm2
 Stress concentration
F F

m ax

m
m

R
t
 max  2 m
R
t

F F
 Stiffness
Stiffness D = Ex K(geometric characteristic of cross-
section)
At tension K = S (cross-section area)
At bending K = I (moment of inertia) I = bh3/3
Modulus of elasticity
Normaal-
Normal Nihke-
Shear Maht-
Volume
  

E=tg G=tg K=tg

E= G= K=
     

E G=3/8E K=E
Modulus of elasticity
Material E, N/mm2 x 109
Diamond 1000
WC 450-650
SiC 500
Al2O3 390
TiC 380
Mo & Mo-alloys 320-360
Co & Co-alloys 200-250
Ni & Ni-alloys 130-230
Steels 190-210
Cast irons 170-190
Cu & Cu-alloys 120-150
Ti & Ti-alloys 80-130
Zn & Zn-alloys 45-90
Al & Al-alloys 70-80
Sn & Sn-alloys 40-50
Graphite 30
Pb & Pb-alloys 15
Plastics 1-5
Rubbers 0,01-0,1
PVC 0,003-0,01
 Reliability (1)
Toughness – notch impact energy KU or KV, J
– fracture toughness KC, N/mm2  m1/2
KU KU
100

pinna %%
fracture
50

Kiulise
Ductile
0
TDBT
T KHL T T’DBT T
TKHL TDBT
KHL T T50 T
55 10

2
T  KU, KV – cold brittleness
R 0.25

10
TDBT – ductile-to-brittle transition 45
55 10

R 1.0

10

5
Reliability (2)
Influence of C, ordinary and alloying elements to KU
C
TDBT
T KHL KU 0,01% C
60
0,1% C
0,2% C
40
0,4% C
20 0,6% C

-20
o
0,01 0,03 0,05 %C -100 0 +100 +200 TTDBT
KHL, C

P N S
KU KU TDBT
T KHL
norm
normal elelteras
steel 600 0,1% C
0,03% P N=0%
400 0,2% C
külmdef
cold worked N = 0,1 %
0,03% P 0,3% C
toomas 200
külmdef
cold worked teras
0,12% P 0
N = 0,01 %
-100
-40 0 40 80 TKHL
DBT,oCC -60 -40 -20 0 +20 TKHL
DBT ,oCC 0,02 0,04 0,06 %S

50
V Si
 0,12% P N = 0,01 %
-100
o o
-40 0 40 80 TKHL, C -60 -40 -20 0 +20 TKHL, C 0,02 0,04 0,06

Reliability (3)
50

T ,CT50, C
V Si

0
transition
50
Külmhapruslävi Cr

-50
Ductile-to-brittle

-100

-150

Mn Ni
-200
0 2 4 6 8
% of alloying
Legeerivate elements
elementide %
 Dependence of M toughness of
Reliability (4) A-grain size
KU,
A U, JJ
Dependence of KU/KV on temperature
15,4
Purustustöö
KU, KV

14,0
low strength
Madaltugev
12,6

11,2

9,8

8,.4

Kõrgtugev
high strength 7,0

5,6

4,2

2,8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grain no.
Tera nr.
Temperatuur
T
Fine and coarse grain steels
a b
T, C T, C
1200 1200

1100 1100
1
A 2
1000 1000
Acm
900
A3
900 1 – killed steel
A+T
800 800 2 – rimmed steel
A+F AC1
A1
700 700 dA
F F+T
600 600
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 C% dP d
Influence of microalloying elements
140
120
2 2
mm V
Vanaadium
100
ferrite,
size oftera,

80
Ferriidi

60 Ti
Titaan
40
Grain

Nb
Nioobium
20
0
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12
Alloying elementide
Legeerivate elements, % %
Plane strain fracture toughness K1c

At tension K1c
b
F

Coefficient of stress intensity

K max   max a [MPam1/2]

F
Relationship between K1c and yield
strength
Superplastic

Fracture toughness K1c, MPa  m1/2

steels
Material K1C, MPa 
m1/2
WC (E)
TiC 6 (680) Low-
SiC 4 (440) alloyed
highly Maraging
Al2O3 3 (420)
tempered steels
SiO2 3 (320) steels
Steels 0,7 (100)
Precipitation
-low carbon 54
hardened
-maraging 110-175 stainless
steels

Yield strength, MPa

Life time (1)
R (R = min/max)
Fatigue -1 – symmetric loading
a b


Pingeepüür 


R

N1 N2 N3 107 N
F

Impactors: Steels N = 107

- surface roughness Nonferrous alloys N = 108
- stress state
- stress concentrations
Life time (2)
Material Rp0,2, -1,
N/mm2 N/mm2
Plain carbon 275 240
steel 475 340
-strain 1700 700
hardened 275 100
-annealed 110 80
Alloyed steel 900 500
Al-alloys 450 150
-wrought alloys
-cast alloys
Ti-alloys
Cu-alloys
Life time (3)

Creep  = f(, T, t)
 low temperature T/Tm < 0.5

 high temperature T/Tm > 0.5

Impactors
 structure

 alloying (super creep alloys) – 

750
1.0 / 1000
 TMT
Corrosion

Modes of corrosion
in dry gases
Chemical
in organic liquids

in water containing environments

Electrochemical
in melt electrolytes

Biochemical
Types of corrosion
Types of corrosion:
a – uniform
a b c b – nonuniform
c – selective
d – spotted
e – pitting
d e f
f – dotted
g – under surface
h – intercrystal
i - stress
g h i
a - ühtlane, b - ebaühtlane, c - valikuline, d - laiguline,
e - rõugeline, f - täpiline, g - pinnaalune, h - kristallidevaheline,
i - pinge korrosioon
Chemical corrosion of metals (1)

2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO
2 Fe + 3 O2 = Fe2O3
For protection Voxide > Vmetal
Kui Voxide/Vmetal > 1 – Cd, Al, Ti, Zr, Zn, Ni, Cr, Fe
At high Voks / Vmet (1,2…2,0)  cracking
High temperature corrosion
T  1000 C – oxide layer  electroconductive
Chemical corrosion of metals (2)
Corrosion influencing parameters
 structure

 surface treatment materials parameters

 internal stresses

 T

 gas composition
 velocity environmental parameters
 heating parameters
Chemical corrosion of metals (3)

Protection
 alloying (F
oxide  Foxide , rion  rion
all. el base metal all. el. base metal
)
 coatings

 protective atmosphere (at heat treatment) (H2 +

N2 + H2O; CO + CO2 + N2; etc.)

Electrochemical corrosion of metals (1)
Moisture + H2S, Co2, Normal potential Galvanic series

So2, NaCl 
E, V Normal condition Sea water
-2,37 Mg Mg
electrolyte -1,66 Al Zn

metals  galvanic pair -1,63

-1,18
Ti
Mn
Cd
Al
soft steel
-0,76 Zn Pb
-0,74 Cr Sn
Ni
-0,44 Fe brass
-0,40 Cd Cu
-0,25 Ni monel (Ni alloy
-0,14 Sn Cr-steel (13% Cr)
0,13 Pb Ti
+0,34 Cu Cr
+0,80 Ag Ag
+1,20 Pt Au
+1,50 Au Pt
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (2)

Microgalvanic pairs at steels

Atmosphere

Moisture
film

Metal
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (3)
Protection (1)
 Selection of materials
Table: Allowed contacts of metals

Group
I II III IV V
Mg Al Fe Ni Ti
Zn plain Cr Cu-Ni
carbon alloy
steel
Cd Pb Stainless Cu-Zn
steel alloy
Sn Cr-steel Cu
Ag, Au
Protection (2)
 Protective coatings
- metallic (less active metals (Cu, Ni, Sn, Ag) – up
to coating must be undamage; active (Zn, Co) –
protection up to end)
- paints, lubricants
 other
- cathodic protection
- protector protection
- anodic protection
- corrosion inhibitors (high molecular matters)
Wear

Modes of wear

Mechanical Corrosive-mechanical Adhesive

-abrasion -oxidizing wear
-erosion -fretting corrosive wear
-cavitation
-fatigue wear
Method for wear protection

 hardening, thermo-chemical treatment

 overwelding
 surface alloying
 coating (chemical, thermo-chemical, thermally
sprayed, PVD, CVD, mechanical)
 selection of pairs (by adhesion)
 Wear testing methods
a b c d Description
F F Sliding friction with or
F F
I 1
2 3 without a lubrication

F F
II 4
1

5 F Abrasive wear
5 5 6
III
F 3 8 6
3

F F
Rolling friction with or
IV
7 without a lubrication
1

I, II - libisev hõõrdumine määrimisega või ilma;

III - abrasiivne kulumine;
Material groups

Metals

Cermets
MCM Ceramics
CCM
Glass-ceramics
Composites GCCM
PCM FRG
Polymers Glass

MCM Metal composite materials

CCM Ceramic composite material
PCM Polymeric composite material
GCCM Glass-ceramic composite material
FRG Fiber-reinforced glass
Specific strength of materials (1)
Material group  Rm Rm/
kg/m3 N/mm2 up to
Metals and alloys Cast irons 7800 150…800 10
Plain carbon 7800 320…1000 13
steels 7800 460…1650 21
Alloy steels 2700 150…500 18
Al-alloys 8900 230…700 8
Cu-alloys 4500 300…1450 32
Ti-alloys 1750 150…335 20
Mg-alloys
Plastics

PVC 1350 10…25

PE 950 20…40 8
PC 1050 35…80
Fiberglass 1250 30…90
plastic EP 1250 80…170 14
.
PC
Specific strength of materials (2)
Material group  Rm Rm/
kg/m3 N/mm2 up to
Cera- Al2O3 3980 300…400 10
mics TiO2 4240 70…170 4
3Al2O3 2SiO2 3160 110…190 6
SiC (-modif.) 3220 450…800 25
Si3N4 3170 500…1000 22
Compo Al-B (30%) 2700 80
-sites Al-B (50%) 110 4
Fiberglass plastic EP 1250 30…90
EC 80…170 14
Carbon-Carbon
composite 35 (2000C)
3-directions 5 (3000C)
Wood Pine 550 II 89
Oak 690 II 97 17
Basic physical and mechanical
properties of construction materials (1)
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers
2-6 2-17
Density, 
(average. (average. 1-2
kg/m3 x 10-3
8) 5)
Low. 
High. High 
TS, C Low
Sn232, 4000
W3400
Hardness Average High Low
Workability Good Poor Good
Tensile
strength Rm,  2500  400  120
MPa
Compressive
strength Rmc,  2500  5000  350
MPa
Basic physical and mechanical
properties of construction materials (2)
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers
Modulus of
40  400 150  450 0,001  3,5
elasticity, E GPa
Creep resistance
at high Poor Outstanding -
temperatures
Thermal Average  Low 
Very high
expansion High Average
Average
Thermal (mostly
Average Very high
conductivity lowers then
t )
Electrical
Conductors Isolators Isolators
properties
Chemical Low  Good in
Outstanding
inertness average general
Thank you for attention

priit.kulu@ttu.ee