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Pollen Data
Basis for Pollen Studies
• Pollen grains can
directly identify plant
species.
• Pollen is widely
present and
abundantly produced.
• Pollen grains are
resistant to decay.
Alnus
Pollen Studies
• Palynology is the study of pollen
• Pollen grains can be found in caves, lake
sediments, soils, peat deposits, marine
sediments, glacial deposits.
• Pollen data provides information of changes
in vegetation, climate, and human
disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems.
Pollen Production
• Pollen production is inversely proportional to the
probability of fertilization.
– Authogamous plants < Entomophilous < Anemophilous
(self-fertilizing) (insect-fertilizing) (wind-dispersed)
• Pollen can be produced during different seasons by
different plants.
• How representative are pollen grains of species
distribution and abundance?
Genus Pollen Rate of Fall
Production (cm/sec)
Grain/flower
Pinus >15 million 2
Picea 200,000 9
Abies 100 40
Poacea 90,000 10
Betula 10,000 1
Quercus 9,000 5
Fagus 15 8
Acer 8,000 4
Tilia 20,000 18
Pollen Production
• Pollen production is species-
specific. Whereas some plants
can produce 70,000 grains per
anther, others produce up to 100
grains per anther.
• The pollen record is biased
towards wind-pollinated plants
(all gymnosperms and most
angiosperms) because these
plants need to produce vast
quantities of pollen.
Pollen Production
• Anemophilous plants
(wind-pollinated) produce
light, aerodynamically
shaped pollen.
• Pollen deposition depends
on grain shape and weight,
wind velocity, wind
direction, canopy cover
Pollen dispersal
• Travel distance is inversely proportional to
pollen-grain size.
• Pollen grains are filtered as they move
through the canopy.
• Some light pollen grains can be transported
long-distances in the upper atmosphere.
• In general, pollen from low-standing plants
have low probability of dispersal.
Pollen dispersal
• Meteorological conditions control pollen
dispersal.
Pollen and vegetation