BDS Conference Paper Summaries

Subjects used in summaries
Arch dam design/construction

Asphaltic concrete
Burrowing animals
Catastrophic failures
Concrete buttress design/construction
Concrete deterioration
Concrete face rockfill
Concrete gravity design/ construction
Concrete mix and cement
Concrete temperature
Culverts under embankments
Cut-off trenches
Dam break studies
Databases
Diaphragm & slurry trench walls
Discontinuance/ abandonment
Drainage
Earthquake damage
Embankment dam design/ construction
Emergency plans
Environment/social/planning
Estuarial barrages
Flood estimation/hydrology
Flood storage reservoirs
Geochemistry
Geomembranes
Geophysical investigation
Geotextile filters
Grouting
Guides & surveys
Hazard & risk management
Heightening
Ice
Incident/failure databases
Instrumentation/monitoring
Internal erosion/filters
Legislation
Mining subsidence
Movement monitoring/analysis
New materials
Numerical analysis
Outlet & intake works
Overflow works
Overtopping
Pore pressure (construction)
Pore pressure (seepage)
Post tensioning/ rock anchors
Puddle clay
Reinforced grass
Reservoir drawdown
Reservoir operation
River bed erosion
Rockfill
Roller compacted concrete
Safety surveillance
Sedimentation
Seepage & leakage
Seismic assessment
Service reservoirs
Sheet piles
Siphon spillways
Slope stability
Sluice gates
Spillway failure
Spillway gates
Spillway hydraulics
Tidal and river barriers
Total stress
Tracers
Tunnel failures
Uplift/overturning in gravity dams
Upstream slope protection
Valve operation
Vegetation
Waste impoundment
Weighted filter
Wind & waves
BNCOLD News and Views
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 1, May 1967

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary
1967 2 Brown Foreword by the President of the International Some background to the establishment, growth and purpose of ICOLD is given. News and Views should enable
Commission on Large Dams by J Guthrie Brown to the engineers in Great Britain to be kept fully informed on developments in this country and elsewhere in dam
first edition of News and Views. design and construction.
1967 3 Banks Introduction by the Chairman of the British National
Committee to the first edition of News and Views.
1967 4 British Section - Notes. Provides committee list and programme of events.
1967 4 Dixon The British Section of ICOLD. Cow Green, Clywedog, Guma (Sierra Brief descriptions of dams which have recently been completed or are under construction are given.
Leone)
1967 6 Brown The Emblem of the International Commission on Large

Dams.
1967 7 Serafim Serafim J L (1967). New developments in arch dam Grande Dixence (Switzerland), Arch dam design/construction, The paper is based on the lecture given to the inaugural meeting of the British National Section of the
design and construction. BNCOLD News and Views, Malpasset (France), Vaiont (Italy), International Commission on Large Dams. The design and analysis of arch dams and their foundations are
no 1, pp 7-20. Chicamba (Mozambique), Funil discussed with numerous examples showing dam profiles from 30 to 200m high. The influence of foundation
(Brazil), El Vellon and El Atazar geology and structure on dam stability is illustrated with examples. In replying to the discussion, Serafim made
(Spain), Gran Suarna reference to the causes of the Malpasset failure.
1967 21 Cassell Cassell A C (1967). Arch dam design by dynamic Arch dam design/construction, A brief one page paper describing arch dam analysis using finite differences. Reference is made to a paper on
relaxation. BNCOLD News and Views, no 1, pp 21. Numerical analysis dynamic relaxation published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 1966.
1967 23 Notebook. Backwater, Scammonden Brief description of Backwater dam giving details of river diversion using a cast iron lined tunnel and concrete
lined tunnel and the formation of a grout cut-off.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 2, November 1967

1967 2 Ninth Congress of ICOLD at Istanbul
1967 2 The 35th Executive meeting of ICOLD
1967 3 Rodin Review of Question 32: The safety of dams from the Backwater, Gepatsch (Austria), Drainage, Grouting,
point of view of the foundations and the stability of Sylvenstein, Valgrosina Uplift/overturning in concrete
reservoir banks. Report by S Rodin. dams
1967 4 Oliver Review of Question 33: Temporary and permanent Flood estimation/hydrology, Topics discussed included design flood, cavitation, overtopping rockfill dams, gated and ungated spillways
provisions for the control of floods. Report by H Oliver. Spillway gates and barriers
1967 6 Vaughan Review of Question 34: Behaviour and deterioration of Concrete deterioration, A valuable summary of the deterioration of both embankment and concrete dams is provided.
dams. Report by P R Vaughan and A I B Moffat. Instrumentation/monitoring
1967 8 Lane Review of Question 35: Dams in earthquake areas or Earthquake damage, Seismic
other unfavourable situations. Report by R G T Lane. assessment
1967 10 Dixon The study tours of the Ninth Congress. May, Altinapa, Hasanlar, Caygoren, A brief descriptions of each of dam is given.
Keban, Porsuk, Gokcekaya, Homa
(Turkey)
1967 13 Dixon Post Congress tour of the UAR. High Aswan (Egypt),
1967 14 Visit to Clywedog dam, 5 June 1967. Clywedog The design of the 74m high concrete buttress dam which was under construction at the time of the visit is
described.
1967 18 Visit to Scammonden dam, 7 June 1967. Scammonden
1967 Visit to Backwater dam, 9 June 1967. Backwater A brief description of the dam is given showing plan and cross-section.
1967 23 Oliver OLIVER H (1967). Through and overflow rockfill dams Summary of a paper published in Proc. Instn. Civ. Engnrs. March 1967, pp 433-471. Laboratory work is
- new design techniques. BNCOLD News and Views, described to investigate the possibilities of overflow of rockfill dams that eliminate the requirement for flood gates
no 2, pp 23-24. or spillway.
1967 25 Ruffle RUFFLE N J (1967). Derwent Reservoir. BNCOLD Derwent (Co Durham) Drainage, Embankment dam Summary of the construction of Derwent dam which was completed in 1967. A section through the dam is given
News and Views, no 2, pp 25-26. construction, Instrumentation/ showing extensive drainage of the embankment and foundations. Reference is made to detailed paper by
monitoring. RUFFLE N J (1965). Derwent Reservoir. Journal of Institution of Water Engineers, vol 19, no 5, July, pp 361-
408.
1967 27 BNCOLD page. Programme of meetings and list of participants from Great Britain attending the Istanbul Congress.
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1967 28 Bibliography for 1966. The bibliography includes papers published under five groups; Group I -Projects; methods of computation,
models, tests on foundation rocks, Group II - Construction problems, Group III - Construction materials, Group
IV - Methods and results of observation, Group V - Various questions.
1967 30 Table of large dams under construction in Great Britain The table contains information that is included in the World Register of large dams.
in 1967.
1967 32 Notebook. The notebook refers to a number of publications including the report of the Tribunal that inquired into the
disaster at Aberfan in October 1966.

1968 2 James Arthur Banks. Obituary of James Arthur Banks, past president of the Institution of Civil Engineers and Chairman of the British
National Committee of ICOLD from 1961 to 1967.
1968 3 Back Aspects of the design of the Orange River Project, Hendrick Verwoerd, Van der Kloof Flood estimation/hydrology, The Orange River Project involves the construction of two large concrete arch dams. The design flood, flood
South Africa. Lecture presented to meeting of (South Africa) Seismic assessment, Spillway routing and spillway design form the main part of the paper. Hydraulic model studies were undertaken at
BNCOLD on the 26 February 1968 by P A A Back. hydraulics, Arch dam Wallingford Hydraulics Research Station and structural model studies at Imperial College. Seismic studies are
design/construction also reported.
1968 8 Poskitt Dungonnell Dam, Northern Ireland by F F Poskitt . Dungonnell Asphaltic concrete, A brief description is given of the construction of Dungonnell rockfill dam showing a cross section of the dam
Embankment dam construction with the asphaltic concrete membrane and cut-off arrangements. This was the first dam in the UK to be
constructed using an asphaltic concrete membrane. Further details are given in Poskitt ( Proceedings of
Institution of Civil Engineers, 1972, vol 51, March, pp 567-579).
1968 10 Berry Berry D W (1967). The raising of Sasumua Dam, Sasumua (Kenya) Heightening A section of the original and raised section is given. Designs of alterations to the embankment, spillway and
Kenya. BNCOLD News and Views, no 3, pp 10-12. valve tower are discussed.
1968 12 Methods of determining the effects of creep, shrinkage Cruachan, Clywedog Concrete temperature The note prepared by the BNCOLD sub-committee on concrete is reproduced.
and temperature on concrete for large dams.
1968 13 Parkman Parkman C C (1967). Llysyfran Dam. Llysyfran Concrete gravity The construction of the 52m high mass concrete gravity Llysyfran dam was completed in 1972.
design/construction
1968 15 Sparks Report on Symposium on arch dams by S R Sparks. Arch dam design/construction, The Symposium presented a review of British research and development in arch dams that had been carried out
Numerical analysis mainly at British Universities during the last eight years. The papers describe various methods of analysis.
1968 16 BNCOLD Items. Notebook.

1968 1 Visits to Pennine dams, June 1968. Scammoden, Booth Wood, Cow Brief descriptions of the construction of the dams are given. A cross section of Booth Wood dam is shown..
Green
1968 2 Roberts Study tour in Norway by C M Roberts. Slettedalen, Svartevatn, Hyttejuvet, The study tour followed the ICOLD 36th Executive meeting held in Stavanger. Brief descriptions of all the dams
Ringedals, Muravatn, Zakariasvatn listed are given.
(Norway)
1968 5 Newbery NEWBERY J (1968). The influence of the geology on The introduction to a BNCOLD informal discussion held on the 17 June 1968 emphasises the importance of
the design of dams. BNCOLD News and Views, no 4, geology on design and performance of dams. Method and scope of the investigations are summarised.
pp 5-9. Foundation requirements and problems are reviewed under the following rock groups: intrusive igneous,
volcanics, metamorphics, clastic sediments, limestones and evaporites, and superficial deposits.
1968 10 Bibliography for 1967. The bibliography includes papers published under five groups; Group I -Projects; methods of computation,
models, tests on foundation rocks, Group II - Construction problems, Group III - Construction materials, Group
IV - Methods and results of observation, Group V - Various questions.
1968 12 Dixon BNCOLD meeting at Oban-April 1968 by H H Dixon. Cruachan
1968 12 Lane Engineering in rock and concrete-a philosophy of Farahnaz, Pahlavi (Iran), Kariba A precis of an address given to BNCOLD at Oban on 20 April 1968. Four methods of testing rocks are
design by R G T Lane. (Zimbabwe/Zambia) described; laboratory testing of intact rock samples, insitu plate bearing tests, insitu seismic tests, and insitu
shear tests. The complex properties of rocks are considered and the effects of water on them are mentioned.
1968 14 British practice in concreting large dams. Prepared by Concrete mix and cement The article covers preparation and curing of concrete, and control methods.
the BNCOLD Sub-committee on concrete.
1968 16 Presentation to the Institution of Civil Engineers.
1968 16 Brianne dam, South Wales. Llyn Brianne Announcement of contract for the construction of Brianne dam.
1968 17 BNCOLD News.

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1969 2 Gruner GRUNER E (1969). Behaviour of reservoirs. BNCOLD Gepatsch (Austria), Hoover (USA) Movement monitoring/analysis Following a brief description of the formation of ICOLD, the lecture covered various aspects of the behaviour of
News and Views, no 5, pp 2-7. Lecture presented to Kauner (Austria), Lake Nasser different types of dam including the settlement of foundations due to embankment fill and reservoir pressure, the
the Annual Meeting of BNCOLD, 24 February 1969. (Egypt), Mattmark (Switzerland), initiation of earth tremors recorded at a number of dams and the initiation of valley slides due to increase pore
Grand Dixence (Switzerland) pressure from reservoir filling. The problems of differential settlement and crack formation across embankment
dams adjacent to steep abutments and differential settlement of the core, filters and shoulder material are
discussed. The effect of different foundation conditions on dam behaviour is illustrated with examples of faults
and dipping strata. The simplification of measurements from instruments was advocated.
1969 7 Penman PENMAN A D M (1969). Instrumentation for earth and Chingford, Knockendon, Muirhead, Instrumentation/monitoring The development and value of different instruments installed during construction of embankment dams is
rockfill dams. BNCOLD News and Views, no 5, pp7-10. Scammonden, Usk, illustrated by a number of classic examples in the UK. Instruments described include hydraulic piezometers,
earth pressure cells, overflow water settlement gauges and plate gauges to measure internal horizontal strains.
1969 11 Kennard History of Spanish dam building by M F Kennard. The article summarises a paper presented to the Newcomen Society by N A F Smith on Early Spanish Dams.
1969 11 Reid Rochon Dam by J M Reid. Rochon (Seychelles) Arch dam design/construction, A brief description is given of the construction of the thin cylindrical concrete arch Rochon dam on the island of
Concrete mix and cement, Mahe in the Seychelles. A large aggregate concrete consisting of 25% stones up to 450mm across was used to
Concrete temperature reduce temperature rise.
1969 12 Large dams designed by British engineers and under

construction overseas in 1968.
1969 15 Civic Trust Awards 1968. Derwent (Co Durham), Grafham Environment/social/planning Civic Trust awards, whose object is to improve the appearance of town and country, were received for four
Water, Llyn Celyn, Erwood reservoirs completed in 1968.
1969 16 BNCOLD Items. This includes information on the Aberfan report, a book review on Dams in Africa and a request for information
by the ICOLD Technical Committee on Concrete.

1969 Dixon Study tours in Poland and in Czechoslovakia after the Czaniec, Czchow, Goczalkowice,
37th Executive Meeting of ICOLD in Warsaw by H H Myczkowce, Niedzica, Porabka,
Dixon. Roznow, Solina, Tresna, Wloclawek
(Poland), Nechranice, Nosice, Orlik,
Sance, Slapy, Zelivka, Zermanice
(Czechoslovakia)
1969 4 Subramaniam Clunas dam, Scotland by A Silva Subramaniam. Clunas Embankment dam construction The 16m high embankment dam has a rolled clay core and glacial moraine shoulders of sandy gravel fill. The
cut-off was formed by tube-a-manchette grouting. A cross-section of the embankment is provided.
1969 5 Papers submitted to the 10th Congress-Montreal, 1970.
1969 5 Programme for BNCOLD, 1970.
1969 6 Bibliography for 1968. The papers are listed in five groups as in previous years.
1969 7 The 37th Executive Meeting of ICOLD, Warsaw,
September 1969.
1969 8 Kennard Dams in Northern Ireland by M F Kennard. Altnahinch, Ben Crom, Dungonnell, Concrete gravity Brief descriptions of seven dams visited on a BNCOLD visit to Northern Ireland are described. They ranged from
Killylane, Lough Island Reavy , Silent design/construction, Lough Island Reavy which was engineered by Bateman in mid 1800s to Dungonnell which was under
Valley, Spelga, Embankment dam construction construction in 1969.
1969 11 Farrar Siblyback Reservoir, Cornwall by R E S Farrar. Siblyback Concrete gravity A description is given of this 21m high concrete gravity dam completed in 1969 on a tributary of the river Fowey.
design/construction
1969 13 Cuthbertson Cuthbertson R H (1969). Inauguration of West Water West Water, Fruid Embankment dam construction Brief descriptions of the construction of the two embankment dams are given.
and Fruid reservoirs, Scotland.

1970 2 Olivier Some developments in rockfill dam construction by H Mangla, Tarbela, (Pakistan) Embankment dam construction, The concept of integrated planning of river basin development has emerged and involves assessment of the
Olivier. Sedimentation, Flood total water resources for a given catchment. Factors that affect flood flow are discussed. Developments in rock
estimation/hydrology, Flood and earthfill plant have allowed large dams to be built in remote areas. Costs and equipment associated with the
storage reservoirs construction of Mangla and Tarbela dams, the two largest dams in the world at the time, are discussed.
1970 5 Kennard Water resources in the North by M F Kennard. Environment/social/planning The report by the Water Resources Board considers the programme of storage reservoirs required to meet the
anticipated water supply in the North of England to the year 2001. Consideration is given to the construction of
41 inland reservoirs and to the construction of barrage schemes. The key scheme in the programme is a large
reservoir at Otterstone (Kielder) with an aqueduct linking the Tyne to the Tees. (This was completed in the early
1980s and is known as the Kielder Water Scheme).
5

1970 6 Bass Visit to dams in S.E. Scotland by T Bass. Fruid, West Water, Whiteadder Brief descriptions of the dams which form part of the resources of the S.E. of Scotland Water Board, are given.
1970 8 Little Problems of the inspection of embankment dams by A Balderhead, Lluest Wen Flood estimation/hydrology, Lack of construction drawings or altered drawings particularly of older dams presents inspection difficulties. The
L Little. Legislation, Overflow works, problems at Lluest Wen and Balderhead are mentioned. The dilemma of repair costs for private owners of
Safety surveillance, Seepage & limited resources, the limitations of the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act, 1930 with regard to enforcement,
leakage, flood estimation and inadequate drawdown capability are all discussed.
1970 10 MacKirchan The Kainji Hydro-electric Development by R W A Kainji (Nigeria) The Kainji dam provides regulation of the river Niger for the benefit of power generation, flood control, navigation
MacKirchan. The account is based on a lecture to and irrigation. The account describes the investigations to find a suitable site, the design of the dams, hydraulic
BNCOLD by J D Gwynn on the 29 October 1969. model testing and construction. The two floods on the river Niger had a major influence on construction. The
hydro-electric generation facilities are described. The reservoir is 135 km long with an area of 124 x 10 3 hectares
and over 40,000 people were displaced.
1970 13 Dymock The inauguration of Backwater Reservoir, Scotland by Backwater Embankment dam construction, The description of the dam construction includes the investigation and treatment of the difficult foundation
T Dymock. Grouting conditions. It was the first dam to dam in the UK to incorporate a cut-off formed entirely by injection grouting.
The volume of grout injected for the grout curtain was equivalent to 17% of the ground treated.
1970 14 Zaky The Aswan High Dam by H Zaky. Summary of lecture Aswan High Dam (United Arab Embankment dam construction The design of the 111m high dam on dune sand deposits would consist of a clay core and rockfill shoulders. A
to a BNCOLD meeting January 1970. Republic) grout curtain was to extend 200m deep through the dune sane to prevent leakage under the dam. The dam
creates a reservoir with a capacity of 164 x 106 m3 .

1970 2 The 38th Executive Meeting of ICOLD, Montreal, May
1970.
1970 3 Reports on meetings of ICOLD technical committees.
1970 3 Kennard Review of Question 36: Recent developments in the Balderhead, Duncan (Canada), Internal erosion/filters This question dealt with cracks and their limitation in embankment dams. A list of recommendations was
design and construction of earth and rockfill dams, Mattmark (Switzerland), Tarbela provided in the General Report to limit transverse cracking.
report by M F Kennard. (Pakistan),
1970 5 Haws Review of Question 37: Recent developments in the Datchet, Wraysbury Cut-off trenches, Diaphragm & Subjects covered included leakage on first filling, techniques of design and construction towards minimizing
design and construction of dam and reservoirs on deep slurry trench walls, Grouting, leakage particularly with karst foundation, permissible hydraulic gradients through grout curtains and cut-off
alluvium, karstic and other unfavourable formations, Internal erosion/filters, walls, and erosion, solution and clogging. The significance and measurement of residual strength in poor quality
report by E T Haws. Numerical analysis formations and faults in rock masses was discussed.
1970 7 Reed Review of Question 38: Supervision of dams and Instrumentation/monitoring, The General reporter was L H Dickerson (Chief Civil Engineer of North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board).
reservoirs in operation by E C Reed and P Cooley. Safety surveillance, Seepage &
leakage
1970 9 Allen Review of Question 39: Recent developments in the Concrete Gravity Topics included static methods of calculation of arch dams, new techniques for producing materials and placing
design and construction of concrete dams, report by A design/construction, Concrete concrete, means of preventing cracks and remedial measures if they occur, resistance to aggressive media, new
C Allen. mix and cement methods of testing concrete, recent examples of constructing dams.
1970 11 Keefe Post Congress study tours by H G Keefe, J H Fleming, WAC Bennett, Duncan, Hugh Descriptions of four tours to Canadian dams are given. Reference is made to many dams and hydro-electric
D J Coats and C F Spens. Keenleyside, Mica, Terzaghi (Canada) projects with very brief descriptions of construction and design.
1970 18 BNCOLD Items

1970 19 Gibb Estuarial barrages. Informal lecture by O Gibb and C C Estuarial barrages The merits and disadvantages of estuarial barrages are discussed in relation to studies of the natural
Marshall to BNCOLD meeting April 1970. environment, economics and water distribution. Preliminary investigations had been carried out at four major
estuaries and published by the Water Resources Board. Various options for a Morecambe Bay Barrage are
described.
1970 23 Fookes Welsh water for Wales: visit to Llysyfran and Llyn Llysyfran, Llyn Brianne Concrete gravity design/ Design and construction of the two dams are described with sections and plans of both dams. Reference is
Brianne dams. Report by P G Fookes. construction, Embankment dam made to more detailed publications about the dams.
construction
1970 27 Berg The Abu Simbel Project by L Berg and P Lucano. Construction of the High Aswan dam would cause flooding of two temples in the Nubian desert on the western
Lecture presented to BNCOLD meeting February bank of the river Nile. Work involved construction of a protective cofferdam and cutting rock forming the temples
1970. into blocks to be reassembled at a higher level.

1971 1 Dickerson Inspection and maintenance for safety in dams. Report Flood estimation/hydrology, The introduction to the discussion deals with routine inspections by operating staff, statutory inspections under
by L H Dickerson of a joint meeting of BNCOLD and Instrumentation/monitoring, the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act 1930, examination and analysis of instrumentation results, geological
the British Geotechnical Society on the 9 December Internal erosion/filters, examinations, special inspections after major floods and analysis of leakage water. The proposal to increase the
1970. The report includes discussion contributions. Legislation, Safety surveillance size of reservoirs that require a statutory inspection from 5 million gallons to 10 million gallons was rejected by a
number of contributions to the discussion. Many examples of incidents and unsatisfactory dam behaviour were
reported.
6

1971 5 Little Problems of embankment dams. Report by A L Little of Balderhead, Bodgyndd, Chingford, Catastrophic failures, Internal A brief history of dam failures is given with many of the well known incidents in the UK being included such as
the joint meeting of BNCOLD and British Geotechnical Coedty, Eigiau, Lluest Wen, erosion/filters, Mining Dolgarrog, Balderhead, Chingford, Harrogate. The rapidity of the piping failure of Baldwin Hills in the USA 12
Society on 9 December 1970. The report includes Warmwithens, Artajea (Peru), Baldwin subsidence, Slope stability years after completion is summarised. The significance of mining on a number of dams is discussed. Cracking in
discussion contributions. Hills (USA), Malpasset, (France), dams had received much attention at the Montreal Congress in the general report by Lowe. Slope instability
Vaiont (Italy), both during construction and long after construction are discussed with a recommendation to install piezometers
in old dams when they are inspected under the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act 1930. The discussion reports
includes many failure case histories.
1971 13 The effect of sonic bangs on reservoirs. Report by It is concluded in the report the low intensity and short duration of sonic bangs make their effect on dams and
Working Party of The Institution of Civil Engineers. reservoirs negligible.
1971 13 Book reviews of "World dams today" published by the
Japan Dam Association and "Technical Dictionary of
Dams" published by the Japanese National Committee
on Large Dams.
1971 14 Clarke Prevention of horizontal sliding at Muda dam by C L Muda (Malaysia) Concrete buttress The use of post-tensioned re-stressable cables to provide additional resistance against sliding at the concrete
Clarke. design/construction, Post buttress dam is described where the foundation was found to have low strength near horizontal layers of
tensioning/ rock anchors mudstone.
1971 15 Johnston Bradan dam by T A Johnston. Bradan. Concrete gravity design/ Bradan dam, a 29m high mass concrete gravity structure, is currently under construction in south-east Ayrshire.
construction
1971 15 Booth Wood completed. Booth Wood Concrete gravity design/ Brief description of the recently completed 58.5m high the concrete gravity dam which began impounding of the
construction reservoir in February 1971.
1971 16 Casagrande Liquefaction phenomena. lecture by Professor Fort Peck Very brief description of lecture is given with some examples of liquefaction.
Casagrande presented to a joint meeting of BNCOLD
and the British Geotechnical Society November 1970.
Synopsis prepared by P A Green and P A S Ferguson.
1971 16 Smith Heritage of Spanish dams. Note by Norman A F Smith. Reference is made to the publication of "The Heritage of Spanish Dams" and "A History of Dams" .
1971 17 Note on Committee on Insurance of dams. An ICOLD committee is being formed to conduct an inquiry into the insurances practices in use in member
countries.
1971 17 Reservoir (Safety Provisions) Act 1930. Legislation The need for continuous surveillance of dams by an appropriate panel engineer between statutory inspections
was highlighted in discussions on the need for new legislation.
1971 17 Scott Letter to the Editor from P A Scott, C M Roberts, E B Request that the Reservoirs Act Consultative Committee should prepare guidelines for reservoirs owners and
Wilson, N J Cochrane, C L Clarke and R S Baxter. Inspecting engineers in two sections for concrete and embankment dams respectively.

1971 2 Roberts Concrete dams - methods to be employed for rapid Bradan, Meldon Concrete Gravity The design of concrete dams is discussed with particular emphasis on methods to increase rate of construction
construction and effect economies by C M Roberts. design/construction, Concrete and mix design to reduce heat of hydration to prevent cracking. Research projects undertaken at the Cement
mix and cement, Concrete and Concrete Association were reported which included reduction of safety factor, special cements and concrete
temperature cooling methods.
1971 7 Young Recent work at the BHRA Laboratory. Report by G A J Kariba(Zimbabwe/Zambia ), Spillway hydraulics Three recent projects using physical scale models carried out at the British Hydromechanics Research
Young. Moawhango (New Zealand), Association's Laboratory at Cranfied are described. Detailed references are provided to these and other
Murchison Falls ( Uganda) investigations.
1971 9 Kennard Visit to Ireland by M F Kennard. Ballyshannock, Turlough Hill (Ireland) Asphaltic concrete Construction details are given with photographs and cross-sections for the two dams.
1971 14 BNCOLD NEWS.
1971 14 Book reviews: The hydraulics of river channel closure
by S V Izbash and K Y Khaldre. Water resources
project economics by E Kuiper. Hydro-electric
engineering practice-vol II mechanical and electrical
engineering edited by J Guthrie Brown.
1971 15 Moffat A note on instrumentation and the behaviour of Concrete gravity The merits of instrumentation and monitoring of concrete dams is described together with a proposed system for
concrete dams by A I B Moffat. design/construction, collating and sharing monitoring information from concrete dam projects in the UK. A proposed specially
Instrumentation/monitoring created study unit would prepare and publish Technical Notes relating to selected performance characteristics of
concrete dams and provide an instrumentation advisory service.
1971 16 USCOLD Model Law for state supervision of safety of Legislation The United States Commission on Large Dams committee on model legislation published in 1970 a proposed
dams and reservoirs. model law and distributed it to the governors of the 50 states. The principles of the model law are outlined.
7

1972 1 Hugh Hume Dixon elected as ICOLD Vice-President A brief summary of Hugh Dixon's career and his involvement with ICOLD is given.
for Europe for 1971 to 1974.
1972 2 BNCOLD News
1972 2 Lane Seismic activity at man made reservoirs by R G T Earthquake damage The full paper and discussion which refer to the many cases of seismic activity following dam construction and
Lane. Report of a joint meeting of ICE with BNCOLD impounding of reservoirs was published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1971, (vol 50,
and the Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering September, pp 15-24)
Dynamics.
1972 3 Penman Observed and predicted deformations in a large Scammonden Movement monitoring, The full paper and discussion were published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1971 (vol
embankment dam during construction by A D M Numerical analysis, Rockfill 49, May, pp 1-21).
Penman, J B Burland and J A Charles. Report of a joint
meeting of ICE with BNCOLD and the British
Geotechnical Society.
1972 3 Binger Tarbela dam project, West Pakistan by W V Binger. Tarbela (Pakistan) Embankment dam construction Site selection, design and construction of the main 143m high dam are outlined. The zoned embankment dam
Report of a joint meeting of ICE with BNCOLD and the has an upstream sloping impervious core and granular shells. A major part of the dam was founded on deep
British Geotechnical Society. pervious alluvium. An impervious blanket was chosen to control under seepage through the alluvium, rather than
a deep grout curtain or cut-off wall. Extensive discussion of the presentation is reported.
1972 12 Hamilton Study Tour A in Yugoslavia, ICOLD Executive Meeting. Bajina, Baste, Djerdap, Globecica, The article provides some history of the former Yugoslavia and descriptions with cross-sections of two of the
Report by D M Hamilton. Mavrovo, Mratinje, Spilje (Yugoslavia) embankment dams visited on the tour. The Mratinje dam location resembled that of Vaiont dam; a 220m high
double curvature arch dam is to be built in a steep sided valley. Globocica is a rockfill dam with a thick clay core
and wide transition zones founded on alluvial deposits.
1972 16 Humphreys Winscar dam approved. Note by J D Humphreys. Winscar Notice that approval had been given for the construction of the dam.
1972 16 Book Review: Dam Geology by R C S Walters. Publication of second edition.

1972 1 Furley Finite elements applied to dams by A E Furley. Report Clywedog, Scammonden Numerical analysis The application of the finite element method for the design and prediction of behaviour of both concrete and
of a meeting introduced by O C Zienkiewicz. embankment dams is reported by discussion contributors. The types of two dimensional and three dimensional
elements are described. The original simple triangle used in two-dimensional analysis is widely used and
Clywedog was the first dam using such elements. The limitations of the two-dimensional idealization and
simplification of material properties particularly with soils are discussed. Nevertheless, the method provides a
powerful tool for stress analysis of many structures.
1972 9 Dixon Study tour in New Zealand by H H Dixon. Arapuni, Whakamani, Whakamaru Brief descriptions are given of dams and hydro-electric schemes In New Zealand. They included some of the
(New Zealand) seven dams on the Waikato river on North Island.
1972 10 The 49th Executive Meeting of ICOLD Canberra, April
1972.
1972 10 Kennard Visit to Wasbury and Datchet Reservoirs by M F Datchet, Wraysbury Brief descriptions are given of Wraysbury dam which was completed in 1970 and Datchet dam which was due
Kennard. for completion in 1974 for the Metropolitan Water Board. A cross-section of Datchet embankment is shown
together with various stages of construction.
1972 11 BNCOLD News
1972 12 Spens Study tour in Australia by C H Spens. Cardinia, Devils Gate, Gordon, Dams on the study tour included some of the Snowy Mountain Hydro-electric Scheme and others on Tasmania.
Jindabyne, Murray, Serpentine,
Talbingo (Australia)
1972 14 Register of large dams in Great Britain. A recent update of British dams in the World Register.

BNCOLD News. Programme of meetings, Member's papers to 11th ICOLD Congress and publications available for inspection.
2
1973 3 Opening of Brianne Dam Official opening on 15 May 1973.
1973 4 Kennard BNCOLD visit to dams in French and Swiss Alps. Emosson, Genissiat, Seyssel, Concrete gravity, Arch, Buttress Three large hydro-electric schemes in mountainous areas were included in this BNCOLD visit to the French and
Report by M F Kennard. (Switzerland), Roselend (France) design/construction, Swiss Alps. Dams included were a massive arch gravity dam, a buttress and arch dam, and a thin arch dam.
The foundation conditions directly affected the selection of the type of dam. Extensive geological investigations
at Emosson involved two exploration tunnels with a total length of 479m.
8

1973 7 Poskitt Asphaltic concrete by F F Poskitt. Report of the Dungonnell, Chowilla (Australia), Pedu Asphaltic concrete The introduction provides a concise summary of design and construction methods using upstream asphaltic
introduction and discussion at the BNCOLD meeting (Malaysia), Turlough Hill (Ireland) linings and central cores for dams. A significant proportion of upstream lined dams have been for the upper
November 1972. reservoirs of hydro-electric pump storage schemes to avoid the threat of instability due to frequent rapid
reservoir drawdowns. The relative merits of central core and upstream linings are discussed. The importance of
connexions between linings or cores and rigid structures adjacent to or embedded in them to allow for
movement was emphasised. Appropriate testing for quality control was discussed. Asphalt was used for slope
protection of Chowilla, a sand fill dam that had a clay core.
1973 13 Wardle Cabora-Bassa hydroelectric scheme on the Zambezi Cabora-Bassa (Mozambique) Arch dam design/construction The Cabora-Bassa hydro-electric scheme involved construction of a 170m high, 300m long concrete arch dam.
River (civil works). Report of BNCOLD meeting Construction details of the powerhouse containing five 415 MW generating sets, the diversion facilities and the
February 1973 by D C Wardle based on presentation cofferdams are described. The scheme was due to come into operation in April 1975.
by F Lemperière.

1973 1 Eleventh International Congress on Large Dams.
1973 1 The 41st Executive Meeting, Madrid, 8-9 June, 1973.
1973 2 Reports on meetings of technical committees.
1973 4 Baxter Review of question 40: the consequences on the Environment/social/planning The sessions devoted to this topic were spread over two days and attracted the largest attendance of any
environment of building dams by R S Baxter. question in the history of ICOLD. General F Clarke, Chairman of the session, observed that it came as a shock
to engineers to have to face up to the fact that dams could have significant disadvantages as well as
advantages.
1973 6 Coxon Review of question 41: flow control and energy control Topics covered included regime of rivers, design flood and problems with reservoir operation, spillway
during construction and after completion by R E construction and stilling pools, flood diversion during construction and estuary dams.
Coxon.
1973 8 Penman Review of question 42: impervious elements and slope Internal erosion/filters, Types of core, their properties, their location and dimensions were discussed in relation to avoiding leakage and
protection on earth and rockfill dams by A D M Upstream slope protection erosion. The need for more information of the geotechnical properties of clay core was highlighted by De Mello.
Penman. The effect of heavy compaction on high plasticity clays when placed drier than optimum led to brittle behaviour.
With regard to upstream protection, it was reported that riprap failures do not cause dam failures but well
designed riprap reduces maintenance costs.
1973 10 Farrar Review of question 43: new ideas for more rapid and Concrete mix and cement The main topics included mass production, continuous construction and minimising the number of construction
economic construction of concrete dams by R E S joints.
Farrar.
1973 13 List of participants from Great Britain. There were some 80 participants from Great Britain at this Congress and the majority were accompanied by
their wives.
1973 14 Farrar Congress study tours by R E S Farrar, H W Baker and Albarellos, Arenous, Bolarque, Reports of three of the nine Congress study tours are described with information about the dams visited and
P B Mitchell. Guadalhorce, Guadarranque, Las places of interest in Spain.
Portas, Portodemouros, Tibi (Spain)
1973 27 Moffat Instrumentation and performance studies on concrete Concrete dams, The case is made for the study of performance records on concrete dams, and instrumentation observations. A
dams by A I B Moffat. Instrumentation/monitoring supplementary note outlines the principal objectives of instrumentation and the equipment and techniques
available for concrete dams in the UK which are predominately gravity and buttress. A note on "Instrumentation
and behaviour of concrete dams" was published in No 10 of News and Views.
31 Book reviews: Inventory of Spanish dams, Lessons
from dam incidents and Dictionary of water and water
engineering.
31 Bibliography for 1972. The papers are listed in five groups as in previous years.

1974 1 42nd Executive Meeting, Athens, 13-14 May 1974.
1974 1 Reports on meetings of technical committees.
1974 3 BNCOLD News.
1974 3 Post executive meeting study tours.
1974 3 Paton Tour A by Sir Angus Paton. Kremasta (Greece)
1974 5 Roberts Tour B by C M Roberts. Mornos, Ladhon (Greece)
1974 8 Griffiths Study tour in Cyprus by F N Griffiths. Yermasoyia (Cyprus)
1974 9 Visit to Empingham and Foremark dams. Empingham, Foremark Brief descriptions of the two dams are given both of which were at an early stage of construction at the time of
the visit.
1974 11 Moffat Inspection, operation and improvement of existing
dams. Introduction to the first BNCOLD conference, to
be held at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by A
I B Moffat.
9

1974 12 Tye Visit to dams in Germany by P F Tye Dhunn, Eicherscheid, Weilerbach The visit was arranged to see the progress made on the development of asphaltic concrete as a material in dam
(Germany) construction. Dhunn dam, which was completed in 1962, was the first dam with a central asphaltic core.
1974 13 Reeve El Chocon- Cerros Colorados complex, Argentina. El Chocon (Argentina) The 92m high El Chocon dam has a clay core and sandy gravel shoulders. Construction was substantial
Report of BNCOLD meeting March 1974 by W T N complete by December 1972.
Reeve.
1974 14 Ford High Island Dams, Hong Kong. Report of BNCOLD High Island (Hong Kong) Upstream slope protection
meeting March 1974 by S E H Ford.
1974 15 Kennard Reservoirs Bill by M F Kennard. Legislation Extracts of the Reservoirs Bill which had its First Reading in the House of Lords on the 31 July 1974. With the
dissolution of Parliament, the Bill was lost.
1974 19 12th Congress on Large Dams- Mexico 1976, list of the
four technical questions.
1974 19 Lane Meeting on design of dams in earthquake areas. Earthquake damage Introductory notes on 1) The basis for the aseismicity of a dam, 2) Design of concrete dams and 3) Earth and
Report of joint meeting between BNCOLD and Society rockfill dams subject to seismic loading. A report of the discussion by I P Haigh was published in the
for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, May 1974, vol 56, pp 195-198.
November 1973, by G T Lane, J P Germond and R L
Brown.
1974 21 Piesold Tailings dams by D D A Piesold. Introductory note and Waste impoundment The design and construction principles of tailings dams are described briefly. Special problems such as solids in
discussion of BNCOLD meeting February 1974. suspension and chemicals which may pollute river systems are discussed. Extensive discussion provides
examples on the construction of tailings dam and their performance.
1974 Baker Visit to Brenig and Winscar dams. Report of the visit to Brenig, Winscar Brief details of design with basic cross-sections of the two dams are provided.
the two dams under construction by H W Baker.
1974 29 Lloyd Proposed Craig Goch Dam by D G Lloyd. Craig Goch The proposed scheme, which includes a 125m high buttress dam to augment flows in the rivers Wye and
Severn, is outlined.
1974 30 Bibliography for 1973 The papers are listed in five groups as in previous years.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 16, 1975

1975 1 Bertinelli Tachien dam project by E Bertinelli. Report of Tachien (Taiwan) Arch dam design/construction The main dam for the Tachien hydro-electric project is a 181m high double curvature thin arch dam with a crest
BNCOLD meeting October 1974. length of 290m. Brief description of design and construction is given.
1975 3 Fives Turlough Hill pump storage scheme. Report of Turlough Hill (Ireland) Asphaltic concrete, Rockfill The design, specification and testing of the rockfill compaction are provided for the upper 34m high dam of the
BNCOLD meeting December 1974 by M O Fives. Turlough Hill pump storage scheme. The upstream slope and basin are lined with asphaltic concrete. The
performance specification for the asphaltic concrete included seepage rates and ability to withstand a maximum
drawdown rate of 4.5m/hour.
1975 5 43rd Executive Meeting, Tehran, 6-9 October. Reports
on meetings of technical committees
1975 8 Study tours, Tehran The cultural and geographical descriptions of Iran make for an interesting report of the tour. A list of the dams
visited with basic construction details is given.
1975 11 BNCOLD News A list of dams currently under construction in the UK is included.
1975 12 Poskitt The heightening and enlarging of dams. Report of Argal, Heightening, Post tensioning/ Staged construction of dams was becoming increasingly common. Little information was available about
BNCOLD meeting March 1975 by F F Poskitt. rock anchors materials that proved incompatible in heightening embankment dams particularly existing and new core
materials. Many examples of heightened dams are given in the discussion contributions. Argal dam, a concrete
gravity dam was the only known example in the UK of a dam raised using anchor tendons.
1975 14 Knill Engineering geology of the Lar project, Iran by J K Knill Lar (Iran) The Lar project which was due for completion in 1980 involves construction of a 105m high embankment dam
and 26 km diversion system of tunnel and aqueduct to divert water from the river Lar to the Farahnaz Pahlavi
reservoir to supply Tehran. The underlying bedrock is composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones.
1975 15 BNCOLD visits to Bewl Bridge dam and the Wash Bewl Bridge, Construction of the 30m high, rolled clay core Bewl Bridge dam commenced in May 1973. The wave wall and
storage scheme. concrete slabbing were under construction at the time of the visit.
1975 16 Jackson Criteria and assumptions for the numerical analysis of Numerical analysis Although an impressive array of analytical tools is available, the real problem is no longer one of solving
dams. Report by E A Jackson on the international equations but one of defining boundary conditions and material properties which must be built into the
symposium, Swansea, September 1975 mathematical analysis.
1975 17 Mexico City Congress: British Section papers

1975 17 Williams Floods and reservoir safety. Note by J D Williams Flood estimation/hydrology "Floods and reservoir safety an engineering guide" to be published in 1976 after approval by the ICE Council.
1975 18 Groner Address by C F Groner, President of ICOLD, to the The history of legislation for hydropower in Norway and the inspection and maintenance of its dams are outlined.
Newcastle-upon Tyne symposium (1st BNCOLD
Conference), September 1975.
10

1975 19 Moffat Newcastle-upon-Tyne symposium on inspection, All the papers published in the symposium are listed and a summary of the main points discussed in each
operation and improvement of existing dams, 24-26 session is given. (This symposium was the first of what were to become British Dam Society biennial
September, 1975. Report by A I B Moffat. conferences, the 16th being held in 2010.)
1975 22 Carlyle CARLYLE W J and BRAMLEY M E (1975). Brianne Llyn Brianne Embankment dam construction A brief description of the construction and early performance of the dam is presented. (Details of design,
dam: construction and subsequent performance. construction and performance are to be found in the many papers listed in the bibliography of British dams.)
BNCOLD News and Views, no 16, pp 22-23.
1975 24 Bibliography for 1974 The papers are listed under the names of the journals in which they were published.
1975 25 ICOLD publications.

1976 1 Twelfth International Congress on Large Dams, Mexico
City, 1976 - Reports on meetings of the technical
committees.
1976 3 Penman Report on Question 44: Problems associated with Scotspeck (Australia), New materials, Waste Topics included use of poor quality materials such as permafrost, alterable rock and silt, mine tailings including
special types of fill by A D M Penman. impoundment groundwater pollution, new materials and methods.
1976 5 Parkman Report on Question 45: Leakage investigation and Zoccolo (Italy) Drainage, Seepage & leakage Topics included methods of determining the origin and quantity of leakage and seepage, analysis of the history
drainage of dams and their foundations by H C of seepage, significance of leakage in relation to safety and operation, design of drainage systems, and
Parkman. monitoring and maintaining drainage systems.
1976 7 Newbury Report on Question 46: Preliminary planning of dam
developments by J Newbury.
1976 8 Baxter Report on Question 47: The effect on dams and Environment/social/planning
reservoirs of some environmental factors by R S
Baxter.
1976 10 Williams Congress study tours. Study tour No. 1 by J D Williams. Ignacio Allende, Santa Rosa (Mexico)
1976 11 Hunt Congress study tours. Study tour No. 5 by H M Hunt. Cointzio, Infiernillo (Mexico)
1976 13 Fleming Congress study tours. Study tour No. 7 by J Fleming Angostura, Chicoasen, Malpaso
and F G Johnson. (Mexico)
1976 15 Mr John Guthrie Brown - Obituary.
1976 16 Paton Dams and their interfaces by Sir Angus Paton. Eighth High Aswan (Egypt), Hoover (USA), Dam design, The growth in environmental and social objections to reservoir schemes is balanced against the benefits. Eight
Royal Society Technology Lecture delivered on the 28 Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia) Owen Environment/social/planning, branches of technology are described in the design of dams. Increasing attention to site investigation is required
April 1976. Falls (Uganda), Roseires (Sudan), Flood estimation/hydrology, in the development of more difficult sites. Some developments in design of both concrete and embankment
Mangla, Tarbela (Pakistan), El Cadillal Legislation, dams are summarised. Interface problems include the foundations, control of floods, cavitation and earthquakes.
(Argentina) Reservoir safety, guidance on floods estimation and the development of legislation in Great Britain are outlined.
1976 23 Curtis Discussion: Results of a thermocouple study in mass Tamar Upper Concrete deterioration, The full paper by Dunstan and Mitchell was published in the Institution of Civil Engineers, February 1996. The
concrete in the Upper Tamar dam by G R Curtis. Concrete temperature problem of cracking associated with the use of modern cements, use of pfa and methods of reducing cracking
was described.
1976 24 Baldassarrini Tarbela dam repair works. Report of BNCOLD Tarbela (Pakistan) Spillway gates and barriers, Extensive damage occurred to the diversion and regulating tunnels and gates in August 1974 following closure
meeting March 1976 by M Baldassarrini. Tunnel failures of some gates to the tunnels. A 70m length of tunnel had collapsed, large quantities of the abutment had been
washed through the collapsed section and steel liner had been torn from the concrete. Drawdown revealed a
number of holes in the upstream blanket. Damage also occurred at the stilling basins. Remedial works are
described.
1976 25 Baker BNCOLD visit to Scottish Dams, 20-22 September ,
1976. Report of visit by H W Baker, W A Watson and E
G Hall.
1976 26 Baker BNCOLD visit to Wimbleball Reservoir July 1976. Wimbleball
Report by H W Baker.
1976 27 Reza Shar Khabir Dam, Iran. Report of BNCOLD Reza Shah Khabir (Iran) Arch dam design/construction, A brief description of the construction of the 200m high double curvature arch dam is given including the
meeting December 1975 by D Launay and J Muller. Concrete temperature, Grouting diversion scheme, rock stabilisation, grouting and foundation treatment.

1976 28 Cuthbertson The Megget Reservoir-Selection of the site and Megget Embankment dam construction Design options are discussed in relation to the lack of suitable materials available for a clay core dam.
preliminary design approach. Report of BNCOLD
meeting January 1976 by R H Cuthbertson.
1976 29 Howells Design of dams for earthquake. Report of joint Seismic assessment, The report summarises the views of a working group set up to consider the design of dams for earthquake.
SECED/BNCOLD meeting May 1976 by D A Howells. Earthquake damage
11

1976 30 Book reviews of Case-histories in engineering geology
by J G C Anderson and C F Trigg, The Guinness Book
of Structures: bridges, towers, tunnels, dams by J H
Stephens and The Engineering of large dams by H H
Thomas.
1976 31 Bibliography for 1975. The papers are listed under the names of the journals in which they were published.
1977 2 BNCOLD News
1977 3 ICOLD: 45th Executive Meeting, Salzburg,14-16
September 1977.
1977 12 Williams Finite element method in analysis and design of dams. Numerical analysis Professor O Zienkiewicz introduced the first report of the ICOLD Committee on Analysis and Design of Dams.
Report of a joint meeting of BNCOLD and ICE This deals with the use of the finite element method in the design of both concrete and embankment dams.
Computer Methods and Applications Group March
1977 by J D Williams.
1977 13 de Mello 17th Rankine Lecture: reflections on design decisions This brief summary of the Rankine Lecture mentions drainage, filters, grouting of cracks, compaction of fill,
of practical significance to embankment dams by V F B factors of safety for slope stability, interpretation of instrumentation and problems associated with discontinuities
de Mello. Report by D Morris. in structures. The full paper is published in Geotechnique, September 1977.
1977 15 Andrew Moawhango Dam, New Zealand. Paper presented at Moawhango (New Zealand) Arch dam design/construction The arch gravity design of dam was chosen as a thin arch dam would have been unsuitable mainly on account
BNCOLD meeting October 1976 by J H Andrew. of continuous clay-filled fractures in the foundation. The design and analysis of the 64m high dam are discussed
briefly.
1977 16 Allen ALLEN A C , KITCHING B W and MOFFAT A I B Castlehill Arch dam design/construction, The selection of the dam type and the design are summarised together with the concrete mix design. Horizontal
(1977). Castlehill dam. BNCOLD News and Views, no Concrete mix and cement and vertical movements will be measured by the laser alignment method.
18, pp 16-17.
1977 18 13th Congress on Large Dams - New Delhi 1979. List
of questions to be discussed at ICOLD Congress.
1977 19 Moffat New materials: dry lean concrete applied to fill Roller compacted concrete Dry lean concrete (DLC) placed as a fill for dam construction would allow continuous placing of concrete and
construction of dams. Paper presented to BNCOLD would produce a set material with the properties of a low to medium strength concrete. Tests indicated
meeting December 1976 by A I B Moffat and A C adequate durability but the higher permeability due to low cement content suggested the concrete may be prone
Price. Report by J D Williams. to leaching. The characteristics of the material indicates it would be suitable for a conventional concrete gravity
cross-section dam or for slimmed down embankment dams.
1977 21 Carlyle The dams for the Dinorwig project by W J Carlyle and Marchlyn Mawr Asphaltic concrete A brief description of the pumped storage hydro-electric project under construction at Llanberis in North Wales is
R W Buchanan (1977). BNCOLD News and Views, no given together with a section of Marchlyn Mawr dam which has an upstream asphaltic membrane.
18, pp 21-22. Report by J D Williams.
1977 22 Visit of Dr Flavio H Lyra, President of ICOLD.
1977 23 Geological defects in dam foundations by J Newbery, Ban Chao Nen (Thailand), Guma Grouting, Tunnel failures Selected cases of foundation problems at dams around the world are summarised.
M F Kennard, R Marwick and C W Isherwood. Report (Sierra Leone), Cow Green, Meldon,
of joint meeting of the British Geotechnical Society and Wimbleborne, Roseries (Sudan) El
the Engineering Group of the Geological Society by J Chocon (Argentina), Tarbela
D Williams. (Pakistan)
1977 24 Douglas BNCOLD visit to Ardingly Reservoir May 1977. Report Ardingly A very brief description of the rolled clay core embankment under construction for the Mid-Sussex Water
by T H Douglas. Company is given.
1977 24 Baker BNCOLD visit to Dinorwig pumped storage hydro-
electric project. Report by H W Baker.
1977 Williams Teton dam failure. Report by J D Williams. Teton (USA) Catastrophic failures The overall time from the first emergence of water from the downstream face of the embankment until a
complete breach developed was only two and half hours. The failure caused some 1000 million US dollars
25 damage and 14 deaths.
1977 26 Williams Tidal barriers. Summary of discussion of BNCOLD Tidal barriers
meeting March 1977 by J D Williams.

1978 2 BNCOLD News
1978 2 BNCOLD visit: Thames Barrier Site. Thames Barrier
1978 3 ICOLD: 46th Executive Meeting, Cape Town, 11-12
October 1978.
1978 7 Griffiths Study tour A. Report by F N Griffiths. Churchill, Hendrik Verwoerd, Loerie,
Paul Sauer, P K Le Roux, Stompdrift
12

1978 9 Kennard Study tour B. Report by M F Kennard. Driekloof, Midmar, P K Le Roux,
Sterkfontein, Wagendrift
1978 12 BNCOLD visit: Kielder dam site and Grimwith Grimwith, Kielder
1978 13 Geddes GEDDES W G N (1978). Kielder water scheme - Bakethin, Kielder, Embankment dam construction A summary of the Kielder Water Scheme is outlined together with the design of the rolled clay embankment dam
Kielder and Bakethin dams. BNCOLD News and including plans and a cross-section. The core is linked to an upstream clay key by a substantial clay blanket. A
Views, no 19, pp 13-16. Paper presented at BNCOLD diaphragm wall cut-off using cement bentonite was formed across the existing river bed. Flood control, valve
meeting October 1977. Report by J D Williams. tower and culvert design, and landscaping are outlined.
1978 17 Sakaria Itaipu hydropower project by G S Sakaria. Report of The Itaipu project is one of 58 projects for the ultimate development of the 3000 km long Parana river which
BNCOLD meeting December 1977 by F N Griffiths forms the boarder between Paraguay and Brazil. The project involves three dams, the main dam being a 180m
high hollow concrete gravity type, the others being rockfill and earthfill dams.
1978 19 Chadwick Failure of Teton Dam, Idaho, June 1978 . Report of Teton (USA) Catastrophic failures Design, construction and foundation conditions of the 93m high dam and the events that led to the catastrophic
lecture by W Chadwick at BNCOLD meeting December failure on first filling are outlined. Eleven people lost their lives and approximately 100,000 acres were inundated
1977. Report by I Hay and J D Williams. with considerable damage.
1978 21 Tasso Bakolori Project, Nigeria - dam and irrigation system by Bakolori (Nigeria) Bakolori projects provides an example of reducing the implementation time of large development projects. The
E Tasso, C Lotti and V F Gioia. Report of BNCOLD basic design of the 5500m long dam is outlined. The 48m high central concrete section is flanked on both side
meeting March 1978 by H W Baker. by earthfill embankments.
1978 23 Coxon Risks to third parties by R E Coxon and F N Griffiths. Hazard & risk management A general discussion of hazards posed by dam failures is given. The role of commercial insurers and the need
Report of BNCOLD meeting September 1978 by J D for third party insurance was raised. The possibility of producing codes of practice or guidelines was discussed
Williams. and how this would affect liabilities in the event of a failure .
1978 24 Haws Economics of instrumentation and surveillance of dams Instrumentation/monitoring The benefits of instrumentation during the commissioning stage are outlined. The policy of North of Scotland
by E T Haws and G R Curtis. Report of BNCOLD Hydro-Electric Board is to have all dams of significance instrumented. The frequency of monitoring and types of
meeting January 1978 by H W Baker. instruments are listed.

1979 2 BNCOLD News
1979 3 ICOLD: 47th Executive Meeting, New Delhi, October
1979. Reports of Committees.
1979 6 Reed Study tour 1. Report by E C Reed. Beas, Bhakra, Nangal (India) Concrete Gravity The two very hydro-electric projects visited in northwest India provide irrigation and flood control. Bhakra dam, at
design/construction 225m, was the highest straight concrete gravity dam in the world at the time.
1979 8 Milne Study tour 11. Report by G A Milne. Cheruthoni, Indukki, Kulamava, Arch dam design/construction, The dams are in Kerala State in the south west of India. Construction of Thenmala dam was labour intensive
Thenmala (India) Concrete Gravity and was being built using rough stone blocks set in mortar for the hearting concrete.
design/construction
1979 11 Fleming Study tour 12. Report by J H and E M Fleming. Nagarjunasagar, Srisailam (India) Concrete Gravity Rubble masonry was used to form the main part of the dams, the majority of which was quarried and placed
design/construction entirely by hand. Concrete was used at higher levels as it was quicker and cheaper.
1979 13 Kennard 13th International Congress on Large Dams - New
Delhi 1979.
1979 13 Green Report on Question 48: Interface problems of dams by
P A Green.
1979 14 Earp Report on Question 49: Deterioration or failure of dams
by D N W Earp.
1979 16 Kennard Report on Question 50: Large capacity outlets and
spillways by M F Kennard.
1979 17 Haws Report on Question 51: Seismicity and aseismic design Lower San Fernando (USA) Earthquake damage, Seismic The General reporter for this question was R G T Lane. Professor Bolton Seed gave a presentation quoting from
of dams by E T Haws. assessment. work leading to his Rankine Lecture. Earthquakes has not so far caused any major dam disasters although
Lower San Fernando came very close where the upstream slope failed almost completely and the freeboard
was reduced by 1m. California now design for the largest conceivable earthquake.
1979 19 Bolton Seed 19th Rankine Lecture: Considerations in the Hebgen, Lower San Fernando (USA) Earthquake damage, Seismic A brief summary of the Rankine Lecture is given which was published in Geotechnique. Potential damage
earthquake-resistant design of earth and rockfill dams assessment. arising from earthquakes and mitigation measures are listed. Much of the summary concentrates on the failure
by H Bolton Seed., March 1979. Report by D Morris. of San Fernando and its subsequent analysis. It was concluded that the liquefaction of the hydraulic fill sand
was the cause of the failure.
1979 23 Knill Reservoirs: dams and mining by J L Knill and A Little. Avon (Australia), Cow Green, Mining subsidence A number of examples of settlement and cracking of dams due to mining subsidence are given. There seemed
Report of BNCOLD meeting October 1979 by G A Cwmtillery, Rufford Lake, Toddbrook to be few examples of connection between reservoirs and mines although this was investigated at Cow Green.
Milne.
1979 25 Blaj Dams on the Bandama River - Ivory Coast by S Blaj. Kossou, Taabo (Ivory Coast) Embankment dam construction The 58m high Kossou embankment dam, which has rockfill shoulders and an upstream sloping core, was
completed in 1971. Construction of the 35m high Taaso dam was expected to be completed in 1979.
1979 29 Baxter The Craig Goch scheme planning issue by R S Baxter, Environment/social/planning
G E Lewis and R G Sharp.
13

1979 31 Mitchell Thames Barrier Site, BNCOLD visit during Thames Barrier Brief description of the structure and its function are given together with an aerial view showing construction.
construction. Report by A O Mitchell
1979 32 Morris Megget dam site, BNCOLD visit June 1979, report by Megget
D Morris.
1979 33 Bibliography for 1978 The papers are listed under the names of the journals in which they were published.

1980 2 Carlyle Mudhiq dam by W J Carlyle and W P Field. Report of Mudihiq (Saudi Arabia) Concrete temperature, Arch The 73m high cylindrical arch dam was recently completed to regulate flow of the Wadi Najram for irrigation in
BNCOLD meeting December 1980 by L J Attewill. dam design/construction the south of Saudi Arabia. Foundation conditions and dam construction are described with plans and sections.
1980 4 Williams Floods studies report - 5 years on. Report of the Flood estimation/hydrology The Flood Studies Report (FSR) was published by the Natural Environment Research Council in 1975. Although
conference held at Manchester University, July 1980, J the conference papers dealt with all aspects of flood hydrology and the many applications of FSR, four papers
D Williams. were identified as being of particular interest to dam engineers. Concerns were expressed about the use of FSR
and the Institution of Civil Engineer's Floods and Reservoir Safety; an Engineering Guide in relation to the cost
of enlarging spillways and increasing freeboards.
1980 5 Paine Poechos dam, Peru by N Paine and H Fanshaw Poechos (Peru) Summary of the design and construction of the embankment dam is given with plan and cross section. Including
dykes, the dam is 9km long.
1980 6 ICOLD: 48th Executive Meeting, Rome, October 1980:
Reports of the ICOLD committees.
1980 11 Coxon Study tour A. Report by R E Coxon. Chiotas, Colle Laura, Piastra (Italy)
1980 11 Griffiths Study tour B. Report by F N Griffiths. Corbara, Montedoglio, Ridracoli (Italy)
1980 11 Milne Study tour C. Report by G A Milne. Castello, Cimia, Montecotungno,
Naro, Passante, Rosamarina (Italy)
1980 12 Carlyle Storm surge barrier of the Eastern Scheldt. BNCOLD
visit report by W J Carlyle.
1980 13 Williams Deterioration and failure of dams. Report of BNCOLD Clubbiedean, Cwmtillery, Lluest Wen, Catastrophic failures The report reviews the work of the ICOLD Committee on Deterioration of Dams and Reservoirs which was
meeting by J D Williams. Torduff, Keban (Turkey), Tarbela formed after the disasters of Malpasset, Vaiont and Baldwin Hills. Survey results from member countries led to
(Pakistan), two ICOLD publications; "Lessons from Dam Incidents" (1974) and "Cases collected and their preliminary
assessment" 1979. Some statistic on the type and number of incidents are presented.
1980 15 Simek Dam construction and monitoring of dam safety in Legislation New legislation between 1973-1975 places responsibility for reservoirs on the owners and operators who are
Czechoslovakia by M Simek. also liable for any losses in the event of failure.
1980 16 ICOLD Materials Committee: New Materials - Resins Asphaltic concrete, New The progress of the sub-committee on "New material" of the ICOLD Materials Committee is reported with
and Bitumens. materials respect to resins and bitumens. Relevant publications are listed in a selected bibliography.
1980 17 Coats Megget dam, BNCOLD visit during construction of Megget Asphaltic concrete
asphaltic concrete core in May 1980. Report by D J
Coats.
1980 18 Attewill Conference on the design of dams to resist Earthquake damage, Numerical Four sessions covered seismiscity, materials behaviour, structure behaviour, and environment and risk.
earthquake. Report of joint SECED/BNCOLD meeting analysis, Seismic assessment Although earthquakes are traditionally associated with catastrophic destruction, few dams have been seriously
May 1976 by L J S Attewill. damaged. This reflects the low probability of seismic disturbance and the inherent resistance of embankment,
gravity and earth dams. The value of complex analytical tools was questioned when there was limited
understanding of material behaviour.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 22, October 1981

1981 2 ICOLD: 49th Executive Meeting, Stockholm, May 1981:
Reports of the ICOLD committees.
1981 3 Berry BNCOLD visit to British Hydromechanics Research
Association, Cranfield. Report by D W Berry.
1981 3 ICOLD 51st Executive Meeting, London, September
1983.
1981 4 Muir Wood Tunnels associated with dams. Discussion introduced Culverts under embankments
by A M Muir Wood. Report of meeting by J D Williams.
1981 5 Attewill Rolled concrete for dams. Report of CIRIA Conference Milton Brook, Willow Creek (USA) Roller compacted concrete The design criteria for Milton Brook dam in England and Willow Creek dam in the USA are compared.
in June by L J Attewill.
1981 5 BNCOLD Meetings in London; 1981/82.
1981 5 14th ICOLD Congress Rio de Janeiro.
14

1981 5 BNCOLD Conference September 1982. Performance Announcement of the BNCOLD Conference to be held at the University of Keele.
of dams and reservoirs.
1981 6 Kenter Foundation aspects of the Eastern Scheldt Storm
Surge Barrier. Summary of lecture by C J Kenter
March 1981. Report by T R M Wakeling.
1981 7 Williams Sulby dam; Isle of Man. Report of BNCOLD visit to Sulby Asphaltic concrete, The report includes a cross-section of the dam which incorporates a central asphaltic core.
Sulby dam July 1981 by J D Williams. Embankment dam construction
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 23, April 1982

1982 Duscha The US Corps of Engineers programme relating to Guides & surveys
their dams and non-Federal dams Lecture by L A
2 Duscha, December 1981. Report by A C Meigh.
1982 3 BNCOLD meetings 1982/83.
1982 3 BNCOLD Conference September 1982. Performance
of dams and reservoirs.
1982 4 Evans BNCOLD visit to France. Report by D E Evans. Chambon, Grand Maison, Vernay, Brief descriptions are given of each dam visited.
Roselend ( France)
1982 6 Williams Reservoir flood standards and the flood studies report; Flood estimation/hydrology The purpose of the seminar was to explain the application of the Flood Studies Report 1975 to senior engineers
seminar in London, December 1981. Report by J D concerned with the Institution's 1978 Guide to Floods and Reservoir Safety.
Williams.
1982 7 ICOLD 51st Executive Meeting, London, September
1983.
1982 7 ICOLD 14th Congress, Rio de Janeiro, 1982, BNCOLD
representation.
1982 8 Young Megget dam; a discussion introduced by Mr A Young. Megget Embankment dam construction The 56m high gravel fill embankment has a central vertical asphaltic concrete core.
Report of BNCOLD meeting, January 1982, by A S
Subramaniam.
1982 10 Back Victoria and Kotmale dams, Sri Lanka; a discussion Victoria, Kotmale (Sri Lanka) Arch dam design/construction Both dams will be about 100m high: Victoria is a concrete arch dam and Kotmale is a concrete faced rockfill dam.
introduced by Dr P A Back and Mr C L Clarke. Report
of BNCOLD meeting, March 1982, by D N W Earp.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 24, December 1982

1982 2 ICOLD: 50th Executive Meeting, Rio de Janeiro, April
1982: Reports of the ICOLD Technical Committees.
1982 2 ICOLD 15th Congress and future Executive meetings.
1982 4 Griffiths BNCOLD summer visit 8-10th July 1982; In search of Bilberry, Cowm, Dale Dyke, Damflask, The report provides a list of the dams visited most of which were designed by Bateman or Hawksley. Basic
Bateman and Hawksley. Report by F N Griffiths. Greenfield, Piethorne, Redmires, details of the dams are given. The theme of the visits was suggested by Geoffrey Binnie who had recently
Spring Mill, Yeomans Hay published his book "Early Victorian Water Engineers".
1982 4 BNCOLD Meetings 1982/83.

1982 6 Attewill BNCOLD 1982 Conference: University of Keele "The The topics of the conference are summarised in the report. The first paper entitled Spillways and Flood
performance of dams and reservoirs". Conference Estimation outlined the train of events that lead to the Flood Studies Report (1975) and to the ICE Floods and
report by L J Attewill. Reservoir Safety: An Engineering Guide. Concern was expressed that the Guide could be over conservative and
prove needlessly expensive. Other topics included upstream slope protection, remedial works, instrumentation,
reservoir operation and maintenance and dam deterioration.
1982 8 Winder BNCOLD Meeting, London September 1982 ICOLD A resume of papers to each of the questions at the 14th ICOLD Congress are presented. The questions were:
14th Congress " The Lessons to be learned". Report 52: Safety of dams in operation, 53: The influence of geology and geotechnics on the design of dams, 54:
by A J H Winder. Sedimentation and slope stability; technical and environmental effects, 55: Materials and construction methods
for embankment dams and coffer dams. Arthur Penman was the General Reporter for question 55.
1982 14 New ICOLD Bulletins, 40: Fibre reinforced concrete,

41: Automated observation for control of dam safety,
42: Bituminous cores for earth and rockfill dams.
15

1982 16 ICOLD Publications available.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 25, August 1983

1983 2 Carlyle The Ilisu and Cizre dams on the River Tigres in Turkey. Cizre, Illisu (Turkey) Embankment dam construction The proposed dams are for development of the Tigres for hydro-power. Geology, foundation conditions and site
An informal discussion introduced by W J Carlyle, R investigation are described together with the proposed design of the dam which has involved a seismic
Bunn and J G Cowie. London, January 1983. assessment. A design acceleration of 0.2g and a maximum credible value of 0.4g were proposed. Under the
design earthquake there would be minimal damage to the structure and the dam would remain safe under
maximum credible forces.
1983 4 Londe Lessons from earth dam failures. An informal Oros (Brazil), Tarbela (Pakistan), Catastrophic failures, Failures continue to occur despite recent advances in soil mechanics and flood hydrology. Lessons to be gained
discussion introduced by Pierre Londe. London, Baldwin Hills, Hell Hole, North ridge, Incident/failure databases from studying failure of earth dams are of vital importance in improving the safety of future designs. Failures
San Fernando, Seven Sisters, were discussed under the three main causes; failure by sliding, failure by overspilling and failure by seepage
Sheffield, Teton, Waco (USA), water. Statistics on the causes of dam failures provided by Middlebrooks in 1953 are listed.
1983 6 Newbery Khao Laem - The dam on the river Kwai. A discussion Khao Laem (Thailand) Embankment dam construction The adverse geological conditions of karst, weathered and soft ground involved construction of a deep secant
introduced by J Newbery and J I Hilton, March 1982. diaphragm cut-off wall. In the right abutment 22km of tunnel have been driven to locate caverns in the limestone
and grouting is being carried out over a 3.5km length. The 90m high concrete faced rockfill dam was the
optimum choice for the site.
1983 8 BNCOLD summer visit to Northern Ireland May 1983. Ben Crom, Dungonnell, Lough Island Brief descriptions of the dams visited are given. Sections of Silent Valley dam are given where large boulders
Reavy, Silent Valley, Spelga, encountered in the site investigation were thought to be bedrock which was subsequently found to be as much
Woodburn as 40m lower.
1983 10 The Thames Flood Barrier now operational. The Thames Flood barrier was sufficiently complete for all the 10 gates to be raised on the 31st October 1982.
The first actual emergency took place in February 1983. The barrier was ready for the return, thirty years and
one day later, of conditions similar to the East Coast floods of the 31st January 1953 which initiated the whole
project.
1983 11 Reservoirs Act 1975 to be implemented. During a debate in the House of Lords on 25 April 1983, Lord Skelmersdale stated that the Government had
decided to follow the Select Committee's recommendation and implement the Reservoirs Act 1975.
1983 11 BNCOLD Meetings and Conferences 1983/84.
1983 11 Recent ICOLD Publications. Bulletin 43 - Synthetic resins for facings of dams. Bulletin 44 - Mine and Industrial tailings dams and dumps,
bibliography. Bulletin 45 - Manual of tailings, dams and dumps. Bulletin - 46 Seismicity and dam design.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 26, January 1984

1984 2 51st Executive Meeting of ICOLD, London, September,
1983: Reports of the ICOLD committees.
1984 5 Study Tours A, B, C, and D: 4-9 September 1983 A map shows the extensive range of the tours. Very brief descriptions of the dams visited are provided
1984 5 Rocke Study tour A, report by G Rocke. Bakethin, Carsington, Castlehill,

Empingham, Kielder, Megget,
Pitlochry
1984 7 Evans Study tour B, report by D E Evans. Devils Dingle, Ffestiniog, Llyn Brenig,
Llyn Celyn, Marchlyn
1984 7 Mitchell Study tour C, report by P B Mitchell. Bewl Bridge, Colliford, Meldon,
Portworthy, Wimbleball
1984 8 Fleming Study tour D, report by J H Fleming. Barking Creek, Thames Barrier.
1984 9 de Mello The development of Hydro-Electric Sites on the Parana Euclides da Cunha, Foz do Areia, Catastrophic failures Seventy-seven dams have been constructed in the Parana basin supplying hydro-electricity to the southeast of
River in Brazil: lecture by Ing Flavio Miguez de Mello: Itaipu, Limoeiro (Brazil) Brazil. The lecture concerned 24 dams and brief descriptions were given of Foz do Areia, a 160m high CFRD
London, 12 September 1983. Report by E Jackson. and 92m high Euclides de Cunha which failed due to overtopping.
1984 10 White Hydraulic model testing: Discussion papers by W R Sedimentation, Spillway Experience with Loose Boundary models and Solid Boundary Model was provided by the presenters. The
White and M J Prosser: London, 5 December 1983. hydraulics limitations of "Loose Boundary Models" to model movement of sediments by flowing water in rivers are
Report by P Heaton-Armstrong. described. "Solid Boundary Models" are used to help understand the hydraulic performance of a number of
structures. Although cavitation cannot be represented in a Froude scale model, the likelihood of cavitation can
be predicted in critical areas by measurements of pressure distributions.
1984 11 Phillips The Reservoirs Act 1975: Paper presented to ICE and Legislation The proposed implementation and provisions of the Reservoirs Act 1975 are summarised.
BNCOLD by J W Phillips: London, 5 December 1983.
1984 12 Clarke Floods and Reservoir Safety: An Engineering Guide: Flood estimation/hydrology
Report of the Review Working Party presented by the
Chairman C L Clarke. London, 13-15 December 1983.
16

1984 13 Hydraulic Aspects of Floods and Flood Control: Joint Spillway hydraulics The report lists topics discussed at the conference and the benefits of both mathematical and physical model
Conference of BHRA and BNCOLD: London, 13-15 studies relating to dams and flood defence banks.
September 1983.
1984 14 52nd Executive Meeting of ICOLD: Tokyo, 29 May-1
June 1984.
1984 14 BNCOLD Cardiff Conference. List of papers for the BNCOLD conference to be held in September 1984.
1984 15 15th ICOLD Congress: Lausanne, Switzerland, 24-28
June 1985, Questions 56, 57, 58 and 59.

1984 2 52nd Executive Meeting of ICOLD: Tokyo, 29 May-1
June 1984. Reports of the ICOLD Technical
Committees.
1984 5 Cochrane Insidious threats to dams and reservoirs: N J Hazard & risk management Only a brief two page summary is given of this first BNCOLD Lecture (in 1990 the BNCOLD Lecture was
Cochrane, The First BNCOLD Lecture: Cardiff, 13 renamed the Geoffrey Binnie Lecture) in the 1984 Conference Proceedings. Most embankment dams were
September. Report by J D Williams. constructed before 1950 in days when few experienced engineers had received formal geological training or had
given sufficient attention to the new science of soil mechanics. The unique combination of hazards in South
Wales, with an average annual rainfall of 2.6 m per year, instability of geologically over-steepened valley sides
and large areas of mineral workings, posed many problems and significant risks for dam safety. In such an
environment, the safe disposal of floods may be the least of the problems for a dam engineer.
1984 5 Future BNCOLD Meetings

1984 6 BNCOLD Conference: Cardiff, 13-15 September 1984 The seven invited papers and discussion at the conference are summarised in this report. The papers and the
BNCOLD Lecture are summarised in the 1984 Conference worksheet.
1984 11 Carsington Embankment Dam Failure Carsington Catastrophic failures A brief description of the failure is given showing the failed section. The article announces that that the owner
has commissioned independent experts to report on the cause of the failure and that the Secretary of State for
the Environment has appointed Roy Coxon to advise him.
1984 12 Knight Monsavau Dam, Fiji: A discussion paper by D J Knight, Monsavau (Fiji) Embankment dam construction, Construction of the 85m high rockfill dam with a very wet core was extensively instrumented. In designing the
London, March 1984. Report by E S Jackson. Instrumentation/monitoring, instrumentation gauge houses provision was made for 3.5m settlement of the core. Pore pressures approached
Slope stability overburden pressure during construction but reduced to between 30 and 40% of the overburden pressure at the
end of construction. The location of the dam 300m upstream of the 126m high Monasavu falls is shown in a
section.
1984 14 Evans BNCOLD Spring visit to dams in North Wales and Clywedog, Entwistle, Greenbooth, Brief descriptions of each of the dams is given together with accounts of investigations and remedial works.
Northern England: April 1984. Report by D E Evans. Jumbles, Vyrnwy, Wayoh
1984 15 ICOLD Bulletins 48 and 49. Bulletin 48: River control during dam construction. Bulletin 49: Operation of hydraulic structures of dams.

1985 2 McKenna Vaturu dam, Fiji; discussion paper presented by J M Vaturu (Fiji) Embankment dam construction The 56m high earth-rockfill dam was completed in 1982 for public water supply. A brief description of the
McKenna. London, September 1987. foundation and dam construction is given.
1985 4 Massey Old Embankment Dams, a legacy of the 18th and 19th Outlet & intake works, Seepage
centuries: Lecture presented by J E Massey. & leakage,
Manchester, October 1984.
1985 4 The BNCOLD Prize - 1984 The first BNCOLD prize (now the BDS Prize) for younger engineers attracted 10 papers.
1985 5 Kennard Dams in Cyprus: Discussion papers presented by M F Asprokremmos, Dhypotamos, Diaphragm & slurry trench Brief descriptions of each dam and its foundations are given. At Asprokremmos, a concrete diaphragm wall was
Kennard, C G Gregory, E H Taylor and J L Beaver. Evretou, Kalavasos (Cyprus) walls, Embankment dam installed as a cut-off through gravels, but a 0.5m deep gap was found between the bedrock and the bottom of
London, January 1985. construction the wall. Remedial grouting was required.
1985 8 Ackers Aeration of the Spillways of major dams and its Llyn Brianne Overflow works, Spillway gates Interest in air entrainment at spillways with gates had been developed recently because of structural damage to
influence on cavitation. Presented by P Ackers. Joint chute spillways caused by cavitation. Factors contributing to cavitation are outlined. Determination of air content
meeting of BNCOLD and International Association for of flows is very difficult. The importance of concrete quality, surface finish and the need for repeated aeration
Hydraulic Research: London, February 1985. was emphasised.
1985 10 Penman Tailings dams: A discussion paper by A D M Penman: Devils Dingle, Portworthy, El Cobre Waste impoundment ICOLD publications on tailings dams and some failures are listed. Mechanisms of failure are described. In
London, November 1984, British Geotechnical Society. (Chile) discussion the upstream method of construction was defended.
Report by J D Williams.
1985 10 Beaver Novel methods of overcoming difficulties in dam Evretou (Cyprus). Kotmale (Sri Embankment dam construction,
construction: A discussion paper presented by J L Lanka), Muda (Malaysia) Concrete buttress
Beaver and J Reeves: Manchester, February 1985. design/construction
Report by A K Hughes.
17

1985 11 Haws Ash lagoons: A discussion paper presented by E T Brotherton Ings, Devil's Dingle, Gale Waste impoundment Although specifically excluded under Section 1 of the Reservoirs Act 1975, the Central Electricity Generating
Haws, R G Clark and P L Martin: London, December Common, Oxbow. Board had always subjected its ash dams to the requirements of the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act 1930
1984. Report by J D Williams. and, it is understood, will continue this policy under the new legislation. Factors in ash dam and lagoon design
are outlined including mining subsidence, liquefaction of pfa and prevention of pollution of aquifers.
1985 13 Connery CONNERY P (1985). Doffcocker Lodge, Bolton: slurry Doffcocker Lodge Diaphragm & slurry trench walls Description of the repair of a leaking puddle clay core with a self-hardening slurry trench wall.
trench replacement of core. Report by J A Charles of
visit on 16 March 1985. BNCOLD News and Views, no
28, p 13.
1985 13 Future BNCOLD Meetings 1985/86
1985 14 Rofe Inspection of old earth dams: Presented by B H Rofe Instrumentation/monitoring
and R Arah: Joint informed discussion meeting with
ICE Ground Engineering Group: London, April 1985.
Report by J D Williams.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 29, December 1985

1985 1 News Items
1985 2 15th ICOLD Congress and 53rd Executive meeting:
Lausanne, June 1985. Reports from ICOLD Technical
Committees.
1985 5 News Items.
1985 5 Future BNCOLD meetings: 1986.
1985 5 Reservoirs'86.
1985 6 Back Victoria dam, Sri Lanka. Discussion paper presented Victoria, (Sri Lanka) Arch dam design/construction The investigation and design of the 122m high double curvature arch dam is outlined. Because of the high
by P A A Back and J Stevenson, London, March 1985. retention level and to minimise the extra height required for flood storage, a spillway capable of immediately
Report by P J Mason. responding to sudden large floods was required. Automatic gates were developed to safely discharge any size
of flood without the need for a power supply or an operator.
1985 8 Hoyle Problems during the construction of Victorian earth

dams: Presentation by N Hoyle: Manchester, March
1985. Report by A K Hughes.
1985 8 Winder Empingham Reservoir: report of a joint meeting of Empingham Slope stability Three papers that were published in the ICE Proceedings in April 1985 were presented. The construction
BNCOLD and Institution of Civil Engineers. London programme is summarised and the concerns relating to the stability of the clay foundation and embankment are
May 1985 by A J H Winder, R G Cole, G E Bowyer, R described. Sections of dams with its very flat slopes and numerous drainage blankets are given. A trail
C Bridle, P R Vaughan, H N Jones, J M McKenna and embankment was completed in 1972, the works were completed by 1977 and the reservoir was fully impounded
P Horswill. in March 1979.
1985 10 Joint BNCOLD/ICID visit in the South West England, Dowdeswell, Draycote
September 1985.
1985 10 Johnston Colliford dam: report of a joint meeting of BNCOLD and Colliford Asphaltic concrete, Construction details are provided together with a section of the dam which was constructed of sand waste from
Institution of Civil Engineers, London, September 1985 Embankment dam construction the china clay industry with an upstream asphaltic membrane. The paper presented at the meeting was
by T A Johnston and J D Evans. published in the ICE Proceedings in August 1985.
1985 11 Hollingworth Lake, Rochdale: Remedial Works. Report Hollingworth Lake
of visit, October 1985.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 30, August 1986

1986 1 News Items J A Charles accepts invitation to become first Honorary Technical Secretary of BNCOLD.
1986 2 Future BNCOLD meetings: 1986/7.
1986 3 Hughes Jackhouse reservoir; grass lined spillway trials. Report Jackhouse Overtopping The design and performance of the reinforced grassed water ways are published by Hewlett et al (1987) in
on site visit, October 1985. Report by A K Hughes. CIRIA Report 116.
1986 4 Novak Energy dissipation at high dams P Novak and A Spillway hydraulics
Ervine. Report of a joint meeting of BNCOLD and
IAHR London February 1986.
1986 5 Skempton Carsington dam; the post slip investigation by A W Carsington Slope stability The report outlines the events that led to failure and the results of the post incident investigations. Numerous
Skempton, P R Vaughan, R M Nisbet and G Rocke. publications on the failure and reconstruction of Carsington dam can be found in the Bibliography of British
Report of a joint meeting of BNCOLD and BGS, Dams.
London, January 1986.
1986 7 Johnson The surveillance and deterioration of concrete dams; Gaur, Loch Dubh, Monarch, Concrete deterioration, A dam surveillance policy was formulated in 1971 by North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board for its 84 dams
Presented by F G Johnson, Manchester, March 1986. Mullardoch, Quoich, Drainage, Uplift/overturning in following comprehensive inspections instigated by recent reservoir disasters overseas. Five main types of
concrete dams. concrete deterioration are listed. Maintenance of drainage systems for foundation uplift pressures has involved a
flexible drilling system. Further details of the topics discussed are contained in the 1986 BNCOLD Lecture "
Experience with the Concrete dams of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board".
18

1986 9 Penman The 26th Rankine Lecture - 'On the embankment dam' Teton (USA) Catastrophic failures, Internal A summary of the Rankine lecture is given covering embankment dam behaviour, internal erosion and dam
by A D M Penman. March 1986. erosion/filters, Movement failures. The full lecture was published in Geotechnique, vol 36, no 3, pp 303-348.
monitoring/analysis
1986 11 Le May Monitoring the performance of French dams by M Yvon Instrumentation/monitoring Nationalisation of the power companies in 1946 allowed monitoring of a large number of dams on a national
Le May. Report of discussion meeting, London March level. The policy within EDF for instrumentation development involves sensitive, reliable instruments capable of
1986 by C I Newbery. giving early warning of malfunction.
1986 12 White Assessment and control of sedimentation in reservoir Sedimentation Sedimentation in reservoirs is a major problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries and can be the most
by W R White. Report of a joint meeting of BNCOLD important factor in controlling the economic value of the project. Methods for assessing sedimentation based on
and IAHR, London, October 1985. past measurements to determine trapping efficiency of reservoirs are presented. The concept of a reservoir half
life is described.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 31, March 1987

1987 2 54th ICOLD Executive Meeting, Jakarta, 1986.
1987 3 British representation on ICOLD Technical Committees
and Working Parties.
1987 4 BNCOLD/IWES Conference: Reservoirs 1986, Heriot Summaries of each of the nine papers presented to the 1986 conference are given.
Watt University, Edinburgh.
1987 6 Bramley Field trials on Reinforced Grass Spillways. Report on Jackhouse Overtopping A joint BNCOLD/CIRIA discussion and site meeting inspected the £150,000 field trials which were established to
visit to Jackhouse reservoir site, July 1986 by M E evaluate and demonstrate the performance of reinforced grass systems under extreme flow conditions for
Bramley applications in auxiliary spillways and protection against overtopping in extreme flood events. Ten 1m wide
channels were tested under progressively higher velocities.
1987 8 Novak Energy dissipation at high dams P Novak and D A Foz de Areia (Brazil), Morrow Point, Spillway hydraulics Research into high head hydraulics and the need for greater energy dissipation at dams in terms of size and
Ervine. Report of a joint meeting of BNCOLD and IAHR (USA), Tarbela (Pakistan) economy are outlined. The interdependence between cavitation, aeration and energy dissipation is highlighted.
London February 1986 by P J Mason. Five distinct phases of energy dissipation were identified in a typical overfall spillway with a ski jump. The
behaviour of jets falling through the atmosphere has been studied. Concrete lined plunged pools provide an
economical means of dissipating energy from free turbulent plunging jets.
1987 10 Future BNCOLD Meetings 1987-1988
1987 11 Marulanda The Guavio Project - Columbia. Presented by A Guavio (Columbia) Embankment dam construction The Guavio hydro-electric project comprises a 245m high zoned rockfill dam with an inclined clay core, a 14km
Marulanda. long power tunnel and a 1159m operating head. A summary of the construction is given.
1987 13 Massey MASSEY J E and CONNERY P (1987). Hollingworth Hollingworth Lake
Lake remedial works. Report of discussion paper
presented in Manchester on 16 October 1986.
BNCOLD News and Views, no 31, pp 13-14.
1987 14 BNCOLD Prize.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 32, July 1987

1987 2 16th ICOLD Congress, San Francisco, June 1988. List of questions at the San Francisco Congress.
1987 2 BNCOLD Summer Conference 1988. Topics on which papers were invited for the BNCOLD Conference. Summaries of each paper are given in
worksheet 1988.
1987 3 Correspondence. The way ahead? by J A Charles. Draws attention to the decline in new construction work but increase in membership of the British Section of
ICOLD due to the greater focus on safety of existing structures under the 1975 Reservoirs Act.
1987 3 DOE promote guide on safety of Embankment Dams. Guide to be prepared by Babtie Shaw & Morton in liaison with the Building Research Establishment.
1987 4 Back Roller Compacted Concrete. A discussion paper Upper Stillwater, Willow creek (USA) Concrete mix and cement, The development, history and different types of mix and method of placement are outlined. Three types of roller
introduced by P A A Back, J B Bowcock and M R H Roller compacted concrete, compacted concrete (RCC) were identified depending on their cement and flyash content. The first full use of
Dunstan, December 1986, London. Report by C D Concrete temperature RCC was Willow Creek where there was considerable leakage at the joints. Upper Stillwater dam which was
Parkinson. under construction was described in some detail with information provided on design mix, permeability
measurements, hydration temperatures and cracking.
1987 7 Bramley Reinforced Grass Spillways and Slopes. A discussion Overtopping The purpose of the trials of reinforced grass spillways and slopes at Jackhouse reservoir was outlined. Topics
paper introduced by M Bramley, M Kennard, H discussed included effect of air in the flow on failure, the effect of different types of vegetation, erosion of the
Hewlett, E Wilson and Barker, January 1987, London. underlying fill, effect of grass fires on geotextiles and cracking and death of grass during dry periods.
Report by A K Hughes.
1987 8 Future BNCOLD Meetings 1987/88
1987 9 Charles Instrumentation for dams. A discussion paper Instrumentation/monitoring, The benefits and limitations of instrumentation and monitoring as an aid to assessing the safety of old
presented by J A Charles and P Tedd in Manchester, Tracers, Total stress embankment dams are described. The use of earth pressure measurements in puddle clay cores as a means to
January 1987. assess their susceptibility to hydraulic fracture is outlined. Infra-red thermography has been used to assess its
value in locating wet areas on the downstream slopes of old embankment dams and identifying the source of the
water. Reference is made to detailed publications on the subject.
19

1987 10 Loraine The Mrica Hydro-electric project, Indonesia. An Mrica (Indonesia) Funding of the project is outlined together with description of the major modifications of the Russian designed
informal discussion introduced by R K Loraine, I spillway arrangements following hydrological studies. The layout of the scheme and section of the dam are
Jernelius, H Van Es, W D C Murray and J L Hinks shown. Details of the auxiliary spillway are given. The 110m high rockfill dam has a core of highly plastic
March 1987. halloysite clay.
1987 13 Charles Measurement and significance of horizontal earth Challacombe, Cwmwernderi, Gorpley, Internal erosion/filters, Puddle The paper was published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1, vol. 82, Feb.1987 and
pressures in the puddle clay cores of old earth dams Walshaw, Dean Lower clay, Total stress the discussion was published in vol 82, December 1987. The research described in the paper deals with the
by J A Charles and K S Watts. Report of joint meeting susceptibility of puddle clay cores to hydraulic fracture as a function of horizontal stress. Field measurements of
with the Institution of Civil Engineers, April 1987, by P horizontal stress in puddle clay cores at a number of dams are presented as a function of core geometry and
Tedd. location. A semi-empirical study of some existing records for 43 dams where 7 failures due to internal erosion
are presented.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 33, March 1988

1988 2 Formation of BNCOLD (North) Section.
1988 2 ICOLD XVI Congress, San Francisco 1988 List of the 11 British papers submitted to the San Francisco Congress
1988 3 Reports on ICOLD Technical Committee meetings,
Beijing 1987.
1988 4 Lawson BNCOLD Site visits, Autumn1987. Report on the Combs, Gale Common, Kinder, Overflow works, Seepage & Brief descriptions are given of the construction and remedial works undertaken at each the reservoirs, two of
Sheffield meeting, September 1987 by J D Lawson. Toddbrook. leakage, Slope stability, Waste which had undergone major incidents. Spillway enlargement works were being carried out at Kinder dam. Gale
impoundment common ash disposal works are described and a cross-section of the 72m embankment is provided.
1988 8 Forthcoming Programme of meetings 1988.

1988 9 Sims Alkali silica reaction in dams. A discussion paper Kambura (Kenya), Val de la Mare Concrete deterioration The conditions for ASR (alkali silica reaction) to manifest itself in concrete are outlined. Diagnosis and
introduced by G P Sims, G P Hammersley, R G Cole, investigation of ASR in concrete dams are described and illustrated with two cases histories. Methods of
P G Mackay, October 1987, London. mitigating the expansion effects are described.
1988 13 Eadie Isanlu dam, Nigeria. The use of a plastic membrane Isanlu (Nigeria) Embankment dam construction, Lack of suitable ground conditions and availability of core material led to the construction of the 18m high rockfill
cut-off in a rockfill dam. Synopsis of a paper presented Geomembranes dam with an 3.5mm thick HDPE membrane beneath the upstream slope. The suitability of the membrane for the
by H S Eadie to a joint meeting of BNCOLD and the situation is discussed in detail and a life expectancy of longer than 60 years was expected. Details of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, December 1987. Report membrane protection and the anchor block junction at the upstream toe are given.
by J G Cowie.
1988 15 Rennie Joint ICE/BNCOLD 90th Birthday celebration for W J H Aswan, (Egypt), Chenderoh The 70 year long career of Mr Rennie is summarised with particular reference to his work on dams. Of particular
Rennie held at the Institution of Civil Engineers, (Malaysia), Hermitage (Jamaica) note was that he had been a member of the All Reservoirs Panel/ Panel 1 for over 50 years.
September 1987.
1988 17 Phillips Reservoir research projects of the Department of the Flood estimation/hydrology, Projects described included probability risk assessment undertaken by the Safety and Reliability Directorate of
Environment. Report of a meeting in December 1987 Hazard & risk management, the UKAEA and Binnie and Partners, hydrological research by the Institute of Hydrology, and work at the
introduced by J W Phillips, M F Kennard, P B Clark, P Incident/failure databases Building Research Establishment on internal erosion, development of a database of incidents, deterioration and
B Rumsey, J Clifton, G Thompson, D Reed and J A remedial works, and production of "An engineering guide to the safety of embankment dams". A list of current
Charles. and proposed DoE dam safety research projects is given.

1988 2 News Items
1988 2 Hughes Book review by A K Hughes. "Reservoirs from Rivington to Rossendale" by Norman Hoyle.
1988 2 Future BNCOLD Conferences
1988 3 Hughes Correspondence from A K Hughes Reply to correspondence in July 1987 edition emphasising the importance of regional meetings.
1988 3 Forthcoming Conferences
1988 4 Coats The concerns of a dam engineer; the BNCOLD Lecture Carsington, Chingford, Knockendon, Guides & surveys, Slope Dam engineers have particular difficulties in the current climate of commercialism as they experience increasing
by D J Coats, presented at BNCOLD conference, Muirhead, William Girling. stability responsibility, liability and lack of appreciation. The professional engineer has an obligation to keep up-to-date
September 1988, Manchester. and the ICE Proceedings and the reports and bulletins emerging from the work of the ICOLD Technical
Committees are of considerable value. The Reservoirs Act places responsibility on individual engineers who
should be free to act as they see fit and should not be constrained by inappropriate codes of practice. Dam
engineers should be both ingenious and ingenuous, that is they should demonstrate intelligence in invention and
construction while conducting themselves in an honourable, straight-forward and open manner.
1988 9 56th ICOLD Executive meeting San Francisco, June

1988. Reports of the ICOLD Technical Committees.
1988 13 Phillips Engineering guide to the safety of Embankment Dams. Sections of the guide which were under preparation were introduced under the following headings: Historical
Report on discussion meeting introduced by J W development of UK embankment dams and geotechnical principles; Surveillance of embankments, Foundations
Phillips, T A Johnston, J P Millmore, J A Charles and P and structures; Investigations, instrumentation and remedial works. Some panel engineers voiced concerns that
Tedd March 1988. the guide would be over-prescriptive on issues such as acceptable factors of safety against slope instability.
Alan Johnston gave an assurance that comments made at the seminar would be taken into account in the
preparation of the guide.
20

1988 16 Moffat Dams: Earthfill, Rockfill and now Concrete Fill. Roller compacted concrete
Summary of a discussion paper presented by A I B
Moffat in Edinburgh, January 1988. Report by F G
Johnson.
1988 16 Adams Environmental Impact Assessment of Water Resource Environment/social/planning The substantial effect of dam projects on subsistence agriculture in the developing world emphasises the
Schemes in Developing Countries. Summary of joint responsibility that promoters of projects have to determine the impact of their projects where no strong
BNCOLD/ICID meeting introduced by W M Adams and environmental body exists. Reference is made to work on environmental impact assessment published in ICOLD
P Garrett, February 1988. Report by R M Wingfield. Bulletins 35, 37 and 50.
1988 17 Skempton Case histories of two centuries of earth dam The contents of the lecture are published in "Historical development of British embankment dams to 1960. Clay
construction. Summary of lecture by A W Skempton, Barriers for Embankment Dams. Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers Conference, October 1989, pp 15-
Manchester, March 1988. Report by A K Hughes. 52. Thomas Telford, London, 1990."
1988 18 Tombs Design, operation and maintenance of hydraulic gates Spillway gates Operating machinery for gates at dams are expected to have a very long life, but are infrequently used. Ease
at dams in relation to dam safety. Report of a and simplicity of operation and maintenance are key design features. These were illustrated with a number of
discussion paper presented by S G Tombs, February examples including a flood defence scheme where the gate weighing 380 tonnes has to be stored 32m above
1988, London. normal high water. An automatic float operates a radial 9m high gate on a dam in France. Owners of float
operated gates have either expressed complete satisfaction or have been so dissatisfied that they have had
them replaced with conventional hoists.
1988 21 Morison Report on visit to Roadford dam May 1988 by Tony Roadford Embankment dam construction A brief description of the 40m high embankment dam with an upstream asphaltic membrane is given.
Morison.

2 Change of Society Name. The Committee has been considering a change of name for the society and for this publication. The views of
1989 members are sought.
1989 2 BNCOLD Committee 1989/90.
1989 2 Forthcoming events 1989/90.
3 Bowles Risk assessment for dam safety evaluation, joint Hazard & risk management Modest claims were made for probabilistic methods, emphasising that simple, incomplete analyses would often
meeting with British Hydrological Society, November be good enough and that completeness was usually unjustified even if it were attainable. Reference is made to
1989 1988, presented by D Bowles. the DoE sponsored research reported by Cullen in 1988.
1989 3 Brabben Desilting of reservoirs, a discussion meeting of Grimwith Sedimentation Methods of removing silt such as interception, digging, dredging and flushing are described. Some information is
BNCOLD/CEDA presented by T E Brabben, H given about costs.
Lovenbury, A W Wakefield and G Eldridge, November
1988, London.
1989 4 Hopkins Hydraulic model studies: reservoir spillways, an Spillway hydraulics The system evolved by North West Water for commissioning and evaluating hydraulic models is described. I the
informal discussion introduced by J K Hopkins and D B discussion, the decision to build new spillways over the central section of old earth dams was questioned.
Wickham, January 1989, Manchester.
1989 5 Harnett An inundation study using DAMBRK on the River Lee - Inniscarra (Ireland) Dam break studies The requirement to identify emergency situations in Cork led the Irish Electricity Supply Board undertaking dam
Ireland. Report on a discussion paper presented by M break studies. The methodology and use of DAMBRK developed by the US National Weather Service and used
Hartnett and R O'Flaherty, December 1988, joint by the US Army Corps of Engineers are outlined. Computed hydrographs for the 10,000 year flood and dam
meeting of BNCOLD/British Hydrological Society/ ICE breach are presented. Limitations and development of a modified DAMBRK program are described.
Water Engineering Board.
1989 8 Lombardi The State of the Art of Swiss Arch Dams presented by Grimsel, Zuezier (Switzerland) Arch dam design/construction, The cracking and repair at Zuezier dam after 20 years of satisfactory performance is mentioned. Extensive
Lombardi, February 1989. Report by A Hockey and L Concrete deterioration publications are available on this dam. The cracks were caused by settlement associated with the driving of an
Middleton. exploratory tunnel below the water table for a proposed road. Large settlements of the dam coincided with the
maximum discharge rate of 1000 l/s in the tunnel.
1989 10 Cooper Remedial works at Altnaheglish reservoir, by G A Altnaheglish Concrete deterioration, Completed in 1934, the 42m high concrete gravity dam showed deterioration of the downstream face in 1952.
Cooper and F F Poskitt. Summary of paper presented Uplift/overturning in concrete Investigation indicated high water pressures beneath and within the dam causing concerns about stability with
at a Joint meeting of the Northern Ireland Local dams regard to overturning and sliding. To improve the stability, a rockfill buttress was placed on the downstream face
Association, the Institution of Civil Engineers and the and a new grout curtain and pressure relief system was constructed from the inspection galleries.
Northern Ireland branch of the Institution of Water and
Environmental Management, April 1988.
1989 13 Reid How likely is a 10,000 - year flood? by D Reid. Flood estimation/hydrology Annual non-exceedance probability is a safer way of describing the likelihood of a flood than quoting a return
period, since the engineer will understand it and the layman will see that there is a element of roulette! The
collective risk assessment procedure in Flood Studies Supplementary Report No. 18 is introduced.
1989 13 Claydon BNCOLD's 6th Conference: The embankment dam, The topics for the conference are listed.
September 1990, Nottingham. Report by J R Claydon.
21

1989 14 Proposed technical questions for XVII ICOLD Congress
1989 14 Visit by ICOLD President. In November 1988 Dr Jan Veltrop visited Britain
1989 15 Thompson The application of a general purpose finite element Turkwel (Kenya) Arch dam design/construction, Finite element analysis has been used to analyse the three dimensional behaviour of the jointed rock abutments
program to slope stability analysis with reference to a Numerical analysis of the 155m high double curvature Turkwel arch dam. The types of element and choice of parameters, and the
concrete arch dam in north-west Kenya by N A ability to model rock joints are described. Analyses are more suitable for the prediction of strength and stability
Thompson. against failure than deformation characteristics. Accuracy of results is limited by the impracticality of obtaining
the large numbers of parameters needed to reproduce the actual discontinuity behaviour.
1989 22 New ICOLD Publications. Bulletin 66 - Dams and the environment. Bulletin 67 - Sedimentation control of reservoirs. Bulletin 69 - Moraine
as embankment and foundation material.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 36, January 1990

1990 2 List of forthcoming events 1990.
1990 3 News Items. Proposal for changing name of the Society to British Dam Society. Change of name of the BNCOLD lecture to
the Geoffrey Binnie Lecture.
1990 3 Kramer Design review work at the US Bureau of Reclamation - Arising from the Teton dam failure, presidential and state legislation had been reviewed. A Peer review system
discussion meeting presented by R C Kramer, October had been introduced in the US Corps of Engineers similar to the review panel system in the UK. Positive and
1989, London. Report by P G Mackey. negative aspects of the review system are listed.
1990 4 Molyneux Clay barriers for embankment dams. Report of the joint Brief descriptions of the six invited papers presented to the conference by eminent dam engineers are given.
ICE/BNCOLD/BGS/ICID conference, October 1989, The Keynote Paper "Historical development of clay barriers in British dams" by A W Skempton was included in
London, by J D Molyneux. the proceedings.
1990 5 Kennard Dam instrumentation in Great Britain - some success Carsington, Cow Green, Derwent, Instrumentation/monitoring The types of instrument are listed. The reasons for installing instrumentation are given. Case histories are listed
and failures. Summary of talk by M F Kennard to Grimwith, Kielder, Ladybower, Selset, where instrumentation has been used to assess factor of safety during embankment construction. Despite
BNCOLD meetings at Newcastle-on-Tyne and extensive instrumentation and monitoring during construction Carsington dam failure was not averted.
Manchester.
1990 6 Gosschalk Correspondence from E M Gosschalk. Correction to report on "Desilting of Reservoirs" in may 1989 edition.
1990 7 BNCOLD Conference 1990 - The embankment dam.
1990 BNCOLD visit to North Wales, October 1989. Maentwrog, Marchlyn Concrete gravity design/ The new 40m high concrete gravity Maentwrog dam was being built to replace the old dam, 75m upstream, that
construction, Concrete mix and was suffering from leaching and ASR. Construction and design details are summarised.
7 cement
1990 11 57th ICOLD Executive Meeting, Copenhagen, July
1989. Reports of the Technical Committees.
1990 14 New ICOLD Publications. Bulletin 70 - Rockfill dams with concrete facings Bulletin 71 - Exposure of dam concrete to special aggressive
waters.
BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 37, October 1990

1990 2 Programme of Activities 1990/91.
1990 3 Payne PAYNE P L (1990). Hydro-electricity in the north of Environment/social/planning The paper is based on the author's book The Hydro: A Study of the Development of the Major Hydro-Electric
Scotland, 1943-1975: some social and economic Schemes undertaken by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. Development of hydro-electricity in
issues. BNCOLD News and Views, no 37, pp 3-11. Scotland for public supply which began in 1885 at Greenock increased dramatically 1895 with the construction
of schemes for the production of aluminium. The history of other schemes is outlined following the passing of
the Hydro-Electric Development (Scotland ) Act.
1990 12 58th ICOLD Executive Meeting Sydney, May 1990.
Reports of the Technical Committees.
1990 17 An Engineering Guide to the Safety of Embankment Notice advertising the sale of the guide prepared by Babtie, Shaw and Morton and the Building Research
dams in the United Kingdom. Establishment.
1990 17 Perfect Broomhead reservoir: report of visit March 1990, by H Broomhead Drainage, Mining subsidence, Construction problems of the concrete cut-off for the 33m high puddle clay core dam were resulted from with
G Perfect. Seepage & leakage, high artesian pressures in the valley floor associated with the succession of thick beds of relatively impermeable
shale and narrow permeable beds of gritstone. Downstream drains are used to control the artesian pressures.
Mining activities beneath the reservoir resulted in serious leakage on first filling. Stability problems during
spillway construction and long term stability problems of the embankment were investigated following
emergence of water at the bottom of the upper berm.
1990 19 Baker Pre-cast concrete blocks for dam spillways. Report of Spillway hydraulics Work at the CIRIA funded project at Jackhouse reservoir which included trials on the performance of concrete
BNCOLD meeting January 1990, Manchester blocks is outlined together with 1:4 scale model work at the University of Salford. The performance of wedge
presented by R Baker. blocks for spillways based on laboratory trials is discussed. References to more detailed descriptions of the work
are given.
22

1990 20 Macdonald The Foundations of Roadford dam. Summary of a Roadford Embankment dam construction, A concise description is given of the site investigation and the foundation conditions encountered during the
paper presented by A Macdonald and F E Shannon to Slope stability construction of the embankment, the overflow tower and culvert, and cut-off trench . A grout curtain was placed
joint meeting of BNCOLD and British Geotechnical beneath the concrete filled cut-off with provision for further grouting from the inspection gallery. Grouting details
Society, December 1989, London, by A C Wilson. are provided. Many papers have been published on the design, construction and long term performance of this
40m high embankment which was constructed of weathered mudstone and sandstones with an upstream
asphaltic membrane.
23
Dams and Reservoirs
Dams & Reservoirs

Dams & Reservoirs, vol 1, no 1, May 1991

1991 5 Dams & Reservoirs: origin and objectives of the new
Journal of the British Dam Society.
1991 5 Charles 17th ICOLD Congress, Vienna, June 1991. List of the Balanga (Nigeria), Carsington, Khasab
BDS papers for the four Questions that form the (Oman), Maentwrog, Mullardoch
subject of the Congress: Question 64 - Environmental
issues in dam projects; Question 65 - Ageing of dams
and remedial measures; Question 66 - Dams on
difficult foundations; Question 67 - New developments
for fill dams.
1991 6 Charles Report on current meetings and research on seismicity

and UK dams.
1991 6 Book review: 'Dams in Europe and USSR - a

geographical approach', ICOLD, Paris, 1991.
1991 6 New ICOLD Bulletins: 76 - Conventional methods in

dam construction; 77 - Dispersive soils in embankment
dams.
1991 7 UK representation on ICOLD Committees.
1991 8 Claydon Report on the 6th conference of the British Dam

Society, 'The embankment dam', Nottingham,
September 1990. Also report on conference site visits
to Carsington and Draycote.
1991 10 Back BACK P A A (1991). The 1990 Geoffrey Binnie Dokan (Iraq), Kariba Concrete deterioration, Ten criteria or features are advanced which are desirable for the ultimate dam: durable materials of construction,
Lecture: The Ultimate dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 1, (Zimbabwe/Zambia), Maentwrog, Earthquake damage, flood routing independent of power and operator, ability to survive overtopping, redundancy in structural
no 1, May, pp 10-13. Mangla (Pakistan), Victoria (Sri Lanka) Environment/social/planning, behaviour, ability to accommodate deformations, resistant to internal erosion, capable of withstanding seismic
Internal erosion/filters, shock, resistant to destruction by acts of sabotage, reservoir can be drawn down to at least half height and
Overtopping, Reservoir preferably emptied in a few weeks, and, finally, that in the long term the project will be a good thing for mankind.
drawdown
1991 14 Hoyle HOYLE N (1991). James Diggle. Dams & Reservoirs, Ashworth Moor, Cowpe, Hurstwood, Cut-off trenches, Heightening James Diggle began his career in 1866 as a 15-year old pupil with the Heywood Waterworks Company in
vol 1, no 1, May, pp 14-15. Naden Higher, Naden Middle Lancashire; in 1936 he received a presentation on his retirement from the Heywood and Middleton Water Board
after 70 years connection with their undertaking! The construction and performance of a number of dams are
described with particular emphasis on the cut-off trenches.
1991 16 Cole Report on Queen's Valley reservoir project, Jersey. Queen's Valley (Jersey) Asphaltic concrete, Rockfill A cross-section of the dam is given.
Construction work is rapidly proceeding with the target
date of the end of October 1991 to start impounding.
1991 18 Kingston Report on BDS meeting at Manchester on remedial Woodhead Flood estimation/hydrology,
works at Woodhead reservoir, November 1990. The Heightening, Overflow works
speakers were Stuart Kingston, David Evans and
George Rocke.
1991 20 Musson MUSSON R M W (1991), The Earl's Burn dam burst of Earlsburn* Catastrophic failures, It seems likely that the Earl's Burn collapse was an accident waiting to happen to a poorly built 6 m high
1839: an earthquake triggered dam failure in the UK? Earthquake damage embankment dam waterlogged after two days of heavy rain. However, it is reasonable to suppose that the
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 1, no 1, May, pp 20-23. Comrie, Perthshire, 4.8ML magnitude earthquake on 23rd October 1839 triggered the collapse even if it was not
the principal cause of the dam failure.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 1, no 2, November 1991
24
Dams and Reservoirs
1991 5 Dunstan DUNSTAN M R H and LAKIN M (1991). New Mill dam - New Mill Flood storage reservoirs, Roller Floods occurred in Truro in 1988 due to the inadequate capacity of a culvert running under the city. The solution
a roller-compacted concrete approach to flood compacted concrete was to upgrade the culvert and construct a flood alleviation dam at new Mill on the River Kenwyn. The 10 m high
alleviation dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 1, no 2, roller-compacted concrete dam contains a culvert with a radial gate. Under normal conditions the Kenwyn flows
November, pp 5-8. through the culvert without restriction, but when the flow exceeds a pre-determined limit the radial gate
automatically partially closes causing excess flow to be impounded behind the dam and thus protects Truro from
flooding.
1991 8 Knight KNIGHT D J (1991). Behaviour of five dams in the Aya (Philippines), Canili (Philippines), Earthquake damage On 16th July 1990 an earthquake of Richter magnitude MS 7.7 occurred in Luzon and it was estimated that the
Philippines during the 1990 earthquake. Dams & Diayo (Philippines), Masiway maximum horizontal bedrock acceleration was 0.34g at Aya, Masiway and Pantabangan dams and 0.38g at
Reservoirs, vol 1, no 2, November, pp 8-14. (Philippines), Pantabangan Canili and Diayo dams. The Masiway 25 m high zoned earthfill dam suffered the most damage, although this
(Philippines) was generally confined to slope failure in the outer shoulders of the embankment, particularly on the upstream
side. The crest settled by as much as 1.0 m, but the reservoir was 7 m below crest level at the time of the
earthquake. The core appeared to have remained intact and able to fulfil its water-retaining function.
1991 15 Anon ANON (1991). A visit to Cant Clough: the collapse in Cant Clough Cut-off trenches, Puddle clay The article is of historical interest; it describes conditions of the men employed. Details of the construction
the puddle trench. Dams & Reservoirs, 1991, vol 1, no method of the cut-off trench are given. It is as much as 200 feet (60 m) deep and some 145 feet (44 m) deep at
2, November, pp 15-16 (reprinted from Burnley and the location where the collapse occurred. The trench had been filled with puddle clay to within 55 feet (17 m) of
East Lancashire Mid-Weekly Gazette, Wednesday 21st the crest of the dam at the time at the time of the collapse on Friday 16th September 1887.
September 1887.) See discussion by D J Knight, Dams
& Reservoirs, 1992, vol 2, no 1, pp 6-7.
1991 17 Charles Reports on 17th ICOLD Congress, Vienna, June 1991:

meetings and technical committees.
1991 20 Haws Report on ICOLD technical session: Question 64 - Environment/social/planning
Environmental issues in dam projects.
1991 21 Sims Report on ICOLD technical session: Question 65 - Concrete deterioration

Ageing of dams and remedial measures.
1991 22 Charles Introductory remarks by member of panel of experts for Ajaure (Sweden), Finstertal (Austria), Asphaltic concrete, Internal
Q65 on 'Embankment dam earth cores: hydraulic Great Dhunn (Germany), Megget, erosion/filters
fracture and erosion risk, early detection'. Storvatn (Norway)
1991 25 McKenna Report on ICOLD technical session: Question 66 - Lar (Iran)
Dams on difficult foundations.
1991 25 Penman Report on ICOLD technical session: Question 67 - New Cethana (Australia), Quchi (Japan), Geomembranes, Overtopping,
developments for fill dams. Teton (USA) Rockfill
1991 27 Coats Report on ICOLD study tour in Czechoslovakia, June Slezska Harta (Czechoslovakia), Vir
1991. (Czechoslovakia)
1991 28 Lovenbury Request for information on the performance of Upstream slope protection
blockwork and slabbing protection for dam faces.
1991 28 Charles Failure of dam at Horndoyne farm, Oyne, Horndoyne Catastrophic failures, Internal
Aberdeenshire, 17th/18th November 1990. erosion/filters
1991 29 Book news: 'The embankment dam', Thomas Telford,
London, 1991; 'Advances in rockfill structures', Kluwer,
Dordrecht, 1991; 'An engineering guide to seismic risk
to dams in the United Kingdom', BRE report BR 210,
1991; 'Supervision and control of long lateral
embankments', PIANC, Brussels, 1990.
1991 29 New ICOLD Bulletin: 79 - Alkali-aggregate reaction in

concrete dams.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 1, February 1992

1992 6 Roadford reservoir: impounding commenced in
October 1989 and by May 1991 it was close to
overflowing.
1992 6 Knight The Cant Clough puddle trench collapse 1887 - the The postulated mechanisms of failure are given with the aid of a section of the puddle trench at the location of
facts pondered and the causes postulated. Discussion the failure.
by D J Knight on 'A visit to Cant Clough: the collapse in
the puddle trench.'
25
Dams and Reservoirs
1992 8 Earp Report on visit to Roundhill dam, north Yorkshire, 29th Roundhill Flood estimation/hydrology,
October 1991. The construction of a new spillway Overflow works,
forms the subject of a paper for the BDS conference to Uplift/overturning in concrete
be held in Stirling in June 1992. dams
1992 9 Thurwell Summary of talk on analysis of open channel spillway Catcleugh, Faughlin, Kielder Spillway hydraulics
flow by Dr J Ellis, BDS meeting, Manchester, 5th
February 1991.
1992 11 Charles The 1991 British Dam Society Prize was awarded to
Ian Holton: the other finalists were S P Gibson, J S
Malia and K A Ross. All four entrants for the 1991
competition are to be published in Dams & Reservoirs.
1992 12 Holton HOLTON I R (1992). In-service deformation of a Ramsden Movement monitoring, Puddle The 25 m high Ramsden puddle clay core embankment dam has settled more than 1 m since construction in
puddle clay core dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 1, clay, Reservoir drawdown 1883. Field measurements combined with laboratory consolidation tests have shown that the pattern and
February, pp 12-18. (This paper won the 1991 BDS magnitude of the in-service deformations of the dam are largely controlled by the stress changes caused by
prize competition.) fluctuations in reservoir level. There was no evidence of internal erosion or slope instability.
1992 18 Book news: 'Locating, selecting and documenting

materials for use in fill dams', Galloway, New Zealand,
1991; 'Hydraulic structures', Novak et al, Unwin
Hyman, London, 1990.
1992 19 Ross ROSS K A (1992). Design and construction of the core Carsington (2) Internal erosion/filters The design of the vertical filter drain immediately downstream of the core was a key element in the
filter for Carsington dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no reconstruction of the Carsington embankment. Three design methods were used to establish the filter grading
1, February, pp 19-23. required to prevent erosion of the core material: the 'perfect filter' method (Vaughan and Soares), the 'critical
filter' method (Sherard and Dunnigan), the 'conventional' method (Terzaghi). No erosion filter tests were
undertaken to test the performance of the designed filter. Trial excavations of the vertical filter through the initial
construction showed that compaction of the adjacent fills led to ingress into the filter, reducing its effective width.
Trenching was found to be a more satisfactory method of placing the filter.
1992 24 Kennard KENNARD M F, READER R A and HUGHES A K Symvoulos (Cyprus), Xylourikos Geomembranes, Roller This discussion paper was presented in London on 30th September 1991. Since independence in 1960 there
(1992). Xylourikos and Symvoulos dams in Cyprus. (Cyprus) compacted concrete has been an extensive programme of dam construction in Cyprus and there are now 32 dams listed in the
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 1, February, pp 24-27. ICOLD register of large dams. Xylourikos will be a 48 m high roller compacted concrete dam and construction
should commence in 1992. The 37 m high Symvoulos rockfill dam which was completed in 1991 incorporates a
high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane on the upstream face.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 2, June 1992

1992 4 New ICOLD Bulletins: 80 - Dam construction sites
accident prevention; 81 - Spillways, shockwaves and
air entrainment; 82 - Selection of design flood; 83 -
Cost impact on future dams; 84 - Bituminous cores for
fill dams.
1992 5 Report on meeting of the Midland Geotechnical Society
introduced by Dr G Walton on 'The design of tips and
lagoons', Birmingham, 3rd February 1992.
1992 5 Report of half-day BDS meeting on 'Seismicity: UK and Blackbrook, Hoover (USA), Dynamic behaviour & analysis,
overseas dams' held at the Institution of Civil Hsingfengkiang (China), Kariba Earthquake damage
Engineers on 27th January 1992. In session 1 on (Zimbabwe/Zambia), Koyna (India),
seismic risk to UK dams the six invited speakers who Lower Crystal Springs (USA),
introduced the subject were E M Gosschalk, J L Hinks, Marathon (Greece), Masiway
J A Charles, C P Abbiss, R M W Musson and C Taylor. (Philippines), Monteynard (France),
in session 2 on seismic risk to overseas dams the Nagawado (Japan), Pacoima (USA),
invited speakers were D J Knight and P J Mason. Pantabangan (Philippines), Pine Flat
(USA), Sefid Rud (Iran)
1992 17 Smith SMITH R A (1992). The failure of Cwm Carne Cwm Carne Catastrophic failures The failure of the Cwm Carne embankment dam occurred due to overtopping on the night of 14th July 1875
reservoir, 1875. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 2, June, following several days of heavy rain in South Wales. It resulted in the loss of 13 lives. The reservoir had been
pp 17-19. constructed circa 1800 to supply water to the Monmouthshire canal, but it had been neglected for many years
prior to the failure with leakage and crest settlement observed but not remedied. The Times report on the
incident is reproduced together with illustration of the damage downstream of the reservoir.
26
Dams and Reservoirs
1992 19 Sims SIMS G P (1992). Design of dams to resist natural Flood estimation/hydrology, The paper, which formed a contribution to the seminar on Natural hazards and their implications held at the
hazards. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 2, June, pp 19- Hazard & risk management, Institution of Civil Engineers on 22nd January 1992, describes the approach taken to the design of dams to
24. Seismic assessment resist the effects of earthquakes and floods. Two levels of occurrence are often identified: firstly, the extreme
events that the dam is required to survive, albeit in a severely damaged condition, are usually the maximum
credible earthquake (MCE) and the probable maximum flood (PMF); secondly, the dam may be required to
survive events such as the design basis earthquake (DBE), which have much shorter return periods,
substantially free of damage. The power of modern computers has facilitated the improved design of dams to
resist natural hazards, including the use of complex finite element analyses and better understanding of the
fundamental meteorology of floods.
1992 25 Malia MALIA J S (1992). The design of seepage control Woodhead Dam heightening, Seepage & The solution adopted to provide adequate flood capacity for the Longdendale reservoirs involved raising
measures for the raised Woodhead dam. Dams & leakage Woodhead dam by 7 m to increase temporary flood storage and the construction of a throttled orifice spillway
Reservoirs, vol 2, no 2, June, pp 25-30. channel. It was also necessary to install seepage control measures at Woodhead to ensure stability of the raised
dam during flood conditions. It was predicted that the total seepage flow to be controlled in the event of a
probable maximum flood was 0.3 m3/s and a detailed seepage analysis indicated that seepage flows would be
of the same order.
1992 31 Gibson GIBSON S P (1992). Gorpley reservoir tunnel grouting. Gorpley Grouting, Outlet & intake works Until 1982 the section of the outlet tunnel upstream of the central clay core at Gorpley dam had operated as a
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 2, June, pp 31-35. wet tunnel. With the installation of a new draw-off system the tunnel was drained, significantly altering the
loading condition of the tunnel. In 1988 numerous jets of water from the sides of the upstream section of the
tunnel became a cause for concern and it was feared that internal erosion could lead to failure of the dam.
Cement grouting of the tunnel structure and the surrounding ground was adopted as it was considered to be the
most effective remedial method. Grouting was undertaken in three closely monitored phases. It is believed that a
grouted annulus enhancing the tunnel structure was achieved; all running leaks were sealed and the walls and
the roof of the tunnel were substantially drier.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 3, October 1992

1992 4 News item - Abstracts of ICOLD publications -
software.
1992 4 News item - Water International: background,
objectives and training courses.
1992 5 Pircher PIRCHER W (1992). The 1992 Geoffrey Binnie Akosombo (Ghana), Aswan (Egypt), Environment/social/planning The work of the dam engineer should be seen as dealing with one aspect of the basic problem facing mankind
Lecture: 36000 large dams - and still more needed. Ataturk (Turkey), Danjiangkou (China), of transforming the natural environment into a human environment that provides a growing number of people
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 3, October, pp 5-16. Grande Dixence (Switzerland), Hoover with an better life on the basis of sustainable growth. This has to be achieved at a time when large dams
(USA), Itaipu (Brazil), Kainji (Nigeria), increasingly attract negative comments and sometimes downright rejection. In providing solutions to the urgent
Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia), Kielder, task of providing the increasing world population with a reliable supply of water, a 'no dams' policy is not
Keban (Turkey), Kossou (Ivory Coast), realistic, rather 'better projects' are needed. The paper provides many interesting statistics on the growth and
Mangla (Pakistan), Sardar Sarovar distribution of large dams. Benefits and social and environmental impacts of large reservoirs are discussed.
(India), Sobradinho (Brazil), Tarbela
(Pakistan)
1992 17 Airey Summary of talk 'An introduction to dam break Buffalo Creek (USA), Cascade Lake Dam break studies, Waste
analysis', presented by Dr Bob Matthew to BDS (USA), Dale Dyke, Lawn Lake (USA), impoundment
meeting, Manchester, 28th January 1992. Teton (USA)
1992 18 Wickham WICKHAM D B (1992). Collapse of an earth Warmwithens* Catastrophic failures, Internal The 10 m high dam, which impounded the uppermost of a chain of three reservoirs, had heterogeneous clay fill
embankment dam. Dam & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 3, erosion/filters, Outlet & intake in the upstream shoulder and a puddle clay core. A 250 mm diameter iron outlet pipe passed through the
October, pp 18-19. works embankment and was controlled by a valve at the downstream end. During remedial works in 1964 and 1966 a
1.5 m diameter tunnel formed in concrete segments was driven through the embankment to contain new outlet
pipes. The original outlet pipe was plugged at the upstream end and filled with grout. The first indication of an
escape of water was detected at 7.30am on 24th November 1970. The outflow reached a maximum within 2
hours and the dam was breached to foundation level by 1.30pm. The breach was 20 m wide at crest level and
over the line of the drawoff works; it extended down to the tunnel, which was washed out, large sections of the
concrete segments being deposited downstream. It is thought that internal erosion took place along the line of
the tunnel which led to a cavity being formed, leading to subsidence and eventual overtopping of the crest.
1992 20 Simpkin Report of BDS meeting on the Rivington reservoirs

held at Manchester on 3rd March 1992.
27
Dams and Reservoirs
1992 20 King KING N H (1992). A short history of the Rivington Anglezarke, High Bullough, Horwich*, The eight reservoirs, collectively known as the Rivington reservoirs, were completed between 1850 and 1875 to
reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 2, no 3, October, Rake Brook, Rivington Lower, supply the increasing demand for water to Liverpool. The paper provides a valuable summary of the historical
pp 20-27. Rivington Upper, Roddlesworth Lower, development and construction of the dams. Over the last twenty years substantial improvements have been
Roddlesworth Upper, Yarrow undertaken to ensure that modern reservoir safety standards are met. The oldest reservoir was 140 years in
1992 and with regular surveillance and occasional remedial works there is no reason why the reservoirs should
not be in use 140 years from now. Emergency drawdown procedures were prepared in 1986. A list of relevant
books, published reports, technical papers and internal reports is appended to the paper.
1992 28 New book information: 'Water resources and reservoir

engineering', proceedings of 7th BDS conference.
1992 29 Wright WRIGHT C E, COATS D J and CHARLES J A (1992). Dam break studies, Databases, The Department of the Environment is responsible for reservoir safety legislation in Great Britain and sponsors a
The reservoir safety research programme of the Flood estimation/hydrology, research programme to promote adequate, consistent and cost-effective reservoir safety standards and, in
Department of the Environment. Dams & Reservoirs, Guides & surveys, Hazard & particular, to provide panel engineers with an appropriate background for carrying out their duties under the
vol 2, no 3, October, pp 29-34. (First published in risk management, Internal Reservoirs Act 1975. An outline description is given of the various projects in hydrology, hydraulics, structures
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M erosion/filters, Movement and risk carried out between 1983 and 1991 as part of the research programme. An assessment of the research
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th monitoring, Seepage & programme is being undertaken by Dr David Coats and following publication of the assessment the future
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 411-424. leakage, Spillway hydraulics, direction of the programme will be re-examined. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and
Thomas Telford, London.) Uplift in concrete dams, Reservoirs, October 1992, pp 39-48.)
Upstream slope protection,
Winds & waves
1992 35 Claughton Report on a discussion paper on 'The influence of Rockfill, Roller compacted Examples of new dam design are given for roller compacted concrete dams and rockfill dams to reduce their
costs on the evolution of future dams', introduced by F concrete cost.
Lemperiere, following BDS AGM on 30th March 1992.
1992 39 Reservoirs Act 1975: revised appointment fees and list Legislation
of Statutory Instruments.

1993 4 New ICOLD Bulletin: 87 - Improvement of existing dam
1993 5 monitoring.
British Dam Society Annual Report for 1992
1993 6 Tedd TEDD P, ROBERTSHAW A C and HOLTON I R Holmestyes Puddle clay, Seepage & The 25 m high Holmestyes dam was built in 1840 with a central puddle clay core and has generally performed
(1993). Investigation of an old embankment dam with leakage satisfactorily after an upstream clay blanket was added in 1857, although remedial works to the valve shaft and
an upstream clay blanket and clay central core. Dams tunnel were required in the 1930s to reduce leakage. Piezometric measurements confirm that the clay blanket is
& Reservoirs, vol 3, no 1, February, pp 6-9. generally effective and continued monitoring should indicate the development of any major leakage. Reservoir
drawdown caused a small heave along the wave wall and upstream pitching. Permanent crest settlement
caused by reservoir fluctuations is significantly smaller on embankment dams with upstream membranes than
on those with central puddle clay cores.
1993 10 Hogg Summary of talk by Ted Gosschalk and Jonathan Austria (USA), Blackbrook, Dynamic behaviour & analysis, The brief report lists the ten largest earthquakes in the UK since 1700 and provides examples of significant
Hinks on 'Seismic risk to dams and applications in the Chatsworth (USA), Cogoti (Chile), Earthquake damage earthquake damage to some overseas earthfill and rockfill dams.
UK' at BDS meeting, Manchester, 24th November Douhe (China), Earlsburn, El Infiernillo
1992. (Mexico), Hebgen (USA), Koyna
(India), La Calera (Mexico), La
Marquesa (Chile), La Palma (Chile),
La Villita (Mexico), Lower San
Fernando (USA), Malpaso (Peru),
Masiway (Philippines), Miboro
(Japan), Minase (Japan), Ono
(Japan), Oroville (USA), Paiho Main
(China), San Andreas (USA), Sheffield
(USA), Upper Crystal Springs (USA),
Upper San Fernando (USA)
1993 12 Guidance for applicants to panels set up under the

Reservoirs Act 1975.
1993 13 Reports of ICOLD Technical Committees, Granada,
September 1992.
28
Dams and Reservoirs
1993 15 Kennard KENNARD M F (1993). A brief history of 25 years of In March 1988, the British Section of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) celebrated twenty-
BNCOLD and BDS - 1967 to 1992. Dams & one years of existence in a form where individual and corporate members elected the British National
Reservoirs, vol 3, no 1, February, pp 15-17. (First Committee on Large Dams (BNCOLD). Prior to 1967, the British National Committee comprised representatives
published in Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Water Engineers and other interested bodies, and the
Manchester, 1988, with added material relating to the British Section of ICOLD was identical with the National Committee. Information is presented on the early
last four years.) chairmen, vice-chairmen and committee members, and conferences.
1993 18 Penman PENMAN A D M (1993). BNCOLD – 25 years of A better understanding of dam behaviour can be derived from detailed field observations, the development of
science-based advances in dam building. Dams & numerical models which can replicate the observed behaviour, improved material testing and better hydrological
Reservoirs, vol 3, no 1, February, pp 18-23. (First and geological knowledge. New features introduced in British embankment dams built since the 1960s have
published in Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, included rolled clay cores and drainage layers, upstream asphaltic membranes and central asphaltic cores. The
Manchester, 1988, with added appendix relating to the significance of progressive failure and the presence of pre-existing slip surfaces in heavily over-consolidated
last four years.) clay foundations has been better appreciated. Field instrumentation has become an integral part of
embankment dam construction.

1993 2 Penman PENMAN A D M (1993). BNCOLD – 25 years of Alpe Gira (Italy), Brianne, Carsington, Earthquake damage, The appendix covers recent developments in the implementation of the Reservoirs Act, slope stability analysis,
science-based advances in dam building. Dams & Holbeam Wood, Maentwrog, Megget, Environment/social/planning, the measurement of movements and pore suction, new dam construction and the growth of environmental
Reservoirs, vol 3, no 2, June, pp 2-7. (First published Milton Brook, New Mill, Queen's Valley Flood estimation/hydrology, opposition to dams.
in Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, (Jersey), Ramsden, Roadford, Legislation, Roller compacted
1988, with added appendix relating to the last four Shihmen (Taiwan), Shimajigawa concrete
years.) Concluding section and appendix. (Japan), Sulby (Isle of Man), Willow
Creek (USA), Wimbleball, Woodhead
1993 7 Holton Summary of talk by I R Holton and Dr P Tedd on Holmestyes, Ramsden Movement monitoring, Puddle The report summarised a study undertaken to investigate the effects of reservoir fluctuations on embankment
'Deformation of embankment dams' to BDS meeting, clay, Reservoir drawdown deformations. Published papers relevant to the work are given.
Manchester, 26th January 1993.
1993 10 Mason MASON P J (1993). Hydrology or climate change? A The Nile is one of the most studied and carefully gauged rivers in the world, with its source identified in 1862 as
case study. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 3, no 2, June, pp Lake Victoria. The lake level depends principally on a delicate balance between rainfall and evaporation. An
10-12. apparent correlation between lake levels and sunspot activity was first noted in 1923. Subsequent observations
have led to the tentative conclusion that for discrete periods such a correlation does exist.
1993 13 Tedd Report on Supervising Engineers Forum, 'The role of Burrowing animals, Legislation,
the supervising engineer', held at Manchester, 6th April Upstream slope protection,
1993. Session 1 dealt with the Reservoirs Act 1975 Vegetation
and the supervising engineer, session 2 with the
supervising engineer and safety surveillance, and
session 3 with continuing professional development of
the supervising engineer.
1993 17 Scivier Report on BDS meeting on Kolnbrein dam Kolnbrein (Austria) The report provides a good summary of the cracking that occurred at Kolnbrien dam on initial impounding and
rehabilitation, speaker Dr Pius Obernhuber, held at the remedial works undertaken which involved constructing an thrust block some 68m high on the downstream
Institution of Civil Engineers, 7th December 1992. side.
During initial impounding cracks formed in the
upstream heal of the 200 m high double curvature arch
dam.
1993 20 Landolt Report of a State-of-the-Art review of Roller compacted Roller compacted concrete New Victoria (Australia), Three types of RCC dams are identified: lean mix RCC dams, high paste RCC dams and roller compacted dams
concrete dams by Dr Malcolm Dunstan, Institution of Platanovrgssi (Greece), Upper (RCD). High paste RCC dams are now the preferred choice of construction. The advantages of RCC dams
Civil Engineers, 8th February 1993. Stillwater (USA), Willow Creek include non-erodibility, speed and economy of construction, and the spillway can be incorporated in the dam
(USA) structure; disadvantages include the need for a good foundation and good control during construction, and the
necessity of transporting cementitious materials to the site.
1993 22 Moorhead, Book reviews: 'The dammed - rivers, dams and the
Kay coming world water crisis', Fred Pearce, Bodley Head.
(Two reviews of this controversial book are presented.)
22 Charles Book review: 'Land of singing waters - rivers and great

floods of Northumbria'.
1993 24 New ICOLD Bulletin: 88 - Rock foundations for dams.

(An updated version of ICOLD Bulletin 'Rock
mechanics and dam foundation design' published in
1973.)
29
Dams and Reservoirs

1993 2 Lewin LEWIN J (1993). The flood relief scheme of the city of Spillway gates and barriers The increasing severity of flooding at Venice can be attributed to settlement of the city and rising water levels in
Venice 1993. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 3, no 3, October, the Adriatic. Extensive political and technical developments have led to a scheme to safeguard the city. The
pp 2-6. scheme utilises bottom hinged buoyant gates which are free to move under wave action.
1993 7 Hoskins HOSKINS C G (1993). Embankment dams, vegetation Vegetation Engineers inspecting and supervising embankment dams should assess the condition of two types of
and engineers. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 3, no 3, vegetation; firstly, grasses, herbs and smaller shrubs, and, secondly, trees and larger shrubs. Trees and shrubs
October, pp 7-9. (This paper is a summary of a need to be identified and it should be established that they are developing as intended. Their beneficial and
presentation given at the Supervising Engineers' detrimental effects need to be understood before taking remedial action including removal and replacement.
Forum at Manchester on 6th April 1993 and follows a
paper presented by Hoskins and Rice at the 1992 BDS
conference at Stirling.)
1993 10 McKillop McKILLOP G (1993). Burrowing mammals and the Burrowing animals Certain mammals can cause serious problems by digging into embankment dams. While badgers and rabbits
safety of embankment dams and reservoirs: potential present the greatest threat, foxes, rats, moles and water voles can occasionally cause difficulties. The paper has
problems and solutions. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 3, no two main sections: the first part describes the activities of the different burrowing species, the second part
3, October, pp 10-12. (This paper is a summary of a indicates how these activities can be managed. An extensive bibliography is given on behaviour and control of
presentation given at the Supervising Engineers' animals.
Forum at Manchester on 6th April 1993.)
1993 13 Henry HENRY D (1993). Geographical information systems. A geographical information system (GIS) is a computer tool which can store, manipulate, analyse and display
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 3, no 3, October, pp 13-15. geographically referenced information. There are many potential applications for GIS within dam engineering in
the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of dams and their ancillary structures, as well as
reservoir and catchment management.
1993 15 New ICOLD Bulletin: 89 - Reinforced rockfill and

reinforced fill for dams - state of the art; 90 - Dams and
environment - geophysical impacts.
1993 16 Charles Some current reservoir safety research and Some 18 current research projects are listed under the following headings; (a) hydrology, (b) hydraulics, (c)
development projects. geotechnics, (d) structures and (e) general. Relevant publications are listed.
1993 19 Charles Report on international workshop on 'Dam safety Belci (Romania), Blue Ridge (USA), The workshop was organised by the journal, Dam Engineering in nine sessions covering static loading, seismic
evaluation' held at Grindelwald, April 1993. Carsington, Kardjali (Bulgaria), Karun I loading, reliability and risk assessment. The proceedings were published in four volumes, with a special fifth
(Iran), Peruca (Croatia), Priest (USA), volume on Peruca dam.)
WAC Bennett (Canada), Wahleach
(Canada), Zoeknog (South Africa),
1993 25 Knight Correspondence from Derek Knight arising from Tarbela (Pakistan) Internal erosion/filters, Three matters are raised concerning, respectively, sinkholes at Tarbela, a new dam surviving leakage of 6 m 3/s
Professor Vaughan's lecture 'Engineering science and Overtopping, Seepage & from the downstream toe, and the need for research on the erosion resistance of old clay fills.
assessment of old embankment dams' given at the leakage
annual general meeting of BDS on 29th March 1993.

1994 2 Moffat 1993 British Dam Society Prize Competition. Keith
Elliott was the winner of the competition and his paper
is published in this issue of Dams & Reservoirs. It was
also considered appropriate to publish the papers of
the two runners-up, Louise Hopkins and Hasan Yener,
and their papers appear in a subsequent issue of
Dams & Reservoirs.
1994 3 British Dam Society annual report for 1993.

1994 4 Charles Report on international conference on Engineered Fills, Evretou (Cyprus), Kalavasos (Cyprus), Culverts under embankments,
Newcastle, September 1993. Nova Avanhandava (Brazil), Reva, Rockfill
Scammonden, Symvoulos (Cyprus),
Tees Barrage
30
Dams and Reservoirs
1994 5 Elliott ELLIOTT K (1994). Removal of head limitation - Kotri Kotri Barrage (Pakistan) Geophysical investigation, Kotri Barrage on the River Indus was commissioned in 1955 and has a major role in the economy of Pakistan,
barrage, Pakistan. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 4, no 1, Instrumentation, Pore pressure diverting water into three canal systems that provide both irrigation and the Karachi water supply. The barrage,
February, pp 5-10. (seepage), Seepage & which comprises forty-four 18 m wide gated sluices, has been operating at limited capacity since 1981 due to
leakage, concerns over seepage through cracks in the downstream pavement. Vibrating wire piezometers installed in
1990 confirmed that high pore pressures existed beneath the western end of the barrage and a ground
penetrating radar survey determined the state of the downstream pavement. Pressure relief wells are the
preferred solution and a limited number have been installed in a pilot scheme.
1994 11 Claydon Report on technical symposium on Maintenance of Carsington, Cercy (France), Colliford, The four sessions dealt with, respectively, the maintenance of embankment dams, the maintenance of masonry
Older Dams, Chambery, September 1993. Derwent [Derbyshire], Eider dams, the ageing of concrete dams, and research and development programmes. (This was the first
(Germany), La Girotte (France), international symposium organised under the auspices of the ICOLD European Club.)
Megget, Mohne (Germany),
Mullardoch, Paduli (Italy), Pracana
(Portugal), Puentes (Spain), Queens
Valley (Jersey), Roadford, Schrah
(Switzerland), St Ferreol (France),
Vega de Tera (Spain)
1994 13 Claydon Report on visit to Grand Maison hydro-electric project, Grand Maison (France), Verney
25 September 1993. (France)
1994 14 Fraser Report on visit to Chambon dam, 25 September 1993. Chambon France)
1994 15 Reports of ICOLD Technical Committees, Cairo,

November 1993.
1994 17 Freer Report on BDS meeting on 'Will the Reservoirs Act Legislation A principal part of the meeting was a presentation by six engineers who had visited seven European countries
survive European legislation?', June 1993. (Austria, Finland, Republic of Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland), as members of a Department of
Trade and Industry expert mission, to collect information on the safety assessment of masonry and concrete
dams.
1994 20 Charles Book review: 'Filters in geotechnical and hydraulic Internal erosion/filters The 46 conference papers cover four themes: geometrical design, hydraulic design and clogging, application of
engineering', edited by J Brauns, U Schuler and M filters and case studies, suffosion and piping.
Heibaum, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1993.
1994 21 New ICOLD Bulletins: 91 - Embankment dams,

upstream slope protection; 92 - Rock materials for
rockfill dams. Other ICOLD publications: 'Water for
dams in Syria'; Transactions of 4th ICOLD
symposium , Granada, 1992; Transactions of 5th
ICOLD symposium, 'High Aswan dam (HAD): a vital
achievement fully controlled', Cairo, 1993.
1994 23 Price PRICE D T (1994). Aquatic weed - a world wide Kafue (Zambia) Vegetation Severe problems can be caused by the growth of aquatic weeds in reservoirs, lakes, rivers and canals in tropical
problem. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 4, no 1, February, pp and sub-tropical regions. When the water surface is covered with weed, sunlight cannot penetrate into the water
23-25. and therefore oxygen is removed and fish and other aquatic life will die. Herbicides are still widely used in weed
management but are subject to increasingly stringent regulation. An innovative approach to mechanical aquatic
weed control is described.
1994 26 Penman Report of informal lecture on Tailings Dams given by Waste impoundment
Dr Arthur Penman to a joint BDS/BGS meeting at the
Institution of Civil Engineers, 29th November 1993 .

1994 4 New book: N J Schnitter, A history of dams - the useful
pyramids, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1994.
1994 4 Register of British dams: a register containing basic
information on over 2500 dams which come within the
ambit of the Reservoirs Act 1975 has been compiled
by BRE.
31
Dams and Reservoirs
1994 5 Macdonald MACDONALD A (1994). The failure of the Gouhou Gouhou (China) Catastrophic failures, Concrete This note summarises the presentation on the failure of Gouhou dam made by Professor Zuyu Chen at the
dam, Qinghai province, China. Dams & Reservoirs, vol faced rockfill, Internal international symposium on high earth-rockfill dams held at Beijing in October 1993. The 71 m high concrete
4, no 2, June, pp 5-6. erosion/filters faced sand and gravel embankment dam failed on 27th August 1993 when the reservoir was at its highest
recorded level just above the footing slab of the crest wall. A number of factors are highlighted: the failure
commenced in the upper part of the dam; the fill was finer than at other dams of this type; the fill was less
permeable than envisaged at the design stage; the crest wall had defects and it was not the normal practice for
the joint between the face slab and the crest wall to be below top water level.
1994 7 Hopkins HOPKINS L (1994). Dam Break UK. Dams & Dale Dyke Catastrophic failures, Dam There is a need for reservoir hazard assessment and contingency planning and the DAMBRK UK program can
Reservoirs, vol 4, no 2, June, pp 7-8. break studies assist in quantifying inundation and flood damage caused by a dam failure. The sensitivity of the program to the
failure mode and the breach parameters of an embankment dam is examined using the well documented Dale
Dyke failure. The mode of failure is critical in determining the worst case scenario on which conservative
contingency plans for the emergency services can be based.
Yener YENER H (1994). Mathematical analysis for piping in Internal erosion/filters The design of weirs and barrages on permeable foundations requires an assessment of exit hydraulic gradients
pervious foundations. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 4, no 2, to ensure safety against piping failure. An improved method of numerical analysis is presented, but the warning
June, pp 8-11. is given that however rigorous the mathematical solution is, there will always be uncertainties in modelling the
natural ground. It will therefore be necessary to apply conservative factors of safety to ensure the security of the
structure.
1994 12 Coxon COXON R E (2004). Dam safety: some considerations Roppa (Norway), Tarbela (Pakistan), Catastrophic failures, Hazard & The basic identification of hazards requires experienced engineers, but is not difficult or costly; historical, or
of risk assessment and management. Dams & Teton (USA) risk management, Legislation even subjective, probability evaluation enables some comparative assessment of risks and facilitates the
Reservoirs, vol 4, no 2, June, pp 12-16. (An preparation of action plans. However, the cost of a detailed probabilistic risk analysis study can be high.
abbreviated version of a talk presented to a BDS Insurance provides a means of spreading fortuitous losses over the community, but until recent years the
meeting at the Institution of Civil Engineers on 4th insurance of completed dams has been the exception rather than the rule. It is appropriate to divide risk into
October 1993.) three layers: an upper layer covering catastrophic risks which are very rare but which would financially cripple
the dam owner, a middle layer of moderately predictable non-catastrophic risks which have serious financial
impacts, a lower layer of high frequency small losses for which insurance is not cost-effective.
1994 17 Reed REED D W (1994). On the Gradex method of Flood estimation/hydrology The 'Gradex' method for extrapolating flood frequency curves to very high return periods has been used in
estimating extreme floods. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 4, France and other French-speaking countries for many years. The most serious weakness which has been
no 2, June, pp 17-19. identified is that the Gradex rainfall frequency analysis lacks any significant element of regionalization and until
this is introduced into the analysis the author does not recommend using the method in any country which has
substantial rainfall records.
1994 19 Harrison HARRISON P C (1994). Ponden reservoir spillway Ponden Overflow works, Spillway A statutory inspection in 1988 recommended that a hydraulic model of the overflow should be made to
improvements. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 4, no 2, June, hydraulics determine whether further overflow provision was required. The model testing demonstrated that the current
pp 19-23. arrangements could not safely discharge the probable maximum flood due to inadequate size of the tumblebay
and restriction in the upper spillway channel. Numerous options were investigated by model testing. The solution
finally adopted involved widening and lowering the floor of the tumblebay. Ground anchors were used to resist
uplift on the tumble bay. There was some concern about potential hillside instability, but the contract was
successfully completed in September 1993.

1994 2 Tedd Book news: Brian Robinson, 'Walls across the valley - Derwent, Howden, Ladybower
the building of the Howden and Derwent dams',
Scarthin Books, Cromford.
1994 2 Johnston ANCOLD publications: Guidelines on risk assessment;

Guidelines on dam safety management.
1994 2 New ICOLD Bulletins: 93 -Ageing of dams and

appurtenant works; 94 - Computer software for dams -
validation; 95 - Embankment dams - granular filters
and drains - review and recommendations.
1994 3 Lesotho Highlands Water Project - Report of joint Katse (Lesotho), Muela (Lesotho) The meeting was held in two sessions: the first session was concerned with the design and construction of
meeting of British Dam Society and British Tunnelling Katse dam and the second session with the tunnelling works and Muela dam. Both dams are concrete arch
Society held at the Institution of Civil Engineers, 28th dams and are described in more details subsequent issues of Dams & Reservoirs and in the BDS Conference
March 1994. Proceedings. The final height of Katze is 185m being the highest in Africa at the time.
1994 13 Tedd Activities of the British Dam Society.

1994 15 Reservoirs Act 1975: proposed changes to panel Legislation
structure.
32
Dams and Reservoirs
1994 17 Swannell SWANNELL N G (1994). Simplified seismic safety Seismic assessment A methodology is presented for the simplified seismic safety evaluation of embankment dams based on Sarma's
evaluation of embankment dams. Dams & Reservoirs, method for pseudo-static slope stability analysis and semi-empirical methods for the prediction of displacements.
vol 4, no 3, October, pp 17-19. Estimated displacements under the safety evaluation earthquake are assessed in terms of the available
freeboard and the risk of breaching. The method is considered to be cost effective and to meet the requirements
of the BRE report 'An engineering guide to seismic risk to dams in the United Kingdom'.
1994 20 Wright WRIGHT C E (1994). UK reservoir failures and safety Bilberry, Birsemore Loch, Castle Catastrophic failures, Almost 2500 reservoirs come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act 1975. Although no deaths have been
legislation. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 4, no 3, October, Malgwyn, Clandeboye, Clydach Vale, Legislation reported due to dam failures since the 1930 Act came into force, this may be fortunate as there have been many
pp 20-21. Coedty, Creggan Upper, Cwm Carne, catastrophic failures. A list of ten catastrophic dam failures between 1960 and 1971 includes two from Northern
Dale Dyke, Darwen, Diggle Moss, Ireland where the Reservoirs Act 1975 does not apply. However, no catastrophic failures are known since the
Glanderston, Hyes Pond, Low Dam, 1975 Act came into force in 1985-86. Even very small reservoirs can in some locations pose a significant threat,
Lurgashall, Rishton, Skelmorlie, but those posing a very low hazard need not have the same stringent safety procedures as high hazard dams.
Sligneath, Swinhopehead, Trewitt
Lake, Tunnel End, Warmwithens,
Welsh Harp, Whinhill
1994 22 Bridle BRIDLE R C and ROBERTSHAW A (1994). Open Winscar Upstream slope protection Following erosion of a bedded sandstone slope below the spillweir at Winscar reservoir, it was decided to
stone asphalt wave protection. Dams and Reservoirs, protect the surface with a 200 mm deep layer of open stone asphalt placed on a 400 mm deep bituminous sand
vol 4, no 3, October, p22. regulating layer. The protection was laid in October and early November 1991 when the reservoir level was low,
and to date it has performed satisfactorily.
1994 23 Thompson The report is a summary of a presentation on the Environment/social/planning The project aims to exploit the hydropower potential of the river Danube in Slovakia.
Gabcikovo- Nagymaros project, Slovakia, by Miroslav
Liska to a joint BDS/ICE meeting at the Institution of
Civil Engineers, 16th May 1994.

1995 2 Tedd Books on British dams. A number of books have been published in recent years relating to the history of British dams. G M Binnie, Early
dam builders in Britain, Thomas Telford, 1987; G M Binnie, Early Victorian water engineers, Thomas Telford,
1981; H D Bowtell, Reservoir railways of the Yorkshire Pennines, Oakwood Press, 1979; H D Bowtell, Reservoir
railways of Manchester and the Peak, Oakwood Press, 1979; T Quayle, Reservoirs in the hills - the story of the
construction of the reservoirs in the Longdendale Valley, Mopok Graphics, Glossop; B Robinson, Walls across
the valley - the building of the Howden and Derwent dams, Scarthin Books, 1993; N Hoyle and K Sankey,
Thirlmere Water: a hundred miles, a hundred years, Centwrite, Bury, 1994; N Hoyle, Reservoirs from Rivington
to Rossendale, North West Water, 1987; D Archer, Land of singing waters - rivers and great floods of
Northumbria, Spredden Press, Stocksfield, 1992.
1995 2 New ICOLD Bulletins: 96 - Dams and environment,

water quality and climate; 97 - Tailings dams, design of
drainage.
1995 3 British Dam Society annual report for 1994.

1995 4 Reports of ICOLD Technical Committees.
1995 6 Summaries of ten British papers submitted to 18th Benutan (Brunei), Gaborone Concrete deterioration,
ICOLD Congress, Durban, November 1994. (Botswana), Glendevon Upper, Environment/social/planning,
Roadford, Roseires (Sudan), Heightening, Legislation, Outlet
Roundhill, Val de la Mare (Jersey) & intake works, Overflow
works, Rockfill, Waste
impoundments
1995 7 Kennard KENNARD M F and HAY I (1995). A 17th century Willey Park Lower Pool Outlet & intake works The Lower Pool at Willey Park in Shropshire was built to half its present height in about 1650 and subsequently
timber draw-off. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 5, no 1, raised. In 1993 a leak developed in the upper of two existing culverts and lowering the reservoir revealed old
February, pp 7-8. timber draw-off structures on both culverts, which closely resembled the design of the naturalist John Taverner
published in 1600.
1995 9 Appleby Report on BDS visit to Elvington balancing and settling Elvington Geomembranes Papers on the scheme and the performance of the HDPE lined reservoirs are published June 1996 of Dams &
reservoirs project, 28th September 1994. Reservoirs and in the 2004 BDS Conference.
33
Dams and Reservoirs
1995 10 Sims SIMS G P (1995). Some aspects of the design of Carhuaquero (Peru) Grouting, Overflow works, The 40 m high concrete dam was completed in 1991 in the foothills of the Andes in a narrow gorge in solid rock.
Carhuaquero dam, Peru. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 5, no Seismic assessment The design had to take account of three major shears in the volcanic foundation rock and a grout curtain was
1, February, pp 10-13. constructed around the dam. Relatively deep radial gates were chosen in order to allow the upper levels of the
reservoir near the dam to be flushed of sediment. The design philosophy adopted with respect to the effects of
floods and earthquakes was in terms of two events; a design event at which the dam should continue to be fully
operational and an extreme event which the dam should survive without major structural damage. Peruvian
National Regulations stipulate how structures have to be designed to withstand earthquakes; the horizontal peak
ground acceleration was 0.12g for the design earthquake and 0.25g for the maximum credible earthquake.
1995 14 Daniell DANIELL W E and MADABHUSHI S P G (1995). Castaic Lake (USA), Hollywood Upper Earthquake damage Following the Northridge earthquake of 17th January 1994, which measured 6.6 on the Richter scale, several
Performance of dams and appurtenant works during (USA), Los Angeles (USA), Pacoima dams in the affected area were visited by the UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team. Generally
the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Los Angeles. Dams & (USA), San Fernando Lower (USA), the dams performed satisfactorily with minor cracking in some embankments and significant cracking in the
Reservoirs, vol 5, no 1, February, pp 14-17. (The paper San Fernando Upper (USA) earth dams at the Los Angeles reservoir and at the 113 m high Pacoima concrete arch dam. At the time of the
is a summary of a presentation made to a BDS earthquake the reservoir level at Pacoima was below the cracked portion of the dam; had the water level been
meeting at the Institution of Civil Engineers on 3rd higher the damage might have been more serious. A number of access bridges to intake towers were damaged.
October 1994.) Since there are many dams in the Los Angeles region and only two suffered notable damage, which in neither
case was sufficient to lead to failure, it can be concluded that the dams performed very well during this moderate
earthquake.
1995 18 Penman Some impressions of the ICOLD 62nd Executive Boundary (USA), Cajura (Brazil), This is the first section of Dr Penman's article; the second part appears in the June 1995 edition of Dams &
Meeting and 18th International Congress, Durban, Chambon (France), Charlwood Reservoirs. This section of the report deals with the Executive Meetings, Question 68 'Safety control, monitoring,
1994. (Canada), Contra (Switzerland), safety assessment and remedial measures for existing dams' and Question 69 'Environmental experience
Glendevon Upper, La Rive (France), gained from reservoirs in operation'.
Pongolapoort (South Africa),San
Fernando (USA), Tucurui (Brazil), Val
de La Mare (Jersey), Zoeknog (South
Africa)
1995 25 Tedd BDS members' comments on proposed changes to A footnote informs readers that the Reservoirs Committee had decided not to recommend any changes in the
panel structure of Reservoirs Act 1975. existing panel structure.

1995 3 Kennard KENNARD M F (1995). 1994 Geoffrey Binnie lecture Aldenham, Balderhead, Backwater, Cut-off trenches, Grouting, The last forty years have seen a tremendous growth in geotechnical engineering which has had a major
1994: Four decades of development of British Carsington (1), Carsington (2), Chew Instrumentation/monitoring, influence on the design and construction of embankment dams. The development of British embankment dams
embankment dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 5, no 2, Valley Lake, Cow Green, Derwent Movement monitoring, Pore is described in four areas: embankment cross-sections and slope stability; reservoir drawdown; seepage and
June, pp 3-14. (Also published in Supplementary issue (Durham), Draycote, Grafham Water pressure (construction), Pore cut-offs; construction control and instrumentation. Extensive reference is made to published papers and the
of Dams and Reservoirs, pp 1-30.) (Diddington), Kielder, Knockendon, pressure (seepage), Puddle importance of these for the design engineer is emphasised. In the light of this the author expresses the hope
Ladybower, Lluest Wen, Llyn Celyn, clay, Reservoir drawdown, that one day a comprehensive bibliography will be published.
Muirhead, Rutland Water Seepage & leakage, Slope
(Empingham), Selset, Shira Lower, stability
Sutton Bingham, Usk, William Girling
(Chingford)
1995 15 Charles Report on European Research and Development

Working Groups. (These working groups were formed
subsequent to the first European Symposium on Dams
held at Chambery in 1993.)
1995 16 Essex Report on ICE seminar on 'Reservoirs - an Aswan High (Egypt), Bewl, Farmoor, Environment/social/planning
environmental gain?', held at the Institution of Civil Kielder, Three Gorges (China)
Engineers on 13th February 1995. (The keynote
speaker was David Bellamy.)
1995 17 Tedd Books on British dams. The following books on dams can be added to the list given in the previous issue of Dams & Reservoirs: H D
Bowtell, Lesser railways of Bowland Forest and Craven country and the dam builders in the age of steam,
Plateway Press, 1988; H D Bowtell, Lesser railways of the Yorkshire Dales and the dam builders in the age of
steam, Plateway Press, 1991; H D Bowtell, Dam builders' railways from Durham's Dales to the Border, Plateway
Press, Brighton, 1994; G Hill, Tunnel and dam - the story of the Galloway Hydros, South of Scotland Electricity
Board; P L Payne, The hydro - a study of the development of the major hydro-electric schemes undertaken for
the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, Aberdeen University Press, 1988; D Tipper, The Talybont saga,
Welsh Water.
34
Dams and Reservoirs
1995 18 Penman Some impressions of the ICOLD 62nd Executive Arrow (Canada), Foz do Areia (Brazil), This is the concluding section of Dr Penman's article; the first part appears in the February 1995 edition of Dams
Meeting and 18th International Congress, Durban, Guri (Venezuela), Itaipu (Brazil), & Reservoirs. This section of the report deals with Question 70 'Staged construction' and Question 71
1994. Karun I (Iran), Katse (Lesotho), 'Deterioration of spillways and outlets'.
Moehne (Germany), Pit 6 (USA),
Renegado (Spain), Roosevelt (USA),
Roseires (Sudan), Sebwarkwe
(Zimbabwe), Stettynskloof (South
Africa), Tarbela (Pakistan), Tolla
(Corsica, France), Wriggleswade
(South Africa)
1995 22 Hardwick HARDWICK J D (1995). Spillways ancient and Arminou (Cyprus), Dale Dyke (2), Overflow works Physical model studies of existing spillways and projected spillways have differing aims: in the former case a
modern. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 5, no 2, pp 22-25. Underbank physical model can provide a reliable prediction of spillway capacity and can be used to investigate the
(The paper is a summary of a talk given to BDS in effectiveness of proposed modifications; in the latter case the primary objective is to achieve the required
Bristol, November 1994.) capacity at the lowest cost and since the structure is still at the design stage radical alternatives can be
considered. Three examples illustrate the use of physical models: Dale Dyke completed in 1887; Underbank
completed in 1907; the projected Arminou dam to be built near Paphos in Cyprus. For Dale Dyke a two-
dimensional model was used and it was concluded that the probable maximum flood (PMF) could be discharged
without posing a serious threat to the dam. At Underbank tests using a 1:40 scale model indicated that
significant modifications were required. The spillway for the projected Arminou dam was modelled at a scale of
1:65.
1995 26 Hughes Hughes A K (1995). Another dam failure in the UK! Blakedown (Ladies Pool) Catastrophic failures An article describes the dam failure in 1848 in which failure of a small dam led to the overtopping and failure of
an 8m high dam containing some 130 x 103 m3.
1995 27 Coxon Obituary of John Michael McKenna.

1995 2 Book news: E Jones and D Gwyn, Dolgarrog: an
industrial history, Gwynedd Archives; Canadian Dam
Safety Association, Guidelines for existing dams.
1995 2 Charles Bibliography of British dams: BRE is compiling a

comprehensive bibliography relating to all dams which
come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act 1975.
1995 3 Report on 2nd BDS Supervising Engineers Forum, Combs The forum had three sessions: session 1 - implementing safety recommendations; session 2 - monitoring and
April 1995. surveillance; session 3 - emergency planning.
1995 5 Tedd Report on 4th International Symposium on Field Clocotis (Romania), Fontenelle (USA), The symposium had three sessions: session 1 - use of instrumentation and monitoring systems to resolve
Measurements in Geomechanics, Bergamo, April Ravedis (Italy), Segredo (Brazil), problems; session 2 - problems related to the use of instrumentation and monitoring; session 3 - new
1995. Valea de Pesti (Romania) technologies.
1995 7 Reports of ICOLD Technical Committees

1995 11 New ICOLD Bulletins: 98 - Tailings dams and
seismicity, review and recommendations; 99 - Dam
failures, statistical analysis; 100 - Dams and
environment, Ridracoli - a model achievement; 101 -
Tailings dams, transport, placement and decantation.
1995 12 Penman Report of ICOLD Annual Meeting, Oslo, July 1995. Cahora Bassa (Mozambique), The report summarises the one day symposium " Reservoirs in river basin development". Three special lectures
Dokkfloy (Norway), Elf Creek (USA), were given; roller compacted concrete, public relations and innovative financing of dams and river projects.
Hunderfossen (Norway), Kariba
(Zimbabwe/Zambia), Mangla
(Pakistan), Pareloup (France), Peruca
(Croatia), Three Gorges (China),
Willow Creek (USA)
35
Dams and Reservoirs
1995 17 Collier COLLIER C G and HARDAKER P J (1995). Radar and Flood estimation/hydrology Design floods for major reservoirs are often based on the probable maximum flood (PMF) which arises from the
storm model-based estimation of probable maximum probable maximum precipitation (PMP); the spillway is usually designed to take the maximum flow occurring
precipitation in the tropics. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 5, during the PMF. A thermodynamic storm model has been developed and used to estimate PMP for a catchment
no 3, October, pp 17-21. in peninsular Malaysia. The storm model provides estimates of PMP which are reasonably consistent with
previously published estimates, but somewhat lower than the largest published values. A twelve hour storm
model PMP hyetograph has been compared with the hyetograph observed from a convective storm over Hong
Kong with encouraging results.

1996 2 ICOLD Technical Committees: UK representatives.
1996 3 Johnston BDS Annual Report for 1995.
1996 4 Tedd Report on 2nd European Symposium, Research and Grande-Dixence (Switzerland), The four sessions dealt with, respectively, embankment dams, hydrology, concrete dams and monitoring.
Development in the field of Dams, Crans-Montana, Karameh (Jordan), Zeuzier Technical tours to Zeuzier, Z'Mutt and Grande-Dixence are also described.
September 1995. (Switzerland), Z'mutt (Switzerland)
1996 6 Law Dam failures Bilberry, Dale Dyke Catastrophic failures Two accounts are reproduced from H Schroder's compilation "The Annals of Yorkshire" published in 1852.
1996 7 Robinson ROBINSON B (1996). Walls across the valley - the Derwent, Howden On 9th August 1899 the Derwent Valley Water Act received the royal assent and by it the Derwent Valley Water
building of the Howden and Derwent dams. Dams & Board (DVWB) was incorporated. In 1900 Edward Sandeman was appointed as the Engineer to the DVWB and
Reservoirs, vol 6, no 1, February, pp 7-14. (The paper he proposed that the Howden and Derwent dams should be constructed of masonry. Excavations for the
is a condensed version of the talk that Dr Robinson foundations of the Howden dam began in July 1901 and for the Derwent dam in July 1902. At both sites an
gave to BDS at the Institution of Civil Engineers on 2nd unexpected geological feature required a deeper foundation excavation than had been anticipated. The heart of
October 1995.) both dams consists of large displacers, comprising undressed stones up to six tonnes in weight, embedded in
concrete. Reservoir impounding at Howden commenced in 1912 and at Derwent in 1915. A full account of the
construction of the dams is given in the book by the author.
1996 14 Robertshaw British Dam Society Prize 1995. David Smith won the
1995 prize, Andrew Dodd and Fiona Murphy were
runners-up. The papers of all five entrants have been
published in Dams & Reservoirs.
1996 15 Smith SMITH D A (1996). Pollan dam - incorporating Pollan (Irish Republic) Environment/social/planning The proposed 21 m high Pollan dam comprises a central concrete gravity section between two rockfill
environmental mitigation into dam design. Dams & embankments. The effects of reservoir development were carefully examined through environmental
Reservoirs, vol 6, no 1, February, pp 15-20. (This assessments. The Crana river contains major salmonid spawning grounds and juvenile salmon populate areas
paper was awarded the 1995 British Dam Society upstream of the dam site. Mitigation measures to prevent damage to the fishery include a complex
Prize) compensation flow strategy and the provision of a fish lift. The mitigation measures, which amounted to as
much as 20% of the basic scheme, had a major influence on the design of the dam but enabled it the scheme to
proceed smoothly through the public inquiry.
1996 20 Dodd DODD A (1996). Lesotho Highlands water project: the Katse (Lesotho) Arch dam design/construction, Foundation excavation for the 185 m high double curvature arch dam was completed in August 1993 and
first 500 000 cubic metres of Katse dam concrete. Concrete mix and cement consolidation and curtain grouting was then carried out. The 24 MPa mass concrete incorporates 70% ordinary
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 6, no 1, February, pp 20-24. portland cement and 30% pulverised fuel ash, various additives, water from the river and aggregate quarried
(This paper was a runner-up in the 1995 British Dam and processed on site. Initial mix trials were performed including a mass concrete test block which included
Society Prize competition.) thermocouples. The dam blocks are 2.5 m high and by the end of March 1994, some 500 000 cubic metres of
concrete had been placed.
1996 24 Murphy MURPHY F (1996). The design and installation of an Elvington Geomembranes Three settling and balancing reservoirs have been constructed at Elvington Water Treatment Works, near York,
exposed high density polyethylene reservoir liner. on a cut-and-fill basis. Since concrete would not withstand long term differential settlement, an impermeable
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 6, no 1, February, pp 24-28. flexible reservoir liner of 2.5 mm thick HDPE was installed over a total area of 95 000 square metres. Strong,
(This paper was a runner-up in the 1995 British Dam sound and continuous welds are vital and welds were tested both on site and in the manufacturer's laboratory.
Society Prize competition.) The reservoirs are currently being tested and the whole scheme should be operational in October 1995.
1996 29 Sims Report on conference on repairs to Peruca dam, Split. The inspection gallery of Peruca dam was mined by the Serbian army in January 1993. The 470 page
proceedings of the conference records the entire investigation in detail.

1996 2 New ICOLD Bulletins: 102 - Vibrations of hydraulic
equipment for dams; 103 - Tailings dams and
environment.
36
Dams and Reservoirs
1996 2 Vincent The reservoirs safety research programme of the The following published guides have resulted from research projects that have received funding from DoE: (a)
Department of the Environment. An engineering guide to the safety of embankment dams in the United Kingdom; (b) An engineering guide to
seismic risk to dams in the United Kingdom; (c) Floods, waves and reservoir safety - an engineering guide; (d)
Engineering guide to the safety of concrete and masonry dam structures in the UK; (e) Small-embankment type
reservoirs for water supply and amenity use; (f) Performance of blockwork and slabbing protection for dam
faces; (g) Valves, pipework and associated equipment - a guide to condition assessment; (h) Investigating
embankment dams: a guide to the identification and repair of defects.
1996 3 Ervine ERVINE D A (1996). Recent advances in spillway Spillway hydraulics Current research is reviewed in five areas: stepped spillways, impinging jet spillways, 'Hydroplus' fusegate
research and modelling. Dams and Reservoirs, vol 6, spillways, labyrinth spillways and aerators for chute spillways. A helpful reference list is provided for each
no 2, June, pp 3-11. subject area. The two sections on stepped spillways are of particular interest: there has recently been renewed
interest in stepped spillways since 80-90% of the head available can be dissipated before the flow enters the
downstream dissipator. The focus of the paper is on design and physical modelling, a later paper deals with
numerical modelling (Ellis J, Dams and Reservoirs, vol 6, no 3, November 1996).
1996 12 Hewitt HEWITT T M (1996). Construction of remedial works to Glendevon Upper Outlet & intake works, Rockfill, Downstream leakage and high uplift pressures at the 45 m high Upper Glendevon concrete gravity dam had led
Upper Glendevon dam, Scotland. Dams and Uplift/overturning in concrete to restrictions on the impounding capacity. A rockfill embankment was designed and constructed to support the
Reservoirs, vol 6, no 2, June, pp 12-16. (This was one dams downstream face, with work commencing in May 1992 and substantially complete by December 1993. During
of the papers submitted to the 1995 BDS prize rock excavation for the spillweir and upper section of the spillway large scale wedge failures became apparent
competition.) on clay slickensided shear planes, necessitating a redesign of the excavation with a much greater excavation of
rock.
1996 17 King KING R A (1996). Seismic risk assessment for Seismic assessment An assessment of seismic risk has been made for the proposed Dande dam in northern Zimbabwe and at two
embankments in regions of low seismic activity. Dams existing dams in Yorkshire. The possibility of reservoir induced seismicity is considered in assessing the stability
and Reservoirs, vol 6, no 2, June, pp 17-22. (This was of the Dande embankment dam. It is concluded that the safety and operation of most UK embankment dams will
one of the papers submitted to the 1995 BDS prize not be compromised by seismic activity during their expected lifetimes and the possibility of failure during a
competition.) maximum credible earthquake is minimal.
1996 23 Parker PARKER J and REA J (1996). Improving the Farmoor Environment/social/planning In 1988 a master plan for Farmoor recommeded the following features to improve public access and wildlife
environment at Farmoor. Dams and Reservoirs, vol 6, conservation: the construction of a circular footpath; the creation of wetland habitats; additional tree planting; a
no 2, June, pp 23-25. picnic area and disabled viewing area; grassland management to diversify habitats; tern rafts; provision of bird
hides and interpretation centre. All the recommendations have been implemented at minimal cost. It is
emphasised that a reservoir offers huge scope for promoting wildlife and the provision of safe access, which
encourages responsible members of the public onto the site, can discourage vandalism.
1996 26 Smith Floods, waves and reservoir safety: a report on the Flood estimation/hydrology,
joint meeting of the British Dam Society and the British Guides & surveys, Hazard &
Hydrological Society at the Institution of Civil Engineers risk management, Overtopping,
on 25th March 1996 to introduce the new edition of Upstream slope protection,
'Floods and reservoir safety'. Wind & waves
1996 29 Bibliography of British dams: the main purpose of the
bibliography is to list publications which provide
information about specific dams to which the
Reservoirs Act 1975 applies.

1996 2 New ICOLD Bulletins: 104 - Monitoring of tailings
dams; 105 - Dams and related structures in cold
climate.
1996 3 Robbroeck ROBBROECK T van (1996). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture High Aswan (Egypt), Katse (Lesotho), Environment/social/planning, Reservoir developments face opposition from an environmental lobby which is not only opposed to large dams,
1996: Reservoirs: bane or boon? Dams & Reservoirs, Mangla (Pakistan), Quoich, Vaal Sedimentation but also to economic development of any kind: the people who campaign against hydro-electric projects are also
vol 6, no 3, November, pp 3-10. (South Africa) opposed to fossil fuel and nuclear power stations. Over and against such views it is asserted that modern
science and technology have upset the population balance and now only modern science and technology can
retrieve the situation. The moderate environmentally conscious public needs to be made aware of the benefits of
reservoirs. However, legitimate criticisms of reservoir projects from informed sources must be acted upon.
1996 10 Perrings BDS 9th Biennial Conference, York, September 1996:

opening remarks by Professor Charles Perrings.
37
Dams and Reservoirs
1996 11 Penman The reservoir as an asset: an impression by Dr A D M Badinsgill, Carron, Cow Green, The report provides a comprehensive summary of the papers, presentations and discussion under the headings
Penman of the 9th Biennial Conference of the British Glensherup, Grimwith, Katse of spillways, embankment dams, concrete and service reservoirs, detection deterioration and faults, the role of
Dam Society, York, September 1996. (Lesotho), La Paloma (Chile), Longtan the inspecting engineer and the reservoir as an asset.
(China), Mangla (Pakistan),
Messochora (Greece), Muela
(Lesotho), Mujib (Jordan),
Platanovryssi (Greece), Porce II
(Colombia), Rivelin Upper, Scar
House, Stillwater Upper (USA),
Tannur (Jordan), Tarbela (Pakistan),
Torr Achilty, Wala (Jordan), Walshaw
Dean Lower, Winterburn
1996 17 Carter Repair and upgrading of dams: report on 3rd European Barasona (Spain), Bostal (Germany), The four sessions dealt with, respectively, concrete dams, embankment dams, upgrading for extreme floods,
Symposium, Stockholm, June 1996. Porjus (Sweden), Solbergfloss European Working Groups. (The first European Symposium on dams was held in Chambery in 1993 and the
(Norway), Suorva (Sweden) second in Crans-Montana in Switzerland in 1995.)
1996 20 Binnie Derwent valley reservoirs - past and present. Report Derwent, Howden, Ladybower
on joint meeting of the British Dam Society and the
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental
Management to celebrate the centenary of the
founding of the Institution of Water Engineers, May
1996.
1996 21 Lewin Review of ICOLD Bulletin 102 - Vibration of hydraulic

equipment for dams.
1996 23 Gardiner GARDINER K D, SELLARS P R C AND BAKER R Brushes Clough* Discontinuance/abandonment, In 1988 the inspecting engineer recommended that the overflow capacity at Brushes Clough reservoir should be
(1996). The discontinuance of Brushes Clough Overflow works, Spillway increased to meet the requirements of a category A reservoir. Rather than undertake the extensive remedial
reservoir. Report of British Dam Society meeting at hydraulics works that this would have necessitated, it was decided to remove the reservoir from the ambit of the Reservoirs
UMIST, 17th October 1995. Dams and Reservoirs, vol Act 1975 by reducing its capacity to below 25Ml. Discontinuance required the crest to be lowered by 9 m and the
6, no 3, November, pp 23-28. provision of a new overflow. A wedge block spillway was constructed and has performed satisfactorily, although
it has proved somewhat vulnerable to vandalism.
1996 28 Ellis ELLIS J (1996). Numerical modelling of spillway Spillway hydraulics, Overflow In the design of open channel spillway chutes a number of aspects of flow assume greater importance as the
chutes. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 6, no 3, November, pp works velocity of flow increases, including air entrainment, turbulent pressure fluctuations on the spillway floor and the
28-33. (This paper is a sequel to Dr Ervine's paper risk of cavitation. Physical scale models have often been used to resolve some of these issues, but more
published in Dams & Reservoirs, vol 6, no 2, June attention is now being given to the use of numerical models. The paper illustrates the use of a numerical model
1996.) of two-dimensional, predominantly supercritical flow in a spillway channel. It is concluded that numerical models
have an important role in the preliminary design of new spillways where a range of options are available.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 7, no 1, March 1997

1997 2 New ICOLD Bulletin 106 - A guide to tailings dams and Waste impoundment
impoundments - design, construction, use and
rehabilitation.
1997 3 British Dam Society - Annual Report for 1996.
1997 4 1997 BDS Prize Competition - notice of next
competition in December 1997 and list of previous
prize winners.
1997 4 ICE awards to BDS members.
1997 5 Robertshaw Report on technical visits to Grimwith and Scar House Angram, Gouthwaite, Grimwith, Scar
reservoirs at 1996 BDS Conference held at York by A House
C Robertshaw
1997 7 Sammons Review of ICOLD Bulletin 104 - Monitoring of tailings Safety surveillance, Waste
dams by J Sammons impoundment
1997 8 Penman Shared experience - a report on the ICOLD 64th Barahona (Chile), Caren (Chile), El Catastrophic failures, The report describes problems of shared rivers included in the papers of the one day symposium. A summary of
Annual Meeting, Santiago, Chile, 1996, by A D M Cobre (Chile), El Infiernillo (Mexico), Earthquake damage, Waste tailings dam construction and performance in Chile is given with detailed construction drawings.
Penman Emosson (France), Irabia (Spain), impoundment
Itaipu (Brazil), Los Leones (Chile),
Perez Caldera (Chile), Three Gorges
(China), Tortolas (Chile), Val d'Aran
(Spain), Yacyreta (Paraguay)
38
Dams and Reservoirs
1997 15 Hinks Platanovryssi dam, Greece by JL Hinks and M R H Platanovryssi (Greece) Concrete temperature, Roller The article is a summary of the presentation given by J L Hinks and M R H Dunstan at the Institution of Civil
Dunstan compacted concrete, Seismic Engineers on 2nd December 1996. It is primarily concerned with the thermal modelling of the 95 m high roller
assessment compacted concrete dam to avoid the problems of temperature induced cracking. The end product of the
analysis is a pattern of induced joints. The seismic design based on a peak horizontal ground acceleration of
0.38g.
1997 18 Tedd TEDD P, CHARLES J A and HOLTON I R (1997). Holmestyes, Ogden, Ramsden Guides & surveys, Movement The measurement of crest settlement can have an important role in the safety management of an old
Settlement of old embankment dams: a guide to (Holmfirth), Walshaw Dean Lower, monitoring, Safety surveillance embankment dam and it is important to determine whether movements measured in some cases more than 100
measurement and interpretation. Dams and Widdop, Yateholme years after dam construction are due to some incipient malfunction. Mechanisms causing embankment
Reservoirs, vol 7, no 1, March, pp 18-23. deformations are reviewed and guidance on the interpretation of crest settlement is given based on observations
at a number of dams. The crests of dams with central cores of puddle clay settle when the reservoir is drawn
down and only partially recover when the reservoir is refilled: these settlements do not necessarily indicate the
development of an adverse situation.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 7, no 2, July 1997

1997 2 Obituary of Peter Milne
1997 2 Membership of the British Dam Society - age
distribution of the members.
1997 3 Martin A communication from the Chairman by J Martin. Ajdabiya (Libya), El Chocon
(Argentina), Mallaha (Jordan), Mosul
(Iraq), Samanalawewa (Sri Lanka)
1997 5 Carter Report on BDS visit to Pollan dam and reservoir Pollan (Irish Republic)
project on 26th September 1996 by I C Carter.
1997 6 Tedd Review of Geotechnique paper "Analysis of
progressive failure and cracking in old British dams' by
Dounias, Potts and Vaughan.
1997 7 Charles CHARLES J A (1997). Acceptable risk and reservoir Bilberry, Dale Dyke, Fontenelle (USA), Catastrophic failures, Dam Increasingly, it is expected that some form of risk analysis should be carried out for activities which impose risks
safety. Dams and Reservoirs, vol 7, no 2, July, pp 7- Peruca (Croatia), Warmwithens break studies, Emergency on the public and it is necessary to define the acceptable levels of individual and societal risk. A hazard such as
12. plans, Hazard & risk a dam failure which may affect a large number of people in a single catastrophe is less acceptable than every
management, Legislation day hazards, such as road accidents, which may in aggregate cause far more deaths but in each incident affect
only one or two individuals. The reservoir safety research programme of the Department of the Environment has
included several projects of direct relevance to risk assessment. One area in which the United Kingdom might
be perceived to be weak in comparison with many European countries is the lack of specific legal requirements
for emergency procedures.
1997 12 Claydon Report on joint BDS and BGS meeting on 'Deighton tip Catastrophic failures, Deighton tip failed in February 1992 without warning and some 100, 000 m3 of sewage sludge flowed across
- failure, analysis and remedial works' presented by Legislation, Slope stability, the river Colne causing it to rise 150mm per hour. The tip was regarded as a tailings dam and an AR panel
Jim Claydon, Hamish Eadie and Colin Harding. (The Waste impoundment Engineer was appointed to supervise the remedial works.
authors' paper has been published in the Transactions
of the 19th International Congress on Large Dams,
Florence, Q75, pp 233-245.)
1997 15 Hoskins Review of CIRIA report 161 - Small embankment Environment/social/planning, The guide provides basis information for all aspects of small reservoir creation from conception, design,
reservoirs by C G Hoskins Guides & surveys construction to maintenance and monitoring.
1997 17 Knight KNIGHT D J (1997). Embankment dams worldwide - Acu (Brazil), Carsington, Coedty, Catastrophic failures, Pore The author spent his entire full-time career with Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners, and most of the time he was
lessons and personal reflections from the past 40 Cowlyd, Eigiau, El Chocon pressure (seepage), Seepage engaged in geotechnical and embankment dam engineering. His paper represents a major contribution to
years - part 1. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 7, no 2, July, pp (Argentina), Gaborone (Botswana), & leakage, Slope stability, embankment dam engineering. Part 1 of the paper covers various commonly encountered problems and the
17-25. (The paper, which is in three parts, records the Kiri (Nigeria), Loma de la Lata Upstream slope protection lessons that can be drawn from them in the areas of foundation geology, basic cross-section design,
presentation on embankment dams made by the (Argentina), Mangla (Pakistan), construction processes, and slope protection. These topics are illustrated by reference to dams round the world,
author at a BDS meeting held at the Institution of Civil Portezuelo Grande (Argentina), with many of which the author had direct personal involvement.
Engineers on 27th January 1997.) Roseires (Sudan), Shashe
(Botswana), Tarbela (Pakistan), Teton
(USA), Upper Mun (Thailand)

1997 2 Secretary, Panel engineers appointed under the Reservoirs Act
Reservoirs 1975 - advice on reappointment to panels.
Committee
1997 3 Arthur Penman - Skempton Gold Medal Award. The Skempton Gold Medal is the highest accolade bestowed by the British Geotechnical Society.
39
Dams and Reservoirs
1997 3 Johnston ICOLD news. New committee on dam safety and new
Bulletin 107: Concrete dams - control and treatment of
cracks.
1997 4 Johnston Obituary of (John) David Evans.
1997 5 Scriven Report on third BDS Supervising Engineers Forum, Barrow no 3, Elton, Glascarnoch, Guides & surveys, Legislation, Session 1 gave an owner's interpretation of the role of the supervising engineer. Session 2 was concerned with
UMIST Manchester, 2nd April 1997 by J Scriven, G Luxhay, Megget, Moor Loch, Ogden Flood estimation/hydrology, the use of the BRE, CIRIA and ICE technical guides by supervising engineers. Recent case histories of dam
Yarwood and C Owens Upper, Prescot, Walshaw Dean Outlet & intake works, Overflow behaviour were presented in Session 3.
Middle, Walshaw Dean Upper works, Seepage & leakage,
Slope stability
1997 13 Penman Report on 19th ICOLD Congress, Florence by A D M Aswan High (Egypt), Bila Desna Catastrophic failures, Culverts The four questions dealt with, respectively, innovative financing of dam projects, special problems with earthfill
Penman. (Czech Rep), Bilancino (Italy), under embankments, dams, the performance of reservoirs, and, dam failures and lesser incidents. The report has a high technical
Canales (Spain), Dashidaira (Japan), Earthquake damage, Internal content covering subjects including internal erosion, acceptable deformations and liquefaction.
Genissiat (France), Itaipu (Brazil), erosion/filters, Outlet & intake
Katse (Lesotho), Kolnbrein (Austria), works, Overtopping,
Mohne (Germany), Mondely (France), Sedimentation
Peruca (Croatia), Ringlet (Malaysia),
Santa Helena (Brazil), Seton
(Canada), Sorpe (Germany), Tarbela
(Pakistan), Terzaghi (Canada), Teton
(USA), Three Gorges (China),
Whitemans (Canada), Zoeknog (South
Africa)
1997 19 Findlay Report on Hydropower 97 conference, Trondheim, July One of the four conference themes was dam safety and risk management and the conference was preceded by
1997 by J W Findlay a workshop on risk analysis for dam safety.
1997 21 Harrison HARRISON P C (1997). Bilberry reservoir leakage Bilberry Culverts under embankments, Cavities were revealed around the outlet/overflow shaft during the 1995 drought. When the reservoir was
repairs - August to October 1995. Dams and Seepage & leakage pumped down for the remedial works to the shaft a sinkhole was discovered near the upstream toe close to the
Reservoirs, vol 7, no 3, November, pp 21-24. mitre. The sinkhole was sealed with the unusual combination of fleece wool waste and bentonite. With the
shaft remedial works completed and the sinkhole sealed, on reservoir refilling leakage into the culvert was lower
than that quoted in the 1933 and 1943 statutory inspection reports.
1997 25 Sammons Report of a BDS meeting on 'Discontinuance of Hewlett's no 4 Discontinuance/abandonment, The report summarises the presentation given by Dejan Ajzenkol. It includes descriptions of leakage and slope
Hewlett's no 4 service reservoir' held at Institution of Service reservoirs stability incident, and of the extensive geotechnical investigation that led to the discontinuance.
Civil Engineers, 7th October 1996 by J Sammons.
1997 27 Law Dam failures by F Law Crabtree Beck, Skelmorlie Catastrophic failures
1997 28 Knight KNIGHT D J (1997). Embankment dams worldwide - Ajdabiya (Libya), Brianne, El Chocon Culverts under embankments, The second part of the paper deals with concrete/earth interfaces, the use of instrumentation, dam raising,
lessons and personal reflections from the past 40 (Argentina), Gaborone (Botswana), Geomembranes, Heightening, geomembranes, outlet culverts, tidal construction, wet cores, and dispersive clays. It is emphasised that there is
years - part 2. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 7, no 3, High Island (Hong Kong), Hinze Instrumentation/monitoring, a great difference between the general safety of an embankment dam as denoted by a factor of safety against
November, pp 28-36. (Australia), Huai Takien (Thailand), Internal erosion/filters, Outlet & slope instability and the unquantifiable margin of safety at critical locations such as where an outlet culvert
Huai Mai On (Thailand), Kantalai (Sri intake works, Pore pressure passes through the embankment. There have been numerous dam failures attributable to internal erosion along
Lanka), Monasavu (Fiji), Plover Cove (construction) the soil/concrete interface due to bad geometrical design and absence of adequate filter protection. Under the
(Hong Kong), Roseires (Sudan), section on dispersive clays, the spectacular explosive failure of Huai Takien due to internal erosion in less than
Samanalawewa (Sri Lanka), Shashe nine hours is illustrated.
(Botswana), Wadaslintang
(Indonesia), Wadi Qattarah (Libya)

1998 2 New ICOLD Bulletins:108 - Cost of flood control in
dams; 109 - Dams less than thirty metres high - cost
savings and safety improvements; 110 - Cost impact of
rules, criteria and specifications.
1998 4 Hay British Dam Society Prize - 1997. The winner of the
competition was Mark Denny; Debbie Hay-Smith and
Kevin Whaley were runners-up.
40
Dams and Reservoirs
1998 5 Denny DENNY M (1998). Refurbishment of deep sluices at Roseires (Sudan) Outlet & intake works, Roseires dam, which is located on the Blue Nile 300 miles south of Khartoum, was constructed in the early
Roseires dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 1, March, Sedimentation 1960s primarily to provide water for irrigation of the area between Roseires and Khartoum. Subsequently, the
pp 5-10. hydro-power potential has been utilised. The reservoir is impounded by a 66 m high concrete buttress dam with
earth embankment sections on each flank. The deep sluice stainless steel linings have deteriorated due to
abrasion wear over thirty years. Design solutions for their refurbishment are discussed. Deterioration of other
equipment at the deep sluices including wire ropes and caterpillar rollers is described. It is concluded that new
equipment and refurbishment work on dams in remote locations must incorporate minimum maintenance
features to ensure a long operating life in difficult environments.
1998 11 Penman Report by Dr Arthur Penman of lecture given by Foz do Areia (Brazil), Segredo Concrete faced rockfill, The construction and instrumentation of four concrete faced rockfill dams is described together with the results
Professor Pedricto Rocha Filho on 'Behaviour of (Brazil), Tianshenqiao (China), Xingo Movement monitoring of some of the equipment. Electro-levels were used to measure face deflections at two of the dams.
concrete faced rockfill dams' at a joint meeting of BDS (Brazil)
and BGS at the Institution of Civil Engineers on 26th
January 1998.
1998 15 Bridle Institution of Civil Engineers - Reservoirs Committee.
The status, composition and function of the committee
is described by R C Bridle
1998 15 Bridle Recent and current CIRIA work on dams and
reservoirs. Relevant reports are listed.
1998 16 ICOLD news: technical committees are listed and BDS
papers in 1997 ICOLD congress transactions are
identified.
1998 17 Martin MARTIN J (1998). The economics of reservoir asset Cluanie, Dundreggan, Loyne, Emergency plans, Hazard & Hydro-Electric is the largest generator of conventional hydro-power in the United Kingdom, operating 66 hydro-
management and maintenance. Dams & Reservoirs, Mullardoch, Quoich, Sloy risk management, Legislation, power stations. Out of a total of 84 dams, there are 45 concrete gravity dams, 7 buttress dams, 4 arch dams, 17
vol 8, no 1, March, pp 17-20. Outlet & intake works, embankment dams and a number of composite embankment and concrete dams. Reservoir surveillance,
Reservoir operation, Safety operating costs, long term planning, risk assessment and refurbishment works are discussed. Two studies with
surveillance, Seismic implications for reservoir safety have recently begun: the first involves the seismic assessment of all dams and
assessment the second is concerned with inundation mapping.
1998 21 Millmore Review of ICOLD Bulletin 103 -- Tailings dams and Environment/social/planning,
environment: review and recommendations. Waste impoundment
1998 22 Kennard Dam failures. Further information is given on the Skelmorlie Catastrophic failures
Skelmorlie failure of 1925 by M F Kennard
1998 23 Knight KNIGHT D J (1998). Embankment dams worldwide - Aya (Philippines), Canili (Philippines), Culverts under embankments, The third and concluding part of the paper deals with fuse sections and overtopping, sinkholes, earthquakes,
lessons and personal reflections from the past 40 Diayo (Philippines), Euclides de Dynamic behaviour & analysis, and filter relationships, all illustrated by practical examples drawn from the author's wide international experience
years - part 3. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 1, March, Cunha (Brazil), Gaborone (Botswana), Earthquake damage, Internal of embankment dams. The main lessons to be drawn are summarised: dam engineering requires an essentially
pp 23-31. Karameh (Jordan), Magat erosion/filters, Overtopping, three-dimensional outlook; outlet culverts and pipes through embankment dams are a potential danger unless
(Philippines), Masiway (Philippines), Seismic assessment they are properly engineered; site geology requires careful consideration throughout the design and construction
Pantabangan (Philippines), Shashe process. While the recorded knowledge of the behaviour of dams will grow, its effective application depends on
(Botswana), Tarbela (Pakistan), Upper a sensible dissemination and use of the collected experience.
Mun (Thailand), WAC Bennett
(Canada)
1998 32 Jackson Guidelines for articles for publication in Dams &
Reservoirs, provided by the Technical Editor, Edward
Jackson.

1998 2 Knight Author's correction to minor error in paper published in
vol 8, no 1 (p24).
1998 3 Hay-Smith HAY-SMITH D (1998). Remedial works to rip-rap Megget Grouting, Upstream slope Damage to the rip-rap protecting the steep upstream slope (1 in 1.5) of the 56 m high gravel embankment
protection at Megget Reservoir - assessment of protection occurred during first filling of the reservoir in 1983/84 and then during winter storms in a number of the following
reinforcement with bituminous grout. Dams & years. A long term solution is required to increase the protection of the vulnerable area of the upstream face and
Reservoirs, vol 8, no 2, July, pp 3-9. (This paper was ensure that only minimum maintenance is required. Site trials have been carried out to examine the
submitted to the 1997 BDS prize competition.) effectiveness of grouting reinforcement of the existing rip-rap face using bituminous or cementitious grout. The
trials investigated the suitability of pattern grouting to improve resistance to wave attack while allowing for
dissipation of wave energy between the voids.
1998 10 Findlay Risk analysis for dam safety: report on two-day Hazard & risk management On the first day reports were presented from eleven countries and on the second day key topics on risk analysis
international workshop on dam risk that preceded for dams were discussed including the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative approaches and technical
Hydropower 97 conference by J W Findlay. standards.
41
Dams and Reservoirs
1998 11 Makinson MAKINSON C (1998). Downstream slope protection of Ajdabiyah (Libya), Chadarra In an arid climate, where grass is not an option, earthfill embankments are usually protected by sandy gravel
embankment dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 2, (Kazakstan), El Chocon (Argentina), mixtures or clean gravel layers of screened or crushed material. Inadequate downstream slope protection can
July, pp 11-14. Gaborone (Botswana), Kafrein lead to severe maintenance problems associated with gulley formation which concentrates run-off from
(Jordan), Karameh (Jordan), Mornos occasional heavy rainstorms. A chart summarises the types of material used for slope protection plotted against
(Greece), Roseires (Sudan), Wadi different combinations of slope height and slope angle. Nine brief case records are presented.
Schueib (Jordan)
1998 15 Whaley WHALEY K (1998). The reconstruction of Kagara dam, Kagara (Nigeria) Outlet & intake works, Overflow Construction of the 30 m high embankment dam and its ancillary works commenced in the early 1980s, but was
Nigeria. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 2, July, pp 15- works, Spillway hydraulics abandoned in 1982 due to lack of funding. In 1992 a contract was let to complete the dam incorporating as
20. (This paper was submitted to the BDS prize much of the earlier work as practicable. However, it was found that it was not always possible to incorporate
competition, 1997.) existing structures into the new scheme; in some circumstances even an extensive investigation could not
guarantee that an existing structure could be upgraded to the necessary standard. Furthermore, the cost of
removing an existing structure and then building a new one could be less than the cost of upgrading.
1998 21 Sawyer SAWYER J R (1998). Design of Katse dam. Dams & Katse (Lesotho) Dynamic behaviour & analysis, Phase 1A of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which is nearing completion, includes the 185 m high Katse
Reservoirs, vol 8, no 2, July, pp 21-25. Instrumentation/monitoring, double curvature arch dam. The arch was analysed using a succession of finite element analyses: initial design
Spillway hydraulics used linear elastic models, subsequent non-linear analysis considered the effect of water pressure in potential
joints and cracks, and finally dynamic analysis of the dam, foundation and reservoir was carried out. A section of
the spillway was modelled at 1:30 and the entire dam, ancillary works and river channel at 1:70 for hydraulic
model tests. An extensive instrumentation system is installed in the dam.
1998 26 Cotterell COTTERELL C C (1998). The construction of Katse Katse (Lesotho) Concrete mix & cement, The contract for the construction of Katse double curvature concrete arch dam was awarded in December 1990
dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 2, July, pp 26-28. Concrete temperature, and substantial completion of the 72 month contract was achieved in May 1997. Within the body of the dam a
Drainage labyrinth of 7300 m of galleries was formed, mostly extending into the abutting bedrock for drainage purposes.
Construction joints between adjacent blocks of the dam were made watertight by rubber waterstops beneath the
upstream face and PVC beneath the downstream face. Katse reservoir is now full and water transfer to South
Africa commenced early in 1998.
1998 29 Martin Los Niños by J H Martin. The mechanisms of Los Niños in the Pacific basin, raising the water level by wind shear, is described.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 3, December 1998

1998 3 Hay Report on 10th BDS Conference, Bangor, September Alwen, Barrow no 3, Bewl Water, Five technical sessions covered the following subjects: (1) safety management and risk analysis for dams; (2)
1998: 'The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century' Brenig, Brent, Brianne, Broadwood (3) developments in legislation and practice; (4) assessment of dam performance; (5) reservoir operation and
by J Hay. Loch, Chambon (), Coedty, Eigiau, management; construction and rehabilitation case histories.
Enguri (Russia), Holmestyes,
Llysyfran, Luxhay, Maentwrog,
Marchlyn, Megget, Rufford Lake,
Stwlan, Tai Tam Tuk (Hong Kong),
Tarbela (Pakistan), Walshaw Dean
Upper, Winscar.
1998 11 Charles CHARLES J A (1998). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 1998: Audenshaw, Beliche (Portugal), Asphaltic concrete, An account of British dams is presented in the form of an analogy with human life, no period of which, from birth
Lives of embankment dams: construction to old age. Brianne, Canales (Spain), Carsington, Catastrophic failures, Culverts to death, is exempt from troubles. Similarly dams are vulnerable to different types of problems in the successive
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 3, December, pp 11-23. Dale Dyke, Fontenelle, Guavia under embankments, Hazard & stages of their existence. There is an ageing population of old embankment dams and the major threat to these
(Presented at BDS conference, Bangor, 10th (Colombia), Mohne (Germany), risk management, Internal dams comes from internal erosion. However, while there has been major expenditure on overflow works to meet
September 1998.) Peruca (Croatia), Queen's Valley erosion/filters, Movement improved flood standards, there has not been any comparable effort to upgrade old embankments.
(Jersey), Songa (Norway), Teton monitoring, Seepage &
(USA), Warmwithens, William Girling leakage, Slope stability, Total
(Chingford) stress
1998 24 Bridle Vote of thanks to Dr Andrew Charles for presenting the Quote from the vote of thanks, "Andrew's Binnie lecture will become a vitally important reference for all
1998 Geoffrey Binnie Lecture by R Bridle engineers responsible for our embankment dams"
1998 25 Smith SMITH R (1998). The use of asphalt in dam Ardsley, Arlington, Dowry, Megget, Asphaltic concrete, Upstream Hydraulic asphalt technology developed in coastal engineering and has been successfully used on several dam
maintenance work. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 8, no 3, Mixenden, Ponden, Walshaw Dean slope protection maintenance and repair projects. Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate, and the various mixes
December, pp 25-31. Lower, Winscar, Withens Clough that are used can be categorised by the degree of filling of the mix. Lean sand asphalt and open stone asphalt,
which are underfilled mixes, have been used to protect upstream slopes from wave attack. Dense asphaltic
concrete, in which the voids are practically completely filled with bitumen, has been used to provide the main
waterproof membrane on upstream slopes of number of dams in the UK. The repair of the dense asphaltic
concrete lining at Winscar is described.
1998 31 Law Data of interest to dam engineers by F Law. Castle Malgwyn, Kenogami (Canada), Catastrophic failures (1) dam failures and extreme hydrological events in Britain prior to 1930; (2) landslide induced overtopping
White Coppice incident; (3) the management of dams in Quebec; (4) national performance of dams program, Stamford
University, USA.
42
Dams and Reservoirs
1998 32 Application Note to An engineering guide to seismic

risk to dams in the United Kingdom. A brief indication
of the purpose and content of the application note is
given.
1998 33 Hinks Pembroke Mill dam - one of Britain's oldest large raised The old dam which probably dates back eight hundred years or so is still in position, although it may have been
reservoirs by J Hinks. reconstructed several times, and carries the A4139 road which enters Pembroke from the north.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 9, no 1, April 1999

1999 3 Dodd DODD A and SAWYER J (1999). Appropriate remedial Dinas, Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia), Concrete deterioration Alkali silica reaction (ASR) is a reaction of alkaline pore fluid from the cement with particular silica minerals in the
works to AAR dams and hydroelectric power stations. Maentwrog, Owen Falls (Uganda) aggregate. In the United Kingdom ASR is the most common form of alkali aggregate reaction (AAR). The most
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 9, no 1, April, pp 3-7. visible indication of the presence of AAR is cracking of the concrete. A number of examples of remedial works
illustrate the wide range of solutions available for different circumstances. While the consequences of AAR need
to be assessed and addressed to determine what function and safety issues are compromised, it is stated that
'AAR alone does not destroy a structure's capability'. Appropriate solutions can range from monitoring and
observation to complete replacement.
1999 7 Edward Jackson - Technical Editor 1985-1998. Edward Jackson became Technical Editor of BNCOLD News and Views in 1985 and has been Technical Editor
of Dams & Reservoirs since its inception in May 1991 up to the July 1998 edition. BDS records its deep
gratitude for his diligent and painstaking labours over many years in producing a journal of high technical
standard which has appeared on time.
1999 9 Morison Report of a presentation by A I B Moffat on 'Puddle Abercribban, Aldenham, Alwen no 2, Puddle clay The majority of larger British embankment dams completed in the period 1850 to 1960 were constructed with a
clay and the "Pennines" embankment dam', made at a Bann, Barrow no 2, Blaen-y-cwm, relatively thin central core of puddle clay. The nature and geotechnical characteristics of puddle clay are
BDS meeting at the Institution of Civil Engineers, 7th Burnhope, Carno Lower, Coulter, described. A more comprehensive paper on the work was published by Moffat in the 2002 BDS Conference.
December 1998. Cyfartha Lake, Harelaw, Hury, King
George V, Lambieletham, Muirhead,
Ponsticill, Selset, Silent Valley, Sutton
Bingham, Toddbrook, Vehar (India),
West Hallington, William Girling
(Chingford)
1999 15 Martin Year 2000 and all it implies by J Martin.

1999 16 Hinks Report on ICOLD visit to Sardar Sarovar project in Sardar Sarovar (India) Environment/social planning Resettlement aspects of the project have caused massive opposition to the project, the World Bank withdrawing
India by J Hinks. funding and the Indian Supreme Court has temporarily halted work with the dam well below its final height.
1999 17 Bridle Report compiled from the notes of Rod Bridle, Arthur The report includes a summary of the Executive Meeting, the ICOLD position paper concerning the World
Penman and Jonathan Hinks on the ICOLD 66th Commission on Dams, a summary of Technical Committee activities and a summary of the board meeting of the
Annual Meeting, New Delhi, November 1998. Club of European ICOLD members.
1999 22 Sims Dam rehabilitation - report on the work of the ICOLD Ennepe (Germany) Drainage, Internal The paper was the opening presentation at the ICOLD symposium on the rehabilitation of dams held in New
committee on rehabilitation by G Sims. erosion/filters, Delhi, November 1998. One particular emphasis in the report is that it was only fifty years ago that engineers
Uplift/overturning in concrete grudgingly accepted that uplift should be a fundamental aspect of the design of concrete gravity dams and many
dams masonry dams were designed without taking this into account.
1992 25 List of BDS corporate members.

Dams & Reservoirs, vol 9, no 2, August 1999
1993 2 Reservoirs Act: increase in panel membership
application fees.
43
Dams and Reservoirs
1999 3 Owens Report by Chris Owens, Alan Brown, Ian Davison and Anglezarke, Barrow no 3, Carron, Dam break studies, Dynamic Session 1 dealt with reservoir risk and update on technical guides and session 2 was on recent case histories of
Paul Tedd on the 4th BDS Supervising Engineers Glendevon Upper, Lluest Wen, behaviour & analysis, dam behaviour. This comprehensive report provides information on leakage incidents, the effect of reservoir
Forum, Manchester, 15th April 1999. Luxhay, Megget, Monkswood, Emergency plans, Guides & level and the rate of drawdown in the case of an emergency. The use of software for dam break analysis using
Pateshill, Pebley, Rotton Park, surveys, Hazard & risk DAMBREAK is described.
Stobshiel, Teton (USA), Thornley management, Legislation,
Reservoir drawdown, Seepage
& leakage, Seismic
assessment, Upstream slope
protection
1999 12 List of BDS corporate members.
1999 13 Wickham WICKHAM D B (1999). Poaka Beck Reservoir - failure Poaka Beck Outlet & intake works The 19 m high embankment dam was completed in 1867 and the original outlet from the reservoir was provided
of a cast iron outlet pipe. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 9, no by a 15 inch (0.38 m) diameter cast iron pipe laid in the embankment, with only a downstream valve. The
2, August, pp 13-14. inherent hazard posed by an unprotected cast iron pipe passing through an embankment dam has long been
recognised and in the early 1980s a medium density polyethylene (MDPE) liner was inserted into the cast iron
pipe and grouted into place. However, subsequent investigations showed that the liner had distorted restricting
flow through the pipe. During an attempt to remove the liner, long-standing fractures were discovered in the
upstream section of the cast iron pipe and it was decided to abandon and seal it. An alternative outlet structure
has been constructed.
1999 15 Tedd This report by Paul Tedd is a summary of an informal Geomembranes, Seepage & The earthworks for a 325000 m3 capacity bunded storage reservoir were completed in February 1995 and an
discussion introduced by Adrian Needham at a joint leakage HDPE lining was then installed. The reservoir was half filled in March and drawn down during the summer. In
meeting of the British Geotechnical Society, the January 1996 refilling commenced, but on 8th February the reservoir level started to drop. Major collapses and
International Geosynthetics Society and the ICE leaks had occurred at the base of the reservoir. Post-failure investigations indicated that loosely filled sinkholes
Ground Board at the Institution of Civil Engineers on were susceptible to collapse following infiltration and rendered the site unsuitable for construction of a
9th December 1998. membrane-lined reservoir unless extensive preventative measures had been first undertaken. The failure did not
pose any hazard to public safety.
1999 16 Bridle New Chairman's acceptance address given at BDS

AGM on 22nd March 1999.
1999 18 Binnie BINNIE C and CLIFTON S (1999). Dams and the Abberton, Aswan (Egypt), Darwell, Environment/social/planning Increasingly the engineering performance of dams and reservoirs is taken for granted and they are judged by
environment. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 9, no 2, August, Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia), Kielder, their environmental impacts and benefits. It is important, therefore, that environmental considerations are fully
pp 18-21. Mangla (Pakistan), Marchlyn, incorporated into the development process from the outset of the scheme. Many of the adverse effects of earlier
Pitlochry, Seletar (Singapore), Tarbela reservoir schemes could have been identified by a thorough environmental assessment and appropriately
(Pakistan), Three Gorges (China) mitigated. Future proposals for new reservoirs will need to satisfy the environmental requirements of legislation,
planning authorities, statutory and non-statutory consultees, society at large and funding agencies.
1999 22 Bridle World Commission on Dams - the dams debate, South Environment/social/planning This is a report on a media symposium 'Integrating the dams debate', held under the auspices of the World
Africa House, London, 14th July 1999 by R Bridle. Commission on Dams.

1999 3 Besley BESLEY P, ALLSOP N W H, ACKERS J C, HAY- Alton Water, Ardleigh, Arlington, Bewl Upstream slope protection, Severe wave action in reservoirs can cause damage to embankment dams due to the erosion of rip-rap
SMITH D and McKENNA J E (1999). Waves on Water, Bough Beech, Covenham, Wind & waves armouring, movement of blockwork or damage to crest walls. Wave induced overtopping may erode the crest or
reservoirs and their effects on dam protection. Dams & Farmoor, Feltwell, Grafham, Kielder, the downstream slope. Unfortunately simple wave prediction methods cannot be fully relied upon to produce
Reservoirs, vol 9, no 3, December, pp 3-13. (This Megget, Plover Cove (Hong Kong), accurate estimates of wave conditions in reservoirs. It is often helpful to use several methods and compare the
paper was presented at a BDS meeting at the Queen Mother, Wraysbury results. Donelan/JONSWAP is probably the best method of predicting wave conditions. Recent research is
Institution of Civil Engineers, 22nd March 1999). summarised and examples of best practice are described.
1999 14 Charles CHARLES J A and TEDD P (1999). Reservoir safety: It is no longer a simple task for the engineer concerned with reservoir safety to keep in touch with all relevant
review of publications 1998-99. Dams & Reservoirs, developments. Consequently the research programme of the Department of the Environment now includes the
vol 19, no 3, December, pp 14-20. preparation of an annual review of technical publications relevant to reservoir safety in the United Kingdom. This
first annual review covers the period from January 1998 to September 1999. The main sources of information
are the BDS biennial conference and the BDS journal Dams & Reservoirs. The subject areas are as follows: (A)
embankment dams; (B) concrete and masonry structures; (C) hydrology; (D) hydraulics; (E) seismic risk; (F)
safety management and risk assessment; (G) dam failures; (H) guidance and legislation.
1999 21 Bridle Report of ICOLD Annual Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, Includes reports on symposium on dam foundations, workshop on benefits and concerns about dams,
September 1999. interaction with World Commission on Dams and European Club meeting.
44
Dams and Reservoirs
1999 22 Hinks Report of ICOLD visit to Turkish dams. Dim, Manavgat, Oymapinar
1999 24 Bridle BRIDLE R C and SIMS G (1999). The benefits of dams Environment/social/planning A brief account of the history and development of reservoirs in the UK is given. It is concluded that UK reservoirs
to British society. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3, not only have proved to be sustainable, surviving for centuries, but also versatile, providing increasing benefits
December, pp 24-29. (This paper was presented to the over time. It is likely that countries currently considering reservoir developments for power generation or
Workshop on Benefits and Concerns about Dams at irrigation will in future derive recreational, conservation and other benefits adding to the benefits to their
the ICOLD Annual Meeting held at Antalya, September communities and to the environment derived from the reservoirs' primary functions.
1999.)
1999 30 Jamieson Ladybower reservoir - dam refurbishment scheme. Ladybower Environment/social/planning, Settlement of the crest in the middle of the 43 m high embankment since the completion of the dam in 1945
Report of BDS site visit on 8th September 1999 and Heightening, Movement amounts to 1.5 m. In 1986/7 a 2 m high reinforced concrete wave wall was added to provide flood storage for
presentation given at the site visit by Jane Jamiseson. monitoring, Outlet & intake the probable maximum flood. It was concluded that the significant ongoing settlement was largely due to the
works, Slope stability reservoir drawdown cycles. A new higher crest is to be constructed slightly downstream of the existing one by
adding a downstream shoulder of sandstone rockfill with a 1 in 2.1 slope. The contraction detail at the top of the
dam involves a cement-bentonite slurry wall and an HDPE membrane to provide the watertight element. A brief
description of valve replacement works with the reservoir in operation is given.
1999 35 Lillie LILLIE C and HITCHMOUGH M (1999). Are your data Hazard & risk management The importance of having a secure networked electronic system for storing and accessing data kept under the
less secure than your dams? Dams & Reservoirs, vol 1975 Reservoirs Act is demonstrated.
9, no 3, December, pp 35-36.

2000 2 Reservoirs Act 1975: arrangements for panel Legislation
engineers post devolution.
2000 3 Sandilands Report on British Dam Society Prize 1999, 29th
November 1999.
2000 4 Hughes HUGHES R A N (2000). Throttling Rutland Water's Rutland Water Flood estimation/hydrology, This paper won the 1999 BDS Prize competition. The bellmouth spillway was designed to discharge 18 cubic
spillway. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 10, no 1, April, pp 4- Overflow works, Spillway metres per second, the peak outflow derived from a 'normal maximum flood' as defined in the 1960 ICE
8. hydraulics publication 'Floods in relation to reservoir practice'. Subsequent application of the 1996 ICE publication 'Floods
and reservoir safety' found that the probable maximum flood (PMF) was 49.6 cubic metres per second. It was
considered that flows larger than the original design discharge would cause damage in the overflow tunnel and
that the capacity of the spillway should be reduced by a throttle. For a PMF event, the flood rise would be safely
accommodated in the reservoir. A physical model at a scale of 1:10 was used to refine the design of the
hydraulic throttle.
2000 9 Skinner SKINNER H (2000). The use of historical data in Hazard & risk management, This paper won one of two second place prizes in the 1999 BDS Prize competition. The statistical analysis of
assessing the risks posed by embankment dams. Incident/failure databases historical data describing the frequency and severity of problems found in embankment dams of a particular
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 10, no 1, April, pp 9-12. range of age and size has been used to estimate the probability of failure of a dam by a number of different
modes. Although there have been few total failures, the rate of occurrence of major problems has reduced only
slightly. An analysis of the major types of problems and remedial works is given. With an ageing population of
embankment dams there can be no substitute for careful monitoring and surveillance in maintaining a high level
of reservoir safety.
2000 12 Tedd Report of meeting of European Working Group on Risk Hazard & risk management,
Analysis and Databases at HR Wallingford, 1st Incident/failure databases
September 1999 by P Tedd and J Findlay.
2000 13 Bridle British Dam Society - Annual Report 1999 by R Bridle.
2000 15 Smith Report of BDS meeting on remedial works to Monkswood, Pebley Diaphragm & slurry trench The report focused mainly on the use of slurry trench was walls used to repair leaking embankment dams. A
embankment dams using slurry trench cut-off walls, 4th walls number of case histories was presented and the properties of the set material containing a very high water
October 1999 by J Smith. content was discussed.
2000 17 Morris A review of ICOLD Bulletin 111 - Dam-break flood Dam break studies It is concluded that Bulletin 111 provides a useful introduction to dambreak modelling and explains the types of
analysis by Mark Morris. model that may be applied.
2000 18 Effects on dams of the Taiwan earthquake of 21st Earthquake damage The earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale resulted in the death of 2250 people and the
September 1999. collapse of 9909 buildings. Damage occurred at a number of dams but there were no failures.
2000 19 Enforcement of reservoir legislation. The article refers to partial failure of a beaver dam in the USA.

2000 3 Report of meeting to Launch of guide to the Reservoirs Legislation The purpose and contents of the guide are summarised.
Act 1975 held at the Institution of Civil Engineers on
24th January 2000.
45
Dams and Reservoirs
2000 4 Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH): discussion by Flood estimation/hydrology,

Richard Vincent (DETR), Rod Bridle (BDS Chairman) Overflow works, Spillway
and Duncan Reed (CEH Wallingford) on revised hydraulics
design storm rainfall estimates obtained from the FEH
by D E MacDonald and C W Scott.
2000 6 Dodd DODD A (2000). Outline design of Cine dam, the first Cine (Turkey) Overflow works, Roller This paper won one of two second place prizes in the 1999 BDS Prize competition. The outline design of the
RCC dam in Turkey. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 10, no 2, compacted concrete, Seismic Cine dam involves the design of a 130 m high dam which will be one of the highest roller compacted concrete
July, pp 6-10. assessment dams in the world. The stability analysis is dominated by the seismic loading as the site is in a region of high
seismicity: the design basis earthquake is 0.25g and the maximum credible earthquake is 0.4g. Foundation
conditions and their stability in relation to sub-horizontal joints are discussed.
2000 11 Green GREEN J (2000). Walthamstow no 4 and no 5 Walthamstow no 4 and no 5 Movement monitoring, This paper was submitted to the 1999 BDS prize competition. Over the past eleven years three incidents have
reservoirs - a recent history. Dams & Reservoirs, vol Seepage & leakage, Slope occurred at Walthamstow no 4 and no 5 reservoirs which have affected reservoir safety: firstly, a slip occurred in
10, no 2, July, pp 11-16. stability, Vegetation the outer slope of one of the embankments in March 1988; secondly, settlement of up to 100 mm was observed
over a 25 m crest length between 1986 and 1992 which was related to the presence of trees; thirdly, a leakage
was present for many years at one embankment location which was related to a raised part of the embankment.
The events, subsequent investigations, monitoring and remedial works are described.
2000 17 Gaskin GASKIN M (2000). Remedial works at Tromie dam. Tromie Culverts under embankments, This paper was submitted to the 1999 BDS prize competition. Tromie is a 15 m high embankment dam with a
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 10, no 2, July, pp 17-20. Outlet & intake works concrete core wall. The dam was constructed in 1941 and, following a recent inspection, it was decided that
remedial works were required to the culvert which had been used to divert river flow during construction and
then had been closed with stoplogs at its upstream end. It was decided to construct a mass concrete bulkhead
at the intersection of the culvert and the concrete core wall. An outlet pipe was installed through the bulkhead
and along the culvert to its downstream end with appropriate valves. On completion of these works, the stoplogs
are to be removed. Arrangements to improve fish migration following deterioration of intake screens are
discussed.
2000 21 Gosden GOSDEN J, BROWN A and OXLEY N (2000). Gojeb (Ethiopia), Tekeze (Ethiopia) Concrete face rockfill, The paper takes the form of a detailed report by Alan Hockey of a presentation by John Gosden, Alan Brown
Hydropower developments in Ethiopia. Dams & Environment/social/planning, and Nick Oxley at a BDS meeting on 24th January 2000 and the ensuing discussion. Three hydro-electric power
Reservoirs, vol 10, no 2, July, pp 21-27. Overflow works, Slope stability projects are described. The Tekeze project in the far north of Ethiopia involves the construction of a 175 m high
concrete arch dam. The Gojeb scheme in the south-west of the country involves the construction of a 126 m
high concrete faced rockfill dam. Construction at Tekeze and Gojeb are currently postponed while the client
concentrates on other works.
2000 27 Lewin Report on USA interagency committee on dams Spillway gates & barriers Some conference papers at this event are summarised. Problems at spillway gates in the USA are mentioned
(ICODS) dam safety technical seminar: Spillway gates including the collapse of a spillway gate on the Folsom dam. This event led to the examination of the trunnion
- a critical aspect of dam safety by J Lewin and M bearings of many older radial gates.
Noble.
2000 29 White Review of ICOLD Bulletin 115 - Dealing with reservoir Sedimentation
sedimentation.
2000 31 Hinks Review of ICOLD Bulletin 113 - Seismic observation of Seismic assessment
dams.
2000 32 Freer FREER R (2000). The Three Gorges Project - a Three Gorges (China) Construction work on the project which includes a 183 m high concrete gravity dam started in 1993 and should
progress report on a major new dam on the Yangtze be completed in 2009. It is the largest hydro-electric power station currently under construction, but the main
river in China. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 10, no 2, July, purpose of the project is flood control. The reservoir will extend 660 km upstream to the city of Chongqing and it
pp 32-35. will become possible to transfer surplus water from the Yangtze basin to the Yellow river in the north. This brief
paper was intended to give BDS members some background to the project prior to study tours being undertaken
following the ICOLD Congress in Beijing.

2000 3 Report on 11th BDS conference, Bath, June 2000.
2000 5 Johnston JOHNSTON T A (2000). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 2000: Bradan, Broomhead, Carsington, Asphaltic concrete, Hazard & Nine dams are selected to represent significant features of twentieth century dams. Seathwaite (1907)
Taken for granted. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 10, no 3, Dungonnell, Glen Shira main dam, risk management, Legislation, demonstrated that expensive masonry facings were not essential for gravity dams. Three eminent engineers
December, pp 5-13. (Also in Discussion volume for Knockendon, Ladybower, Megget, Pore pressure (construction), were brought in as advisers at Broomhead (1934), a forerunner of a review panel. Knockendon (1947) was one
Dams 2000, BDS Conference, Bath, June 2000, pp Seathwaite Tarn, Slope stability of the first dams to benefit from soil mechanics when the importance of construction pore pressures in reducing
127-151.) stability was recognised. Dungonnell (1970) was the first dam in the United Kingdom to have an upstream
asphaltic facing. The major slip in the upstream slope at Carsington (1984) was a salutary lesson to dam
engineers. From such past experiences it is reasonable to assume that design standards and construction
methods will change, our understanding of dam behaviour will improve, new materials will come into use and
operational and environmental constraints will increase.
2000 13 Sims Vote of thanks to Alan Johnston for presenting the

2000 Geoffrey Binnie Lecture by Geoff Sims.
46
Dams and Reservoirs
2000 14 Morison Report on pre-conference visit to Bristol Water Barrow no 3, Blagdon, Chew Valley The report on the three dams provides a useful summary of the construction and problems. A total of 15 major
reservoirs by Tony Morison slips took place at Barrow No 3 with construction taking place between 1887 and 1936.
2000 18 Lewin LEWIN J (2000). Tidal barriers and barrages. Dams & Environment/social/planning, Many of the densely populated areas of the world are clustered around river estuaries and are vulnerable to tidal
Reservoirs, vol 10, no 3, December, pp 18-27. Flood estimation/hydrology, storm surges. Major storm surges, like the North Sea event in 1953, have prompted the construction of tidal
Hazard & risk management, defence barriers and barrages in the United Kingdom and western Europe. The different objectives, surge
Spillway gates & barriers protection, amenity and tidal power which result in the construction of barrages are summarised and the types of
control structure are reviewed.
2000 28 Sandilands Report on BDS seminar and workshop on risk Hazard & risk management
management in dam safety practice, May 2000 by Neil
Sandilands.
2000 31 Thomas Construction problems never change by Andrew Cilcain no 3 Record of construction of Cilcain no 3 reservoir (1902-04) from extracts of the minutes of Board meetings of the
Thomas. Hawarden and District Water Company. The minutes provide the method of working with the problems of the
contract and those of the Engineer.
2000 35 Guidance on application of Flood Estimation Flood estimation/hydrology DETR commissioned research to examine the consequences for reservoir safety of the differences between
Handbook: technical recommendations and interim rainfall estimation methodologies used in the 3rd edition of the ICE publication Floods and Reservoir Safety and
guidance for panel engineers. the new Flood Estimation Handbook.
2000 38 Charles CHARLES J A and TEDD P (2000). Reservoir safety: Abberton, Barcombe, Dundreggan, Concrete deterioration, Dam An annual review of technical publications relevant to reservoir safety is an important element in the DETR
review of publications 1999-2000. Dams & Reservoirs, Green Withens, Guide, Ladybower, break studies, Dynamic reservoir safety research programme. This second annual review covers the period from October 1999 to
vol 10, no 3, December, pp 38-44. Lednock, March Haigh, Monkswood, behaviour & analysis, Hazard & September 2000 and the main sources of information are the 11th BDS biennial conference held at Bath in June
Pebley, Rotton Park, Rutland Water, risk management 2000 and the BDS journal, Dams & Reservoirs. The publication in January 2000 of 'A guide to the Reservoirs
Tromie, Walthamstow no 4 & no 5, Act 1975' is of particular importance.
Winscar
2000 45 Brown BROWN A J (2000). Environmental impact of dams - Birecik (Turkey), Environment/social/planning The reservoir of Birecik dam will flood the lower 20% of Zeugma, an ancient city in south-east Turkey. With only
an archaeological case study. Dams & Reservoirs, vol a few weeks to go before impounding was completed, an emergency archaeological rescue operation was
10, no 3, December, pp 45-47. carried out.
2000 48 Risk management for UK reservoirs - CIRIA report Hazard & risk management
C542.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 1, May 2001

2001 2 New ICOLD Bulletins: 117 The gravity dam: a dam for
the future; 118 Automatic dam monitoring systems;
119 Rehabilitation of dams and appurtenant works.
2001 3 Beaver BEAVER J and VOYCE K (2001). Clywedog past and Clywedog Environment/social/planning, At 72 m high, Clywedog, a round-headed mass concrete buttress dam, is the highest concrete dam in the United
present. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 1, May, pp 3- Instrumentation/monitoring, Kingdom and it was constructed between 1964 and 1968. Prior to construction a complex finite element analysis
10. Reservoir operation, Seepage was carried out by Swansea University, taking into account pore pressures and the possibility of cracks in the
& leakage buttresses. The reservoir has a pivotal role in the River Severn Regulation System, balancing the demands of
abstractors without compromising the ecological needs of the river environment. The reservoir can only offer a
modicum of flood alleviation to the area immediately downstream of the dam.
2001 11 BRE BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT (2001). Guides & surveys, Legislation Guidance is given on the reports required under Section 10(3) of the 1975 Reservoirs Act, expanding on the
Guidance on preparation of Section 10 inspection outline given in Appendix E4 of 'A guide to the Reservoirs Act 1975' (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2000). The
reports. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 1, May, pp 11- objective was to provide a basis for quality management of inspecting engineer activities. There are many old
17. embankment dams in the United Kingdom which were built before the era of modern soil mechanics and one
important recommendation is that the stability of all dams should be assessed as a matter of routine during
reservoir inspections.
2001 18 Attewill ATTEWILL L and SPASIC-GRIL L (2001). Lake Sarez Sarez (Tajikistan) Hazard & risk management, Lake Sarez was formed in Tajikstan in 1911 when a magnitude 7.4 earthquake triggered a massive landslide
risk analysis. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 1, May, pp Landslide dam, Seismic with a volume of 2.2 cubic kilometres, damming the Murgab river. The landslide dam has a maximum height of
18-22. assessment 720 m and the impounded water is 500 m deep, with a minimum freeboard of 50 m, and has a volume of 17
cubic kilometres. A preliminary safety assessment has been carried out. A method of risk analysis is described
which can be used to establish the sensitivity of the overall risk to the probability of individual hazards, rank
alternative structural measures to reduce risk, and compare the costs/benefits of safety measures at Lake Sarez
with other projects in Tajikstan.
47
Dams and Reservoirs
2001 23 Morison MORISON A and SIMS G (2001). Dams and Environment/social/planning The World Commission on Dams was formed under the auspices of the World Bank and the World Conservation
development - final report of the World Commission on Union to investigate the role of large dams in development and, in particular, the social and environmental
Dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 1, May, pp 23- controversy that large dams have caused. The Commission presented its final report in November 2000. It was
32. concluded that while dams had made an important and significant contribution to human development, in some
cases the social and environmental costs had been unacceptable and sometimes unnecessary. Mitigation,
compensation and resettlement programs were often inadequate. Some BDS members considered that the
report had not given sufficient weight to the benefits dams have brought.
2001 33 Airey Tannur dam nears completion by Martin Airey. Tannur (Jordan) Roller compacted concrete A brief description of the construction, including the innovative use of the slope layer method of placing the
concrete is given.
2001 34 White Review of newly published book 'Evacuation of Sedimentation
sediments from reservoirs' by Rodney White.
2001 36 Kennard KENNARD M F (2001). Edward Sandeman and Catastrophic failures, Edward Sandeman involvement with reservoirs is described briefly. His letter to The Times on 4 December 1925
reservoir safety legislation. Dams & Reservoirs, vol Legislation has long been recognised as leading directly to the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act becoming law in 1930.
11,no 1, May, p36. The letter, which is reproduced, is simply signed 'civil engineer', reflecting the public anonymity of professional
men at that time.
2001 37 BDS annual report 2000.
2001 37 Johnston Section of 2000 Geoffrey Binnie Lecture accidentally
omitted from December 2000 issue of Dams &
Reservoirs.
2001 41 Hughes HUGHES A K, LOVENBURY H T and OWEN E Audenshaw Instrumentation, Internal The final section of the Manchester M60 Outer Ring Road cut through the Audenshaw No 3 reservoir,
(2001). Audenshaw reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol erosion & filters, Pore pressure necessitating partial reconstruction of the embankment dam and replacement of the inlet works. The new rolled
11, no 1, May, pp 41-48. (construction), Slope stability, clay core embankment, which incorporates drainage layers into the upstream and downstream shoulders, had to
Upstream slope protection be joined to the two ends of the retained section of the original puddle clay core embankment. The reservoir
contract was part of the motorway contract and this led to clay placement being controlled by the moisture
condition value, a parameter commonly used on highway contracts but little used by dam engineers. Pitching
formed the upstream slope protection on the old embankment, but it proved difficult to place this in a satisfactory
way on the new embankment and solid precast concrete blocks tied in panels were eventually used.
2001 49 Bridle BRIDLE R, BROWN A, DANIELL W and TEDD P Aguamilpa (Mexico), Arminou Prior to the ICOLD Congress, an international symposium on concrete faced rockfill dams was held. Barry
(2001). ICOLD Annual Meeting and 20th Congress, (Cyprus), Audenshaw, Folsom (USA), Cooke emphasised the inherent safety of the CFRD design which he had developed. However, attention was
Beijing. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 1, May, pp 49- Gouhou (China), Itaipu (Brazil), drawn to the failure of the 70 m high Gouhou concrete faced gravel dam, which breached in 1993 with serious
56. Kannaviou (Cyprus), Kilmorack, loss of life. The four Congress 'Questions' concerned, respectively, the use of risk analysis in dam safety,
Ladybower, Macarretane benefits and concerns about dams, monitoring of dams, and gated spillways and dam safety. British
(Mozambique), Mohale (Lesotho), Red contributions included papers on Audenshaw, Ladybower and Winscar.
Rock (USA), Saguenay (Quebec),
Shuibuya (China), Winscar

2001 2 Hughes Notes and notices. DEFRA research programme.
2001 3 Tedd TEDD P, GARDINER K, JACKSON T and MOLYNEUX Clywedog, Farmoor, Frankley, Flood estimation/hydrology, The subjects for discussion at the forum included developments in reservoir engineering, valve and pipework
D (2001). Report on Supervising Engineers Forum Keighley Moor, Ladybower, March Outlet & intake works, deterioration, and case histories. The case studies included descriptions of the installation of an MDPE liner in
2001. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 2, October, pp 3- Haigh, Radcliffe, Silsden Sedimentation, Seepage & the outlet pipe at Keighley Moor reservoir and an incident at Silsden embankment dam, where in March 1999 a
7. leakage wet area was found towards the centre of the downstream slope and the water level was immediately lowered:
the wet area began to dry as soon as the water level was lowered below top water level. Thermal sensing
techniques for leakage detection were summarised.
2001 7 Goodie GOODIE B (2001). Deterioration in pipe work and Outlet & intake works Pipework and valves located in and around dams are often old and operated in difficult environments.
valves. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 2, October, pp Deterioration types, rates and causes are described. The earlier deterioration is detected, the greater is the
7-12. possibility that renovation will be practicable rather than replacement being required. Methods of inspection are
outlined. Although many equipment manufacturers are no longer in business, companies specialising in this
type of work still exist and can provide assistance.
2001 13 Charles CHARLES J A (2001). Continuing Professional Guides & surveys The British reservoir safety regulatory system depends on the experience, skills and integrity of qualified civil
Development and the Supervising Engineer. Dams & engineers. Consequently there has always been a requirement for panel engineers who are working within the
Reservoirs, vol 11, no 2, October, pp 13-15. ambit of reservoir safety legislation to keep up-to-date and Continuing Professional Development (CPD) simply
represents a more formal approach to this requirement. The activities and publications of the British Dam
Society provide a principal source of reservoir safety related CPD.
48
Dams and Reservoirs
2001 15 Green GREEN J C and ROBINSON G (2001). Farmoor Farmoor Drainage A significant proportion of the nine inch diameter porous concrete toe drainage system was found to be either
reservoirs toe drain replacement. Dams & Reservoirs, collapsed or severely cracked. Pipe bursting, a trench-less method of drain rehabilitation, was used to replace
vol 11, no 2, October, pp 15-18. 2.5 km of embankment drainage surrounding the reservoirs. A driving rod is jacked through the existing pipe and
a pulling head and bursting nose cone is then attached to the rod with a new HDPE pipe attached behind the
cone. As the rod is pulled back through the pipe, the cone breaks up the old concrete pipe and the new HDPE
pipe replaces it.
2001 19 Dutton DUTTON D (2001). British Waterways’ dams – the last Boddington, Combs, Hillend, March Internal erosion/filters, British Waterways is the undertaker for 88 large raised reservoirs which are retained by 104 dams of which all
25 years. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 11, no 2, October, Haigh, Pebley, Tunnel End, Movement monitoring, but one are earth embankments and 90% were built before the 1850s. During the last 25 years remedial works
pp 19-27. Winterburn Overflow works, Seepage & have been carried out at all but 13 of the reservoirs and 5 of these are awaiting repairs or improvements. Most
leakage, Slope stability of these works resulted from a perceived need rather than in some form of failure; the near-catastrophic failure
of Combs dam and the emergency measures adopted in January 1976 are exceptional. Eight examples of
remedial works are described.
2001 28 MacDonald MacDONALD D E and SCOTT C W (2001). FEH Flood estimation/hydrology For a selection of reservoirs, the 10 000 year return period rainfall estimates obtained using the 1999 Flood
versus FSR rainfall estimates: an explanation for the Estimation Handbook (FEH) methodology are compared with the corresponding rainfall estimates obtained from
discrepancies identified for very rare events. Dams & the 1975 Flood Studies Report (FSR). A possible explanation of the observed differences is proposed. It is
Reservoirs, vol 11, no 2, October, pp 28-31. concluded that the FEH estimates are too high and should not be used to compute design floods or to assess
the adequacy of the freeboard and spillway arrangements of reservoirs.
2001 32 Hinks Hinks J (2001). What to do if failure looks likely. Dams Emergency plans, legislation The question is raised as to whether all reservoir owners, supervising engineers and inspecting engineers are
& Reservoirs, vol 11, no 2, October, pp 32-33. ready to deal with any emergency that may arise. Three emergency thresholds are defined: firstly where the
situation can definitely be controlled by lowering the water level and/or initiating remedial works; secondly where
it is not certain that the situation can be controlled and emergency drawdown and preparations for downstream
evacuation must be made; thirdly where the failure of the dam is probably unavoidable and evacuation of people
downstream must be ordered. If a reservoir owner does not recognise the seriousness of the situation, the panel
engineer may have to initiate action by asking the enforcement authority to invoke its emergency powers under
the Reservoirs Act.
2001 33 Bridle Report on 5th ICOLD European symposium 'Dams in Viddal (Norway), Zakarias (Norway)
the European context', Geiranger, Norway, June 2001
by Rod Bridle and Andy Hughes
2001 36 Hinks The beavers strike back.
2001 37 Summary of Halcrow report on sedimentation in Sedimentation
storage reservoirs.
2001 38 BDS strategy
2001 46 Bridle Past chairman's belated farewell.
2001 47 Hughes New chairman's address to BDS AGM.

2002 3 Penman PENMAN A (2002). Professor Sir Alec Skempton and Bramianos (Greece), Carsington, Drainage, Movement Although the outstanding geotechnical research undertaken by Professor Alec Skempton was not primarily
his connection with dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, Chew Stoke, Chingford (William monitoring, Pore pressure concerned with dams, he made some very important contributions to embankment dam engineering. Firstly, he
February, no 1, pp 3-15. Girling), Daer, Glascarnoch, (construction), Puddle clay, greatly improved our understanding of the historical development of British embankment dams. Secondly,
Hanningfield, Hollowell, King George Seepage & leakage, Slope Skempton was actively engaged in the design of modern embankment dams, pioneering the use of drainage
V, Knockendon, Mangla (Pakistan), stability layers to control construction pore pressures at Usk and recognising the significance of shear zones in the over-
Monar, Moruos (Greece), Muirhead, consolidated clay foundation at Mangla. Thirdly, he had a leading role in the major investigations that followed
Queen Elizabeth II, Sasumua (Kenya), the failure of two embankment dams during construction; Chingford in 1937 and Carsington in 1984.
Selset, Usk, Vajont (Italy)
2002 15 Reservoirs Guidance on appointments to panels set up under the Legislation
Committee Reservoirs Act 1975.
2002 18 BDS prize competition 2001.
2002 19 Woolf WOOLF D (2002). Numerical simulation of hydraulic Langsett Spillway hydraulics This paper won the BDS prize competition in 2001. When the design flood flow at Langsett reservoir was
structures. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, February, no 1, increased following the publication of the Flood Estimation Handbook, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
pp 19-22. model was used to investigate options for increasing the spillway capacity. The CFD model gave good
agreement with a 1/35 scale physical model and demonstrated that CFD can be used to undertake a cost-
effective sensitivity study of design features, such as the effect of a bridge on channel flow. Further papers on
the technique are published in the proceedings of the 12th BDS conference held in 2002 in Dublin.
2002 23 Bridle Report on ICOLD 69th annual meeting, Dresden, Environment/social/planning, A symposium on benefits and concerns about dams was much taken up with the report of the World
Germany, 9th to 15th September 2001 by Rod Bridle. Hazard & risk management, Commission on Dams. A workshop on modern techniques for dams covered financing, construction, operation
Roller compacted concrete, and risk assessment.
Seepage & leakage, Seismic
assessment
2002 31 Gardiner GARDINER K D (2002). The Longdendale valley Arnfield, Bottoms, Rhodeswood, Flood estimation/hydrology, A BDS study tour of the Longdendale valley took place in July 2001. The major works carried out since the
reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, February, no 1, Torside, Valehouse, Woodhead Overflow works construction of the dams have been associated with the ability of the overflow works to pass the design flood
pp 31-32. safely.
49
Dams and Reservoirs
2002 33 Morris New BDS website: www.british dams.org

2002 34 Page PAGE R (2002). The operational response to leakage Anglezarke Reservoir operation, Seepage On 26th November 1997, routine monitoring identified a seepage of water from the east mitre of the Heapy
and repair at Anglezarke reservoir. Dams & & leakage embankment of Anglezarke reservoir. The following day it was decided to lower the reservoir water level to 3 m
Reservoirs, vol 12, February, no 1, pp 34-36. below TWL. The leakage was thought to be associated with a disused draw-off pipe however following grouting,
leakage occurred when the reservoir was close to TWL. Further grouting adjacent to the abutment was required
to cure the leak.
2002 37 Shepard SHEPARD M A (2002). Ladybower reservoir draw-off Ladybower Outlet & intake works Implementation of the decision to replace 50 year old operating and guard valves without emptying the reservoir,
valve replacement. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, required a methodology to be developed for isolating the valves from the reservoir. Successful completion of the
February, no 1, pp 37-40. project involved the use of a remote operated vehicle (ROV) to install stoppers underwater with no visibility.
2002 42 Gardiner Farm dams in western Kazakhstan by K D Gardiner.

2002 43 Charles CHARLES J A and TEDD P (2002). Reservoir safety: The review lists some 50 publications relevant to reservoir safety which were published in the year from October
review of publications 2000-2001. Dams & Reservoirs, 2000 to September 2001. The papers are reviewed under the following seven headings: embankment dams,
vol 12, February, no 1, pp 43-48. concrete dams, hydrology, hydraulics, seismic risk, safety management and risk assessment, guidance and
legislation.
2002 48 Wieland Seismic vulnerability of dams.

2002 3 Notes and notices. ICOLD Bulletin 123 Seismic design
and evaluation of structures appurtenant to dams.
2002 3 Kite KITE P (2002). The challenges for reservoir owners Dam break studies, Databases, This paper was presented to the British Dam Society meting in January 2002. The paper focuses on the
and panel engineers in learning from the Autumn 2000 Emergency plans, Flood Autumn 2000 floods that led to the breaching of a number of some flood defences. It is concluded that reservoir
floods. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, July, no 2, pp 3-6. estimation/hydrology, Hazard & panel engineers should take a leading role in a number of flood related issues including flood warning and public
risk management, Legislation information, risk assessment and contingency planning, and investment needs.
2002 7 Carter CARTER I, CLAYDON J, WILSON G and SCUERO A Winscar Asphaltic concrete, This is a report of a presentation at the Institution of Civil Engineers. For more detailed information see a paper
(2002). Improving the watertightness of Winscar Geomembranes, Internal with the same title published in the proceedings of the 12th BDS conference held in 2002 in Dublin (pp 415-
reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, July, no 2, pp 7- erosion & filters, Seepage & 430).
8. leakage
2002 9 Sims SIMS C (2002). Bohernabreena reservoirs spillway Upper & Lower Bohernabreena (Irish Overflow works, Spillway This paper was a runner-up in the 2001 BDS prize competition. The Bohernabreena reservoirs are at high risk
improvements. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, July, no 2, Republic) hydraulics during flooding and it is therefore essential to upgrade the spillways. However, it has to be accepted that for a
pp 9-13. limited period during the construction works the risk temporarily will be increased. Design options to enable the
dams to take the design flood are outlined and temporary works design to mitigate flood risk during construction
are described.
2002 14 Bridle Book reviews by Rod Bridle 'Historical dams - foundation of the future rests on the achievements of the past', edited by H Fahlbusch. The
sceptical environmentalist - measuring the real state of the world', by Bjorn Lomborg. Report of the World
Commission on Dams 'Dams and development - a new framework for decision making'.
2002 15 Cordell CORDELL M C (2002). Design against thermal Khlong Ma Dua (Thailand) Concrete temperature, Roller This paper was a runner-up in the 2001 BDS prize competition. Concrete dam design needs to overcome the
cracking in an RCC dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, compacted concrete problem of internal heat generation due to heat of hydration of cement. Although cement content is much lower
July, no 2, pp 15-21. in roller compacted concrete (RCC), rapid rates of construction mean that thermal cracking is an important
design consideration. Temperature and thermal stress finite element analysis was used in the design of the 92
m high Khlong Ma Dua RCC dam.
2002 22 Henry Palmer award.
2002 23 Ryan RYAN C P (2002). Rehabilitation of Owen Falls dam. Owen Falls (Uganda) Concrete deterioration, This paper was an entrant in the 2001 BDS prize competition. The 30 m high mass concrete gravity dam was
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 12, July, no 2, pp 23-27. Drainage, Grouting, Roller completed in 1954. Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR) was identified in the 1990s. The remedial philosophy had
compacted concrete two major components: firstly, constructing a roller compacted concrete prop keyed into the foundation at the toe
of the dam to improve stability by providing additional weight; secondly, forming a grout curtain and providing fan
drains in the body of the dam to slow AAR by preventing saturation of the concrete and to improve stability by
reducing uplift pressures in the dam and the foundation. Five galleries, each 12 m long, were excavated into the
downstream of the dam to allow access for drilling.
2002 28 The World Bank position on the report of the World The world Bank was one of the organisations instrumental in setting up the World Commission on Dam.
Commission on Dams.
2002 30 Hughes BDS annual report 2001.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, no 1, January 2003
50
Dams and Reservoirs
2003 3 Sims SIMS G P (2003). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 2002: The Crotty (Australia), Ennepe (Germany), Databases, The full version of the lecture has been published in the discussion volume of the 12th BDS conference held in
challenge for British dam engineers. Dams & Kotri (Pakistan), Ladybower, La Environment/social/planning, Dublin 2002. The three themes of the wide ranging lecture are team working and communications, rehabilitation,
Reservoirs, vol 13, no 1, January, pp 3-11. Girotte (France), Lost Creek (USA), Legislation and the future of BDS. The need to communicate with those opposed to dams was stressed, as was the need
Wilmot (Australia) for research and development in the area of rehabilitation. BDS should support a national or European dam
database for dam incidents and a national or European archive of engineering data for dams.
2003 13 Report on 12th BDS conference 'Reservoirs in a Bohernabreena (Irish Republic), The report provides some technical details of Bohernabreena , Pollaphuca and Turlough dams which were
changing world'. Pollaphuca (Irish Republic), Turlough visited.
Hill (Irish Republic)
18 Taylor Notification of undertakers regarding cessation of Legislation
appointment by P J Taylor, secretary to the Reservoirs
Committee.
2003 19 Prentice PRENTICE J F (2003). Teesdale dams and reservoirs. Hury Outlet & intake works, Hury was the first dam to be built on the river Balder in the Teesdale group and the reservoir was in use by
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, no 1, January, pp 19-24. Reservoir drawdown, 1892. Other dams include the ill fated Balderhead, one of the early rolled clay core dams and Cow Green
Sedimentation, Slope stability completed in 1971. Only after one hundred years did the pipework at Hury become sufficiently suspect to
consider replacement. The reservoir drawdown, contract work and reservoir refilling were not without incident
but the work generally progressed well under the close supervision of the site staff. Piezometers were installed
to monitor stability during drawdown.
2003 24 Obituary: Geoffrey Sims (1940-2002)
2003 25 Profile of Tony Morison, editor of Dams & Reservoirs
2003 25 The centenary of the Aswan dam
2003 26 Daniell ICOLD Bulletin 123: Seismic design and evaluation of
structures appurtenant to dams Wendy Daniell.
2003 27 Farmery FARMERY I (2003). Washburn Valley reservoirs. Fewston, Lindley Wood, Swinsty, Geomembranes, Heightening, The report of a site visit on 18th September 2002 describes remedial works currently being carried out at
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, no 1, January, pp 27-28. Thurcross Overflow works, Upstream Swinsty and Lindley Wood embankment dams to increase their flood capacity following reclassification from
slope protection Category B to A. The crest of Swinsty is being raised by 1.2 m and the crest at Lindley Wood by 3 m. A detail
paper on the remedial works to the Washburn Valley Reservoirs is published in the proceedings of the 13th
BDS conference held in 2004 pp 559-568.
2003 29 Bridle BRIDLE R (2003). Melton Mowbray flood storage Melton Mowbray Internal erosion & filters, Outlet A site visit on 3rd July 2002 took place while the flood storage reservoir was under construction. The 8 m high
reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, no 1, January, & intake works, Slope stability embankment dam has a rolled clay core and a filter design has been adopted which should ensure that the dam
pp 29-31. is self-healing. This is particularly important because the dam will be rarely submerged and will therefore dry out
and crack.
2003 3 Notes and notices. Dams in the news: recent news

items and articles in New Civil Engineer about
defective dams.
2003 4 Bridle Letter to the Editor concerning emergency drawdowns.
2003 5 Obituary: Derek Knight (1931-2002).

2003 6 Hewlett Bateman Award 2002 to Ian Carter, Jim Claydon and
Matthew Hill for paper 'Improving the watertightness of
Winscar reservoir', published in the Dublin conference.
2003 6 Hughes Special award to Paul Tedd for his work as Technical
Secretary of BDS.
2003 7 Bridle Report on ICOLD annual meeting, Iguacu, Brazil, 2002.
2003 11 Roe ROE M (2003). Potential liability of panel engineers Legislation

under the Reservoirs Act 1975. Dams & Reservoirs,
vol 13, no 2, June, pp 11-12.
2003 13 Defra letter to Water Companies The letter follows an incident of severe internal erosion into a draw-off culvert of an old embankment dam. The
circumstances and implication prompted DEFRA to alert owners of dams with similar features, urging them to
review their internal procedures on surveillance and emergency drawdown.
2003 15 Aighton AIGHTON W (2003). Bold Venture reservoir failure Catastrophic failures The article is a resume from a report in the Blackburn Standard of the 30 August 1848. The embankment dam
1848 (2003). Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, no 2, June, was overtopped during a heavy rainstorm and the released reservoir water caused 12 deaths in Darwen. The
pp 15-16. verdict of the jury at the inquest was that ‘... all the deaths inquired into occurred by an accidental cause ...’
2003 16 Daniell Sponsorship for student engineers

2003 17 Naisby Report on BDS 6th Supervising Engineers Forum.
51
Dams and Reservoirs
2003 19 Hinks HINKS J (2003). Small reservoirs in large catchments. Blithfield, Caban Coch, Claerwen, Flood estimation/hydrology The paper reviews an American approach to determining spillway capacities based on the extra damage that
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, no 2, June, pp 19-22. Craig Goch, Llyn Brianne, Pen-y- could be done by the failure of a dam during a flood. In some cases of small reservoirs on large catchments, the
Garreg ICE Floods and Reservoir Safety can require a spillway 20 times larger than the American methodology.
2003 23 Molyneux MOLYNEUX D (2003). Using instrumentation to Instrumentation This paper was presented at the Supervising Engineers Forum 2003. Between section 10 inspections it is the
assess dam performance. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 13, supervising engineer's responsibility to interpret instrumentation results and decide whether there is a threat to
no 2, June, pp 23-26. reservoir safety. Graphs of effect quantities plotted against causal quantities (eg seepage plotted against rainfall
and reservoir level) should assist the supervising engineer to identify changes in dam behaviour.
2003 27 Fowler FOWLER H (2003). Probable maximum precipitation Flood estimation/hydrology Report of meeting to discuss the estimation of extreme rainfall, and particularly the probable maximum
and extreme rainfall estimation. Dams & Reservoirs, precipitation, in relation to reservoir risk assessment. There was a general feeling that although FEH was an
vol 13, no 2, June, pp 27-28. improvement on FSR, more fundamental research was needed on the physics of historical events.
2003 29 Budd BUDD J and BRUGGEMANN D A (2003). Review of The review covers the year from October 2001 to September 2002 and lists 67 papers. The two most common
reservoir safety publications 2001-2002. Dams & subjects are embankment dams and safety management and risk assessment.
Reservoirs, vol 13, no 2, June, pp 29-35.

2003 2 Notes and notices: Scottish and Southern Energy have
submitted plans to build the first large hydropower dam
for 40 years. It is envisaged that the rockfill dam will be
a kilometre long and up to 35 m high.
2003 3 Hinks HINKS J (2003). How to get onto a panel and how to The requirements for appointment and reappointment to the panels set up under the 1975 Reservoirs Act are
stay there - a personal view. Dams & Reservoirs, vol stringent because panel members could be in the position of making important decisions with implications for
13, no 3, October, pp 3-4. human lives. The knowledge, experience and attributes for which the Reservoirs Committee is looking are
summarised. Over the last three years for all the panels just under 80% of new applicants were successful and
over 90% of reapplicants were successful.
2003 5 Dyke DYKE T and BRANIGAN C (2003). Ramsden Wood Ramsden Wood Flood estimation/hydrology, Construction works to improve the overflow system, drawoff arrangement and upstream dam face at Ramsden
reservoir improvement works. Dams & Reservoirs, vol Outlet & intake works, Overflow Wood reservoir were undertaken in 2002. Application of FEH methodology had severe implications for the
13, no 3, October, pp 5-10. works, Slope stability, predicted maximum spillway discharge and the scheme was drawn to a close in the knowledge that further work
Upstream slope protection may be required if in the future the FEH methodology is validated. Scale models were constructed to determine
the efficiency of the existing overflow arrangement and revised arrangements. Open stone asphalt was used to
protect that part of the upstream face normally affected by wave action.
2003 11 Millmore A note on probable maximum precipitation and

extreme rainfall precipitation has been issued on behalf
of the committee of the British Dam Society. Attention
is drawn to the interim guidelines provided by Defra in
2000.
2003 12 Hinks HINKS J, LEWIN J and WARREN A (2003). Extreme Alloz (Spain), Blithfield, Brianne, Dynamic behaviour & analysis, The extreme external events which can affect reservoir safety include hurricanes and extreme meteorological
events and reservoir safety. Dams & Reservoirs, vol Caban Coch, Claerwen, Craig Goch, Flood estimation/hydrology, events, earthquakes, glacial lake outbursts, landslides, and obstruction of spillway discharge by debris.
13, no 3, October, pp 12-19. Hebgen (USA), Jordan (Canada), Hazard & risk management, Earthquakes can prevent the operation of spillway gates and cause the failure of bottom outlets. Examples of
Koyna (India), Krasnodar (Russia), La Landslide dams, Outlet & the effects each of these extreme events on dam behaviour is given.
Joie (Canada), Lake Llyn (USA), intake works, Seismic
Platanovryssi (Greece), Sarez assessment, Slope stability,
(Tajikistan), Sefid Rud (Iran), Shih Spillway gates & barriers
Kang (Taiwan), Tikves (Macedonia),
Vaiont (Italy), Yuvacik (Turkey)
2003 20 Report on ICOLD 21st Congress, Montreal, 2003. Reports covered Question 80: Financing hydraulic projects including dams and 82: Economic evaluation of hydraulic projects including da
2003 23 Daniell BDS essay competition for school students.
2003 24 Simmons The ITCOLD course on the Ridracoli dam and its Ridracoli (Italy)
environmental aspects by Richard Simmons.
2003 26 Those dammed beavers (laid to rest).

2004 3 Daniell Dam engineering projects steal the ICE Henry Palmer The Henry Palmer Award competition challenges young engineers to promote the civil engineering profession in
awards by Wendy Daniell creative and practical ways to audiences in schools, colleges and universities.
2004 6 Millmore Report on ICOLD annual meeting and 21st Congress,
Montreal.
52
Dams and Reservoirs
2004 9 Gardiner GARDINER K D (2004). Reservoir supervision - how Hazard & risk management, United Utilities has decided that it is generally appropriate that the period between inspections of an earth dam
much is enough? Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 1, Instrumentation/monitoring, by headworks staff should not exceed 48 hours. Local circumstances could increase or decrease this maximum
March, pp 9-11. Internal erosion/filters, interval. Remote sensing has not been sufficiently developed to replace supervisory staff and may never do so.
Overtopping, Seepage & Action plans are considered under three headings: a) a documented plan and checklist for the surveillance and
leakage, Slope stability operation of the reservoir, b) a contingency plan for emergency reservoir drawdown and other works and c) an
evacuation plan for person downstream.
2004 12 Hughes Report on 13th BDS conference and European Club of

ICOLD, Canterbury, 2004.
2004 13 Brown BROWN A and GOSDEN J (2004). Outline strategy for Culverts under embankments, This interim report presents some preliminary findings of a research contract concerned with the early detection
the management of internal erosion in embankment Emergency plans, Hazard & of progressive internal erosion. Internal erosion processes are not well understood and, unsurprisingly, further
dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 1, March, pp 13- risk management, Internal research is recommended. A risk based approach to managing this hazard may need to include three risk
20. erosion/filters, Movement control measures: upgrades to reduce vulnerability, appropriate monitoring regimes and emergency planning.
monitoring, Pore pressure
(seepage), Safety surveillance,
Seepage & leakage,
2004 21 Gosden GOSDEN J and BROWN A (2004). An incident Hazard & risk management, To ensure the continuation of the good safety record of British dams it is important to learn as much as is
reporting and investigation system for UK dams. Dams Incident/failure databases, practicable from near miss incidents which might have become failures in different circumstances. This interim
& Reservoirs, vol 14, no 1, March, pp 21-28. Legislation, Reservoir report presents some preliminary findings of a research contract concerned with setting up an incident system
drawdown for dams subject to the Reservoirs Act 1975. It is intended to begin with a voluntary system, but in the long term
the system may need to be made mandatory. (Note: an incident reporting system has now been established by
the Environment Agency.)
2004 29 Davies DAVIES P (2004). Staines South storage reservoir: Staines South Outlet & intake works, This paper won the 2003 BDS prize competition. Staines South is a category A reservoir which had a drawdown
drawdown improvements. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, Reservoir drawdown rate of 0.45 m per day. The inspecting engineer recommended that, in the interests of safety, this should be
no 1, March, pp 29-32. increased to 0.7 m per day. The innovative solution for enhancing the emergency drawdown rate involved
modifying an existing 2.4 m diameter multi flap non-return valve, bi-directional use of an existing 76 inch steel
inlet main, constructing a 130 m long, 1.9 m diameter pipeline to connect the reservoir to an existing raw water
tunnel, and installing a 1.2 m diameter gate valve on a strategic supply main.
2004 33 Langman LANGMAN E (2004). Making defensible decisions in This paper was a runner-up in the 2003 BDS prize competition. The management of dam systems is very
the management of dam systems. Dams & Reservoirs, complex and it is only by linking asset related decisions to overall services to customers and other stakeholders
vol 14, no 1, March, pp 33-37. that optimisation can be achieved. A simplified model of a dam system has been developed which can provide a
basis for rapid scenario testing to investigate how asset management decisions affect system performance and
service delivery.
2004 38 Hernandez HERNANDEZ R M (2004). The Alumbrera mine tailings Alumbrera (Argentina) Rockfill, Seismic assessment, This paper was a runner-up in the 2003 BDS prize competition. The Alumbrera mine requires the long-term
dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 1, March, pp 38- Slope stability, Waste storage of one billion tonnes of tailings. The tailings are being stored behind an earth and rockfill zoned
43. impoundment embankment dam. The embankment is being built in stages using a modified centre-line method of construction:
it was 65 m high in 1999 and is planned to have a final height of 160 m. The dam is in a seismically active area
and the design parameters for the maximum credible earthquake include a peak ground acceleration of 0.58g.
2004 44 Thomas THOMAS A (2004). Alwen dam construction. Dams & Alwen Concrete mix & cement, The 30 m high Alwen dam was built between 1911 and 1918 and is constructed in mass concrete with stone
Reservoirs, vol 14, no 1, March, pp 44-50. Movement monitoring, displacers ("plums") and with concrete facing blocks upstream and downstream. The designers appreciated the
Uplift/overturning in concrete structural forces and stresses acting on the dam, such as uplift, temperature movement and arching, but lacked
dams the analytical expertise to take them fully into account. Current analyses based on a gravity section show the
factors of safety to be just adequate under extreme loadings and more than adequate under other loadings. The
curvature of the dam is unlikely to significantly improve the stability. Numerous archive photographs have been
used to illustrate the stages of construction.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 2, September 2004

2004 3 Bradley BRADLEY D W (2004). River Irwell flood control Littleton Flood storage reservoirs, This paper was a finalist in the 2003 BDS prize competition. The flood control scheme provides an increased
scheme - design and construction of Littleton flood Hazard & risk management, standard of flood alleviation for 3000 inner city properties in Salford by the construction of an off-line storage
storage basin. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 2, Outlet & intake works reservoir and channel improvement works. The embankment required to form the flood storage reservoir is 1.8
September, pp 3-8. km long and up to 4 m high. A trial embankment was constructed in 1996 and phased construction of the
storage reservoir commenced in 1997. The design of the inlet/outlet structure was designed with the aid of
physical models.
2004 9 Cavanagh CAVANAGH S (2004). Brentingby dam, Melton Brentingby Flood storage reservoirs, This paper was a finalist in the 2003 BDS prize competition. The flood water storage reservoir protects Melton
Mowbray flood alleviation scheme. Dams & Reservoirs, Internal erosion/filters Mowbay from a 1 in a 100 year flood from the River Eye. The rolled clay core embankment dam constructed to
vol 14, no 2, September, pp 9-12. hold the flood water is 550 m long and up to 5.5 m high. Although it is probable that the dam will only impound
water for two or three days each year, it has been designed with many of the features of a dam for an
impounding reservoir, including filters and crack fillers. Floc size of the clay was determined to design the
appropriate filter.
53
Dams and Reservoirs
2004 13 Stott Report on work experience on the Odelpuca dam Odelouca (Portugal)
project in Portugal.
2004 17 Hill HILL M (2004). Performance monitoring at modern Grimwith Instrumentation/monitoring, The paper was presented at the 2003 Supervising Engineers Forum. Instrumentation data should always be
embankment dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 2, Movement monitoring, Pore plotted so that trends can be identified and the supervising engineer should carry out a regular review of
September, pp 17-20. pressure (seepage), Seepage instrumentation data from all instrumented dams. The most common forms of instrumentation installed at
& leakage modern embankment dams are described. Some ways of interpreting trends and performance are suggested
and illustrated with a summary of the recent performance of Grimwith dam. Normalising the data can facilitate
comparisons with other similar dams.
2004 21 Emberson EMBERSON C J M and BRUGGEMANN D A (2004). The paper is the fifth annual review of publications and was prepared as part of the Defra reservoir safety
Reservoirs safety review of publications 2002-2003. research programme. Some seventy publications of relevance to reservoir safety in Britain are listed together
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 2, September, pp 21- with relevant research projects.
28.
2004 29 Brown Report of European symposium on internal erosion, Early detection of internal erosion with fibre optics was described in a number of papers.
April 2004.
2004 31 Bridle BRIDLE R (2004). Dams, infrastructure and the social Three Gorges (China). Environment/social/planning The paper is a summary of a presentation made in Birmingham to the Institution of Civil Engineers on 11th
obligations of civil engineers. Dams & Reservoirs, vol March 2004. Billions of people are currently without basic infrastructure. While sustainable infrastructure is
14, no 2, September, pp 31-33. required to meet social needs, it should also promote economic growth and environmental sustainability. The
concept of sustainable development should not be used to deny the present generation the infrastructure that
they need. It is affirmed that the Three Gorges project in China scores highly in meeting social needs and
facilitating economic growth, while making only a limited impact on an already highly developed river basin.
2004 35 Gardiner GARDINER K, HUGHES A and BROWN A (2004). Upper Rivington (Yarrow) Culverts under embankments, Some important lessons were learned from the serious internal erosion incident at Upper Rivington which
Lessons from an incident at Upper Rivington reservoir - Emergency plans, Internal occurred in January 2002. Since such incidents can develop very rapidly, there is a need for (a) regular and
January 2002. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 14, no 2, erosion/filters, Reservoir frequent surveillance so that a serious defect is detected while there is still time to take effective action, (b) an
September, pp 35-37. drawdown, Seepage & leakage on-site emergency plan detailing actions to be taken in the event of serious progressive internal erosion being
detected, (c) contractors on call to carry out works at very short notice, (d) a functioning bottom outlet to rapidly
lower the reservoir.
2004 38 Bridle Letter to the Editor concerning an incident and

reporting system for UK dams.
2004 41 Bridle Letter to the Editor concerning an outline strategy for
the management of internal erosion in embankment
dams.

2005 3 Reports on British Dam Society 13th Biennial
Conference, June 2004.
2005 5 Coxon COXON R E (2004). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 2004: Cabora Bassa (Mozambique), Environment/social/planning, The lecture ranges over a number of dam related subjects including changes in practice, adverse events, risk
Matters related to adverse incidents associated with Capanda (Angola), Carsington, Hazard & risk management, management, insurance and review panels. A number of these subjects come together in the account of the 200
dams and the role of review panels. Dams & Gadouras (Greece), Uavio Outlet & intake works, Slope m high, concrete arch, Kolnbrein dam. Following commissioning in 1978 the dam suffered shear cracking and it
Reservoirs, vol 15, no 1, February, pp 5-14. (Colombia), Kainji (Nigeria), Kolnbrein stability was decided to keep the reservoir some 50 m below top water level. Investigations showed that the thin section
(Austria), La Miel (Colombia), Nam near the base at the centre of the valley was unable to carry the applied shear forces. Remedial work involved
Theun 2 (Laos), Portage Mountain constructing a 70 m high supporting arch at a cost of eighty million US$. Insurance cover for the effectiveness of
(Canada), Sulby, Sykia (Greece), the remedial works was available but the premium was not acceptable to the owner.
Tachien (Taiwan), Tarbela (Pakistan),
Teton (USA), Westwater, Winscar
2005 15 Defra Floods and reservoir safety: revised guidance for panel
engineers.
2005 16 Defra Interim guide to quantitative risk assessment for UK
reservoirs.
2005 17 Prentice Minimum discharge capacity of impounding reservoirs:
Northumbrian Water's experience and resultant capital
spend by J Prentice.
2005 19 Tadikamalla TADIKAMALLA A V and RAI N N (2005). One Simulation of a dam breach and the resulting flood using a mathematical model is a crucial element in
dimensional dam break analysis using MIKE11 model developing an emergency action plan. A dam break analysis has been carried out for Phulwaria dam in Bihar
for Phulwaria dam, India. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, using the one-dimensional dam break model MIKE11.
no 1, February, pp 19-24.
54
Dams and Reservoirs
2005 25 Hinks HINKS J, SAWYER J, BOWLES D and BROWN A Hazard & risk management The 2004 Interim guide to Quantitative risk assessment for UK dams marks a major change in evaluating dam
(2005). Practical risk analysis. Dams & Reservoirs, vol safety. The favoured tool for assessing tolerable risk is the ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) approach.
15, no 1, February, pp 25-32. Risk analyses in various parts of the world have used a range of methodologies. In Albania a risk index, which
was based on the probability of failure and the number of houses judged to be at risk in the event of failure, was
used to rank 65 irrigation dams in order for remediation. A more sophisticated approach was used in the
Caribbean for 24 dams since the dams were generally much larger and funds were available for dambreak
analyses. Portfolio Risk Assessment has been widely used in Australia as a decision support tool which can link
the technical and business dimensions of dam ownership.
2005 32 Obituary: David Egerton Evans (1929-2004).

2005 33 Emberson EMBERSON C J M and BRUGGEMANN D A (2004). The paper is the sixth annual review of publications and was prepared as part of the Defra reservoir contract for
Reservoirs safety review of publications 2003-2004. "Effective communication of reservoir safety research information". Some ninety publications of relevance to
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 1, February, pp 33-41. reservoir safety in Britain are listed together with relevant research projects. As usual embankment dams
dominated the publications.
2005 43 Millmore Report on ICOLD 72nd annual meeting, Seoul, Korea,

May 2004.
2005 47 Davison Concern over catchment run-off estimation.

2005 4 Carter Proposed changes to committee structure of British
Dam Society by Ian Carter.
2005 6 Charles CHARLES J A (2005). Sir Robert Rawlinson (1810-98). Dale Dyke, Lliw Catastrophic failures, Internal The provision of an adequate water supply and appropriate sanitation for the rapidly expanding towns and cities
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 2, July, pp 6-10. erosion/filters, Puddle clay in the Victorian period was an undertaking of vital importance for the health of the country. Robert Rawlinson
had a principal role in the improvement of sanitary conditions. He was also involved in the design and
construction of embankment dams and was instructed by the Home Secretary to investigate the Dale Dyke
failure, the worst civil engineering disaster that has ever occurred in England.
2005 11 Brown BROWN A and GOSDEN J (2005). An example of Hazard & risk management, The interim guide to quantitative risk assessment for UK dams (Brown and Gosden 2004) is applied to a one
application of the interim guide to QRA. Dams & Seepage & leakage hundred year old, 5 m high, embankment dam with seepage and leakage problems.
Reservoirs, vol 15, no 2, July, pp 11-13.
2005 13 Preziosi Report on four-day course held in Italy in December
2004 on methods and procedures for an effective dam
safety programme by Marie-Christine Preziosi.
2005 14 Hughes Report on ICOLD annual meeting, Tehran, May 2005
by A K Hughes.
2005 17 Brown Report on workshop on internal erosion, Aussois, Internal erosion/filters The report covers types of internal erosion, filter criteria, laboratory testing and case histories.
France, April 2005 by Alan Brown and Rodney Bridle.
2005 19 Spasic-Gril SPASIC-GRIL L (2005). Dam safety project in Georgia. Algeti, Sioni, Tbilisi, Zonkari Flood estimation/hydrology, The dam safety project included four irrigation dams designed and constructed between the 1950s and the
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 2, July, pp 19-23. Hazard & risk management, 1980s to the standards and practices of the former Soviet Union. For example, design floods were based on a
Sedimentation, Seepage & 1000 year return period. Due to changes in standards and lack of maintenance, the current condition of the
leakage, Seismic assessment dams is unsatisfactory. Three of the dams are embankments over 80 m high and large populations live
downstream. Hydrological, hydraulic and seismic studies were carried out. Instrumentation plans and
emergency action plans were prepared and remedial works were prioritised.
2005 23 Hughes Report on BDS visit to Eccup reservoir, 18th May 2005 Eccup
by A K Hughes.
2005 25 Gardiner Report on Supervising Engineers Forum, April 2005 by Emergency plans, Legislation
K D Gardiner.
2005 30 Digby DIGBY R J and SELBIE J P (2005). Rehabilitation of Spillway gates & barriers This paper was presented at the Supervising Engineers Forum in April 2005. Most of the recent disasters
radial gates for the UK hydropower industry. Dams & caused by the failure of radial gates in different parts of the world primarily have been due to lack of
Reservoirs, vol 15, no 2, July, pp 30-34. maintenance and lack of regular inspection. The rehabilitation of radial gates used in hydroelectric dams and
barrages is a specialist task.
2005 34 Williams Monitoring and maintenance of Clywedog dam by Neil Clywedog Drainage,
Williams and Alan Warren. Instrumentation/monitoring,
Movement monitoring
55
Dams and Reservoirs
2005 3 Lewin LEWIN J and EPRIM Y (2005). Venice flood barriers. Gates & barriers Venice lies only a few 100 mms above sea level and in 2003 the Italian government decided to proceed with the
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 3, November, pp 3-8. Venice flood protection scheme. Flood barriers have been designed to protect the navigation passages from the
Adriatic into the Venice Lagoon. In the late 1980s a prototype buoyant barrier gate had been tested in the Lido
passage. In the 1990s hydraulic model studies were carried out. The current design is largely based on the
earlier work.
2005 9 Shadravan SHADRAVAN B (2005). The construction of Karkheh Karkheh (Iran) Concrete mix & cement, The 77 m deep, one metre thick, Karkheh dam cut-off has an area of 190 000 square metres and is thought to
dam cut-off wall. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 3, Diaphragm & slurry trench be the largest plastic concrete cut-off wall in the world. The dam foundation geology consists of thick, weak to
November, pp 9-15. walls moderately strong, conglomerate layers interbedded with thick mudstone layers. The permeability of the
conglomerate is relatively high. The design and construction of the cut-off wall presented a major challenge, but
dam instrumentation has shown that the cut-off has behaved well after reservoir impounding. A comprehensive
description of the cut-off wall construction is given.
2005 16 Shave SHAVE K J (2005). What is 'in the interests of safety'? Culverts under embankments, This paper was presented at the Supervising Engineers Forum in April 2005. The budget provisions of dam
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 3, November, pp 16-20. Legislation, Seepage & owners continue to be squeezed and they are unlikely to respond to requests for routine maintenance or to
leakage, Vegetation recommendations in supervising and inspecting engineers' reports that do not come under the heading 'in the
interests of safety'. A number of instances relating to maintenance are explored and it is questioned whether
absence of maintenance can cause items to become matters requiring works 'in the interests of safety' and, if
so, at what point does this occur?
2005 21 Gopal GOPAL S P and HAIGH S K (2005). Performance of Fategadh (India), Rudra Matha (India), Catastrophic failures, On 26th January 2001 a 7.9 moment magnitude earthquake occurred in Gujarat with a death toll of more than
earth dams during the Bhuj earthquake in January Suvi (India), Tappar (India) Earthquake damage, Seismic 20 000. Many earth dams suffered extensive damage, including crest settlement, liquefaction induced
2001. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 15, no 3, November, pp assessment spreading, longitudinal cracking and damage to ancillary structures such as intake towers. All the reservoirs
21-28. were low at the time of the earthquake. Only Suvi dam, constructed with a masonry core with fill of compacted
silty material suffered catastrophic failure. High resolution satellite imagery was used to identify damage to
some of the earth dams.
2005 29 Charles CHARLES J A (2005). Use of incident reporting and Baldwin Hills (USA), Banqiao (China), Catastrophic failures, The potential benefits of incident reporting is explored within the current reservoir safety framework, with
data collection in enhancing reservoir safety. Dams & Belci (Romania), Camara (Brazil), Emergency plans, reference to the advances in understanding of dam behaviour and safety made through a study of case histories
Reservoirs, vol 15, no 3, November, pp 29-35. Frias (Argentina), Gouhou (China), Incident/failure databases, and reports of past failures and near misses. The performance of old dams, which has been documented in
Greenbooth, Horndoyne, Internal erosion/filters, case histories, has led to advances in technical understanding, the development of investigation procedures and
Lambieletham, Lluest Wen, Machhu II Overtopping a better appreciation of the effectiveness of remedial works. Incident reports, whether of failures or near misses,
(India), Malpasset (France), Rivington have promoted reservoir safety and have been particularly helpful in identifying factors which are critical in
Upper, Shakidor (Pakistan), Teton preventing a near miss progressing to failure. The wide dissemination of learning from case histories, and in
(USA), Vaiont (Italy), Vega de Tera particular reports of serious incidents, has the capacity to improve understanding of the performance of our
(Spain), Warmwithens, Zeizoun dams under new conditions imposed on them and to predict their future performance.
(Syria),
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 1, January 2006

2006 2 In memoriam: Jon Balley
2006 3 Hinks Obituary: John Beaver (1939-2005)
2006 4 Hewlett Report on the 2005 BDS prize competition.
2006 5 Kelly KELLY R (2006). Woodchester Park lakes: combining Woodchester Park ponds: Brick Kiln, Flood estimation/hydrology, This paper won the 2005 BDS prize competition. To achieve modern safety standards and comply with the
historical dams with modern reservoir safety standards. Kennel, Middle, Old, Parkmill Overtopping, Upstream slope Reservoirs Act 1975, remediation works were required at a cascade of five eighteenth century reservoirs.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 1, January, pp 5-9. protection Innovative approaches were developed with regard to landscape, heritage, archaeology, environment and
available finance. The preferred approach to providing adequate spillway capacity was to raise dam crest levels
and form auxiliary spillways by lowering sections of the dam crests and providing reinforced grass surfaces
below existing dam crest level at these sections.
2006 10 King KING S (2006). Capital maintenance of 19th century Bennan Upstream slope protection This paper reached the final stage of the 2005 BDS prize competition. The approach of Scottish Water to
reservoirs in the 21st century. Dams & Reservoirs, vol general maintenance works and some more major works at their reservoirs is described. Substantial works were
16, no 1, January, pp 10-13. required to repair the steep upper section of hand-placed pitching on the upstream face of the 7 m high Bennan
embankment dam. The slope was flattened and protected with rip rap.
2006 14 Armour ARMOUR D (2006). Hardwick Hall dam: history, Hardwick Hall Environment/social/planning, This paper reached the final stage of the 2005 BDS prize competition. When in recent years the Hardwick Hall
hydrology and the Reservoirs Act. Dams & Reservoirs, Overtopping, Upstream slope estate in County Durham fell into disrepair, the dam was breached and the ornamental lake reverted to
vol 16, no 1, January, pp 14-17. protection farmland. The dam is now being restored on its original alignment with original features recreated.
2006 18 Dempster Report of visit to Dalwhinnie dam, 7th September 2005 Dalwhinnie
by Kenny Dempster.
2006 19 Hughes What do we get from ICOLD?
2006 21 Shaw SHAW A (2006). Section 11 records: How well are they Legislation, Movement Section 11 of the Reservoirs Act 1975 requires the undertaker to keep records of water levels, leakages,
kept? How often are they used? Is it time to review the monitoring, Seepage & leakage settlement and other 'prescribed matters' and it can be questioned how well this works in practice. The paper,
basic requirements? Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 1, which is based on a presentation to the Supervising Engineers Forum in April 2005, presents information
January, pp 21-25. provided by ten supervising engineers for 78 reservoirs.
56
Dams and Reservoirs
2006 26 Emberson EMBERSON C J M and BRUGGEMANN D A (2006). The paper is the seventh annual review of publications and was prepared as part of the ongoing Defra reservoir
Review of publications 2004-2005. Dams & Reservoirs, safety research programme. It covers the period from October 2004 to September 2005. Over 100 publications
vol 16, no 1, January, pp 26-35. of relevance to reservoir safety in Britain are listed together with 14 relevant research projects. As usual the two
dominant subjects were embankment dams and safety management and risk assessment, and over half the
publications dealt with these two subjects.
2006 35 Spasic-Gril Report on BDS Ridracoli competition.

2006 3 Rowland ROWLAND A (2006). Reservoir improvement works in Bohernabreena Lower (Irish Drainage, Flood Flood studies identified that the spillways at the Bohernabreena reservoirs were inadequate for the probable
Ireland: an update. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 2, Republic), Bohernabreena Upper estimation/hydrology, Overflow maximum flood (PMF) and new spillways have been constructed on the same alignment, but with wider and
July, pp 3-6. (Irish Republic), Kilsellagh (Irish works deeper channels. Bridges which acted as throttles on the original spillways were removed. Overflow capacity
Republic) was also insufficient at Kilsellagh reservoir and at this dam an additional spillway was constructed. 3 m long
steel sheet piles were installed in the crest and a new wave wall was built.
2006 6 Schofield SCHOFIELD R (2006). Discovering the origins of the Legislation The reluctance of a succession of governments, the major water undertakers and the professional institutions to
Reservoirs (Safety Provisions ) Act 1930. Dams & accept the independent inspection of reservoirs and strict liability introduced through Rylands v Fletcher, allowed
Reservoirs, vol 16, no 2, July, pp 6-11. sixty-five years to pass before the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act 1930 came into being.
2006 11 Brown The Water Framework Directive and its impacts on the Legislation
development and operation of reservoirs in Scotland by
Alan Brown.
2006 13 Hinks Report of a study tour of three dams in Morocco. Owed Rommel (Morocco), Side Roller compacted concrete
Mohammed Ben Abdullah (Morocco),
Wigan (Morocco)
2006 15 Hope HOPE I (2006). Working together for the safety of our Legislation As a result of changes in the Water Act 2003, in October 2004 the Environment Agency (EA) became
reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 2, July, pp responsible for enforcing the Reservoirs Act 1975 in England and Wales. The very substantial progress made
15-18. by the EA during the previous eighteen months is reviewed. Between 1st October 2004 and 1st May 2006 the
number of reservoirs with no supervising engineer has been reduced from 379 to 12 and the number of
reservoirs with no recorded owner has been reduced from 207 to 0.
2006 19 Hieatt Report on a one-day BDS seminar on dams and Environment/social/planning

sustainable development, held on 21st February 2006
at the Institution of Civil Engineers by Michael Hieatt.
2006 24 Gosden Report on a half-day BDS meeting on emergency
planning for UK reservoirs, held on 11th July 2006.

2006 2 Hope Recording near-miss incidents.
2006 3 Binnie BINNIE C J A (2006). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 2006: Environment/social/planning Dams and the reservoirs which they impound have provided great benefits to society from early times and
Responding to society's need. Dams & Reservoirs, vol without them the industrial revolution, on which our wealth has been based, would have been much delayed and
16, no 3, December, pp 3-13. the population of our towns and cities would have been seriously restricted. New dams will continue to be
needed, particularly to cope with groundwater pollution and greater climatic variability.
2006 14 Report on BDS Durham conference
2006 20 Reineke REINEKE G (2006). An innovative and swift method for Safety surveillance A camera mounted on a remotely controlled model helicopter can aid the photographic inspection of areas of
inspection of difficult-to-reach areas of dams. Dams & dams and ancillary structures above the water line which are difficult to reach. The services of appropriately
Reservoirs, vol 16, no 3, December, pp20-24. trained and skilled operatives are essential for safety and success.
2006 25 Findlay FINDLAY J and BRIDLE R (2006). Reservoirs Act Legislation Two retiring chairmen of the interview sub-committees of the ICE Reservoirs Committee give advice to
appointment and reappointment: some advice from applicants for appointment and reappointment to panels of 'qualified civil engineers' constituted under the
former interviewers. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 3, Reservoirs Act 1975. Panel engineers have onerous responsibilities with regard to public safety and the need to
December, pp 25-27. be well prepared for the interview is stressed. Applications should contain all relevant information with adequate
detail. It is emphasised that long service on a panel does not confer some special status!
2006 28 Brown Report on two-day meeting of ICOLD European Internal erosion/filters

Working Group on internal erosion, held in Stockholm
on 11th and 12th September 2006 by Alan Brown and
Rodney Bridle.
2006 31 Brown BROWN A (2006). Zonal techniques for detecting W A C Bennett (Canada), Hallby Geophysical investigation, The Dam Safety Interest Group project on 'Investigation of geophysical methods' commenced after the
seepage and internal erosion in embankment dams. (Sweden) Internal erosion/filters discovery of sinkholes in the W A C Bennett dam in British Columbia in 1996. The research has aimed to identify
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 16, no 3, December, pp 31-34. and develop techniques that can locate and quantify a concentrated leak, thus providing an early warning of
progressive internal erosion. The methods that have been examined include temperature measurement, self-
potential and resistivity. Temperature monitoring is the only technique that could be available for continuous
monitoring with alarm levels.
57
Dams and Reservoirs

2007 3 A tribute to George Corsie (1938-2007)
2007 5 Hope HOPE I (2007). Reservoir safety in England and Wales Legislation This paper is based on a presentation to the 2006 ANCOLD conference and provides a comprehensive
- a time of change. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 17, no 1, description of the role of the Environment Agency (EA) as regulator. The Water Act 2003 transferred the role of
April, pp 5-15. enforcement authority for the Reservoirs Act 1975 in England and Wales from local authorities to the EA. When
the EA took on this role on 1st October 2004 there was a substantial backlog of non-compliance. In addition to
enforcement actions taken to remedy this situation, further changes are planned with the introduction of
reservoir flood plans, post-incident reporting and a review of current regulations.
2007 16 Winchcomb WINCHCOMB M (2007), The Great Barford flood Great Barford Flood storage reservoirs The village of Great Barford has been susceptible to both flooding and traffic congestion. The construction of a
attenuation scheme. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 17, no 1, bypass presented an opportunity to also achieve a flood relief scheme. Two watercourses flow through the
April, pp 16-18. village and an embankment has been constructed on each of them. The 6 m high western embankment has
been formed from fill from the bypass cuttings, but at the 5 m high eastern embankment a cut-and-fill exercise
was needed to obtain suitable clay for the core. The flood attenuation storage areas are designed to be dry
under normal conditions. Flow through each embankment is controlled by an orifice plate fixed to the front face
of a 600 mm diameter culvert: the circular opening in each plate has been set to allow the optimum flow
downstream during the 1 in 100 year event.
2007 19 Brown BROWN A and PETERS A (2007). Update on the use Hazard & risk management, The interim guide was published in 2004 with the intention of finalising it in 2008 following extensive trial use of
of the Interim guide to quantitative risk assessment. Incident/failure databases its methodology. Although refinements to the guide have been identified and are described, it is concluded that
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 17, no 1, April, pp 19-24. the guide provides the best methodology currently available. Further refinement should be possible as more
reliable statistics on incidents are obtained from the UK incident database and as understanding of the internal
erosion process improves.
2007 25 Hinks Report on 22nd ICOLD Congress held at Barcelona in Aswan High (Egypt), Aviemore (New The Questions at the Congress were: Question 84, Technical solutions to reduce time and cost in dam design
June 2006. Zealand), Badoosh (Iraq), Bakhtiari and construction, Question 85, Management of the downstream impacts of dam operation, Question 86, Safety
(Iran), El Cajon (Mexico), El Guapo of earth and rockfill dams, Question 87, Flood and drought evaluation and management.
(Venezuela), Itaipu (Brazil),
Karahnjukar (Iceland), Koyna (India),
Mangla (Pakistan), Merowe (Sudan),
Mosul (Iraq), Nathpa (India),
Peribonka (Canada), Ralco (Chile),
Riba-Roja (Spain), Sardar Sarovar
(India), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah
(Morocco), Spitallamm (Switzerland),
Three Gorges (China), Tehri (India),
Tuirial (India), Wloclawek (Poland).
2007 30 Hughes Report on annual meeting and study tour at 22nd Abellan (Spain), Arenoso (Spain),
ICOLD Congress held at Barcelona in June 2006. Concepcion (Spain), La Brena
(Spain), Limonero (Spain), Rules
(Spain)
2007 32 Mills Report on 22nd ICOLD Congress by winner of BDS
student competition Jacob Mills.
2007 33 Eyob EYOB D (2007). Tekeze dam in Ethiopia. Dams & Tekeze (Ethiopia) The 188 m high double curvature concrete arch dam was 45% complete in January 2007 at the time of the
Reservoirs, vol 17, no 1, April, pp 33-37. author's BDS sponsored visit. On completion in 2009, Tekeze will be the second highest dam in Africa and will
contribute nearly half Ethiopia's total power production.
2007 38 Ketkar KETKAR D J (2008). Crack detection, analysis and Bhandardara (India) Drainage, Earthquake damage, After the 1969 rainy season a water jet erupted at the toe of the 80 m high masonry gravity dam and emergency
rehabilitation of an old masonry dam. Dams & Grouting remedial works were required to ensure the stability of the dam. Initial grouting indicated the presence of major
Reservoirs, vol 17, no 1, April, pp 38-44. inclined cracks in the masonry. Phase 1 remedial work included drilling 76 mm diameter pressure relief holes
from the downstream face at 10 degrees above horizontal at three levels, the holes extending to within 6 m of
the upstream face. A cement grout curtain and prestressed cable anchors were installed from the dam crest. In
the subsequent phase 2 works, buttress supports were constructed on the downstream face of the dam, mainly
to withstand earthquake forces.

2007 2 Stoney Middleton and Ulley incidents. Ulley
2007 3 New European overtopping manual published.
2007 4 Report on visit to Rotton Park reservoir Rotton Park
58
Dams and Reservoirs
2007 5 Hope HOPE I (2007). Development of flood plans for large Emergency plans, Guides & Reservoir flood plans prepared for the use of the emergency planning community through Local Resilience
raised reservoirs in England and Wales. Dams & surveys Forums should ensure that those involved in managing and communicating flood risk are better informed of
Reservoirs, vol 17, no 2, July, pp 5-10. potential inundation areas. While there will always be a minor risk from extreme floods and dam failure,
emergency action plans can further improve the safety of those people most at risk from these hazards. Defra is
currently funding the preparation of an engineering guide to emergency planning for UK reservoirs.
2007 11 Lemperiere LEMPERIERE F and LAFITTE R (2007). The role of Environment/social/planning This paper, which was presented at the 2006 ICOLD Barcelona conference, summarises the main points of the
dams in the 21st century to achieve a sustainable general report of the ICOLD Committee on Governance of dam project. It is affirmed that the overall benefits of
development target. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 17, no 2, dams during the 21st century will be much greater than during the period from 1950 and that technical,
July, pp 11-18. economic and environmental problems should not prevent the implementation of these extremely beneficial
structures. Much of the water resources development potential is in countries which urgently need safe water
and an electricity supply. To obtain public support it is necessary to disseminate fair and balanced information
on the benefits of dams and the management of remaining drawbacks.
2007 19 Report on Supervising Engineers Forum, April 2007. Internal erosion/filters,

Legislation, Reservoir
drawdown
2007 24 Gardiner GARDINER K (2007). Leaks in embankment dams and Emergency plans, Internal This paper was presented at the Supervising Engineers Forum in April 2007. The most likely cause of failure of
what to do about them - some suggested actions for erosion/filters, Reservoir an embankment dam in the UK is internal erosion associated with leakage through the dam or its foundation. It
supervising engineers (and owners). Dams & drawdown, Seepage & leakage can be questioned, firstly, at what stage a supervising engineer should become sufficiently concerned about a
Reservoirs, vol 17, no 2, July, pp 24-26. leak to take action and, secondly, what action should be taken. The importance of having an emergency plan is
stressed. The appearance of a new unexplained dirty leak with a steady flow is likely to warrant commencing a
precautionary reservoir drawdown and the supervising engineer is advised to consult an inspecting engineer. A
dirty leak with an increasing flow rate should warrant an emergency drawdown and bringing an inspecting
engineer to the site.
2007 27 Enston ENSTON P (2007). A 21st century solution for seized Outlet & intake works Seized valves can result in large expenditure when there is no practicable alternative to replacement. The H-
valves. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 17, no 2, July, pp 27- Grip system provides a non-invasive solution which applies controlled torque pulses that gradually break the
29. bonding or scale deposits and free the valve.
2007 30 Brown Report on meeting of European Working Group on W A C Bennett (Canada), Castlewood Internal erosion/filters
Internal Erosion at Aix-le-Bains in April 2007 by Alan (USA), Glashatte (Germany), QA-10
Brown and Rodney Bridle. James Bay (Canada)

2008 1 Launch of the Flooding Bill consultation: the future of
flood risk management in Scotland.
2008 2 Report on ICOLD 75th annual meeting, St Petersburg,
June 2007.
2008 3 Ackers Obituary: George Richard Hallowes (1939-2007).
2008 5 Mason MASON P J and HINKS J L (2008). Security of Ulley Overflow works, Spillway The stepped masonry spillway at Ulley ran along the downstream left mitre of the embankment. Although this
stepped masonry spillways: lessons from Ulley dam. hydraulics spillway had been supplemented by a larger concrete spillway in 1943, it was so arranged that the older stepped
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 18, no 1, April, pp 5-8. masonry spillway always operated preferentially. The proximity of the masonry spillway to the embankment
meant that when the spillway failed during a flood on 25th June 2007 serious erosion of the embankment
occurred. The hydrodynamics of this type of spillway is reviewed. The importance of maintenance of masonry
spillways especially those that run close to the dam is discussed.
2008 9 Farnell FARNELL P (2008). Modifying a Victorian spillway to Flood estimation/hydrology, This paper was awarded first prize in the 2007 BDS prize competition. When the (unidentified) lower reservoir in
comply with current design standards. Dams & Overflow works, Spillway a cascade built in the mid to late nineteenth century was reclassified to flood category A, it was necessary to
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 1, April, pp 9-15. hydraulics modify the spillway to pass the probable maximum flood. Following physical model testing carried out at a scale
of 1:20, the overflow arrangements were upgraded by wall raising, reinforcement of the embankment and guide
vanes installed in the upper section of the spillway.
2008 17 Walker WALKER J P (2008). The discontinuance of Boltby Boltby Discontinuance/abandonment This paper was awarded second prize in the 2007 BDS prize competition. In June 2005 a flood with a return
reservoir, North Yorkshire, UK. Dams & Reservoirs, vol period in excess of 1 in 10 000 years caused significant damage to the masonry spillway. The reservoir had not
18, no 1, April, pp 17-21. been used for supply since 2003 and it was decided to discontinue the reservoir under section 13 of the
Reservoirs Act 1975. A notch 70 m wide at the crest was excavated through the embankment and a new low-
level overflow channel was constructed at the bottom of the notch so that the remaining dam impounds less than
25 000 cubic metres of water. Care has been taken to maintain the amenity value of the reservoir.
2008 23 Donovan DONOVAN K (2008). Discontinuance of Warren dam, Warren Discontinuance/abandonment This paper was awarded third prize in the 2007 BDS prize competition. Discontinuance of a reservoir is not an
Hampshire, UK. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 18, no 1, easy option. The proposed discontinuance of a relatively small 6 m high dam, with a long history of vandalism,
April, pp 23-26. produced many problems, including social, health and safety, flood risk and environmental issues.
59
Dams and Reservoirs
2008 27 Preziosi PREZIOSI M-C (2008). Probabilistic assessment of Hazard & risk management, A procedure is presented for the probabilistic analysis of slope stability for a generic small homogeneous
small earthfill dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 18, no 1, Slope stability embankment dam. A parametric analysis is performed, using a simplified soil model, to evaluate notional
April, pp 27-30. reliabilities against slope failure. It is affirmed that the results from reliability analysis are a useful tool for
decision making regarding remedial or maintenance work.
2008 31 Rooke ROOKE D (2008). A modern risk-based approach to Hazard & risk management, The Environment Agency's inaugural report 'Improving safety, protecting lives - the biennial report on reservoir
reservoir regulation. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 18, no 1, Legislation safety', which covers the period from 1st April 2005 to 31st March 2007, shows how overall compliance with the
April, pp 31-33. Reservoirs Act 1975 has improved since the EA became the enforcement authority. The EA considers that
legislative changes in the following areas are necessary to build on the success of the current legislation: better
risk-based definition of a reservoir within the Act; funded powers to act at a reservoir with no owner; mandatory
post-incident reporting; more flexible enforcement powers; better quality assurance of inspection reports; better
enforcement powers for reservoir flood plans; better regulation of disused mine and quarry tips.
2008 35 Falkingham Report on 14th German dam symposium and 7th Sylvenstein
ICOLD European Club dam symposium, September
2007.
2008 39 Hinks Report on workshop and symposium in St Petersburg, Covao do Ferro (Portugal), Folsom One of the papers describes the failure of the upper reservoir at the Taum Sauk pumped storage scheme in the
June 2007 by J L Hinks (USA), Gouhou (China), Higashi-fuji USA as a result of overfilling. This has relevance for not-impounding reservoirs in the UK where spillways are
(Japan), Kozyak (Macedonia), not provided.
Paradise [formerly Burnett] (Australia),
Samanalawewa (Sri Lanka), Sardar
Sarovar (India), Sefid Rud (Iran),
Taum Sauk (USA), Yingde'er (China),
Zarrineh Rud (Iran)

2008 47 EA responds to Pitt review.
2008 48 Maich dam overtopped
2008 49 Clunie dam ground engineering awards 2008
2008 50 Proposed changes to reservoir legislation - report from
panel engineers consultative group.
2008 51 The future of flood risk management in Scotland.
2008 51 Defra and EA reservoir safety R&D strategy.
2008 51 ICOLD Committee on global climate change and dams,
reservoirs and the associated water resources.
2008 54 Potts Obituary: Peter Rolfe Vaughan (1935-2008).

2008 56 Obituary: Arthur D M Penman (1922-2008).
2008 58 Wagner Report on roller compacted concrete seminar on the Kinta (Malaysia), New Victoria Roller compacted concrete
Queensland Gold Coast by Chris Wagner. (Australia), Paradise (Australia)
2008 59 Pepper Report on flood detention reservoirs seminar, April Flood storage reservoirs
2008 by Andrew Pepper.
2008 61 Wieland WIELAND M (2008). Effect on dams of 12 May 2008 Ertan (China), Shuibuya (China), Concrete face rockfill, The earthquake of 12th May 2008 had a magnitude of 7.9 and caused very severe ground shaking in the
Sichuan earthquake - a preliminary assessment. Dams Three Gorges (China), Zipingpu Earthquake damage epicentral region. Some 400 dams, mostly small embankment dams, have been affected by the earthquake and
& Reservoirs, vol 18, no 2, July, pp 61-62. (China) need to be inspected. It is anticipated that some landslide dams will have been formed.
2008 63 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M (2008). Implications of pyritic rockfill Cerro do Lobo (Portugal) Geochemistry, Slope stability, The inclusion of pyritic materials can have a detrimental influence on the geotechnical and geochemical
on performance of embankment dams. Dams & Waste impoundment performance of rockfills and, consequently, serious implications for the construction of tailings-confining and
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 2, July, pp 63-69. water-retaining structures. The oxidation of pyrite and other sulphide materials causes physical changes in the
character of the rock and in the quality of any seepages. Acidic seepages can cause damage to unprotected
structures. A recent embankment rehabilitation project in Portugal illustrates the associated problems. The
methods available to correct the effects of oxidation within an embankment and to improve stability and
environmental performance are reviewed.
2008 71 Brown BROWN A (2008). Flood detention reservoirs: Flood storage reservoirs, There are several respects in which the geotechnical performance of embankment dams retaining flood
geotechnical aspects of design and construction. Dams Guides & surveys, Internal detention reservoirs (FDR) differ from dams retaining reservoirs which are full of water for most of the time.
& Reservoirs, vol 18, no 2, July, pp 71-77. erosion/filters Since the FDR dams are normally dry, no phreatic surface is established through the body of the dam, although
the foundations and lower abutments will be saturated below the normal groundwater level. Guidance is given
on issues which need to be addressed by careful design including drying out of the core fill and the interface
between the embankment fill and structures.
60
Dams and Reservoirs
2008 79 Harding HARDING N (2008). Maintenance of flood storage Environment/social/planning, Flood storage reservoirs are generally empty for most of the time and therefore present special problems for the
reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 18, no 2, July, pp Flood storage reservoirs, effective ongoing maintenance that is essential to ensure reservoir safety on the comparatively rare occasions
79-83. Outlet & intake works, when the facilities are required to fulfil their function. The principal elements of these reservoirs, which are
Reservoir drawdown usually formed by relatively low embankments, are described, including outlet controls and valves, trash and
security screens, drawdown facilities, silt and gravel traps, and site security and public safety. Access should be
provided which is safe and practical for both vehicles and pedestrians during normal 'dry' conditions as well as
during 'wet' operating conditions.
2008 85 Muller MULLER U (2008). Flood protection with dams and Gottleuba (Germany), Klingenberg Flood estimation/hydrology, The extreme flood event in August 2002 exposed dams in Saxony to an extraordinary load situation; at some
flood control reservoirs - before and after the extreme (Germany) Flood storage reservoirs dams the 10 000 year design flood was exceeded. With the exception of the Klingenberg dam, only relatively
flood event of August 2002, Saxony. Dams & minor damage was suffered by the dams. At Klingenberg there was damage to the spillway and an upstream
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 2, July, pp 85-91. slope failure. In addition to repairing damage and making structural improvements to existing dams, sites have
been identified for flood retention reservoirs and feasibilty studies have been carried out.

2008 95 Airey Report on 15th BDS conference, Warwick, September
2008.
2008 97 Brown BROWN D H (2008). Rotton Park reservoir. Dams & Rotton Park Environment/social/planning, There was a technical visit to Rotton Park reservoir as part of a pre-conference tour prior to the 2008 BDS
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 3, November, pp 97-104. Outlet & intake works, Overflow conference at Warwick. The paper gives an informative history of the dam and its ancillary works which were
works, Puddle clay built in the 1820s to supply the Birmingham canal. The embankment dam has a puddle clay core. The two 0.45
m diameter cast iron outlet pipes, which have valves at both upstream and downstream ends, were laid in
trenches in the natural ground and buried under the embankment fill.
2008 97 Brown BROWN D H (2008). Earlswood reservoirs. Dams & Earlswood (Engine pool, Terry's pool, Environment/social/planning, There was a technical visit to the Earlswood reservoirs as part of a pre-conference tour prior to the 2008 BDS
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 3, November, pp 105-110. Windmill pool) Outlet & intake works, Overflow conference at Warwick. The paper gives an informative history of the Earlswood reservoirs, which were built to
works supply the Stratford-upon-Avon canal. The embankment dams were built in the early 1820s and are without any
clearly defined core.
2008 111 Kirby Report on BDS technical visit to Rutland Water, Rutland Water
September 2008 by Andy Kirby.
2008 113 Dempster Report on BDS technical visit to Carsington reservoir, Carsington (2)
September 2008 by Kennie Dempster.
2008 115 Hamilton-King HAMILTON-KING L J, HOPE I M and WARREN A L Taum Sauk (USA), Ulley Catastrophic failures, Post-incident reporting can improve reservoir safety by shaing lessons learned with the reservoir industry and
(2008). Post-incident reporting: learning from Incident/failure databases, informing research and development. This paper, which was first published in the proceedings of the 15th
experience to promote reservoir safety. Dams & Legislation, Overflow works conference of the British Dam Society, 2008, pp 271-284, describes the new system of post-incident reporting
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 3, November, pp 115-120. and highlights findings from post-incident investigations. The limitations of voluntary post-incident reporting have
led the Environment Agency to advocate the adoption of a mandatory system. Reference is made to the failure
of Taum Sauk dam which had no spillway and failed due to overfilling.
2008 121 Carlyle W J CARLYLE (2008). Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 2008: Adheim (Iraq), Bakun (Malaysia), Asphaltic concrete, Concrete The 2008 Geoffrey Binnie lecture was given by Bill Carlyle and he began the lecture with an outline of the
The Binnie heritage in dam engineering. Dams & Barra Grande (Brazil), Betotan face rockfill, Hazard & risk achievements of Geoffrey Binnie, who was the third generation to lead the firm started by his grandfather, Sir
Reservoirs, vol 18, no 3, November, pp 121-134. (Malaysia), Bokaa (Botswana), management, Alexander Binnie, in 1901. Under his leadership, Binnie and Partners were responsible for the huge Mangla
Brianne, Campos Novos (Brazil), Instrumentation/monitoring, project in Pakistan in the early 1960s. Carlyle's own career with Binnies commenced in 1951 at the Usk dam
Daer, Fofany, Dokan (Iraq), Gorge Pore pressure (construction), and he was later responsible for the constuction of the 91 m high Brianne dam which was completed in 1972.
(Hong Kong), Gunong Pulai Roller compacted concrete, When Carlyle became a partner in 1972 he established the firm in Saudi Arabia, Greece, Turkey and Jordan, as
(Singapore), High Island (Hong Kong), Slope stability well as returning to Iraq. On retirement from Binnies in 1994 he has continued as a consultant in private
Kalabagh (Pakistan), Kalatuwawa (Sri practice, working on many dam safety review panels.
Lanka), Mangla (Pakistan), Marchlyn,
Mosul (Iraq), Najran (Saudi Arabia),
Pegu Plover Cove (Hong Kong), Shek
Pik (Hong Kong), Usk, Yomas
(Myanmar), Silent Valley, Sunei
Selangor (Malaysia), Symvoulos
(Cyprus), Tarbela (Pakistan), Wadi
Dayjah (Muscat)

2009 3 Jones JONES T (2009). Cottage Pool reservoir distress, Cottage Pool Emergency planning, The 12.000 cubic metre reservoir overtopped the 5 m high clayfill embankment dam leaving it in a perilous
September, 2008. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, Overtopping, Rapid drawdown condition. The safety of the downstream community was the chief concern and the reservoir was emptied in 24
March, p3. hours.
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Dams and Reservoirs
2009 4 Robertshaw ROBERTSHAW A (2009). Joint ICE North West and Environment, social, planning, The potentially conflicting aspirations of the reservoir engineer and the environmentalist were highlighted.
British Dam Society evening meeting: flood detention Flood storage reservoirs Examples were given of the extreme lengths to which vandals will go to damage these important engineering
reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, March, p4 structures.
2009 5 Howlett HOWLETT P and ROBERTSHAW A (2009). Ramsden, Whitemoor Overflow works Works to improve overflow capacity were underway at both dams at the time of the BDS site visits.
Whitemoor and Ramsden reservoirs. Dams &
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, March, pp 5-6.
2009 7 Hinks HINKS J (2009). Low level outlets 1: formula for target Ashford, Bengoh (Malaysia), Bosley, Outlet & intake works, Rapid Low level outlets are important safety features and should have sufficient capacity to lower the reservoir rapidly
capacity. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, March, pp Brianne, Brunclough, Carr Mill, drawdown in an emergency. However, a low level outlet pipe with no upstream valve can represent a hazard by introducing
7-10. Claerwen, Combs, Diggle, Durleigh, water under pressure into the core of a dam or it may provide a leakage path along the outside of the pipe.
Earlswood Engine Pool, Earlswood
Windmill Pool, Elton, Harthill, Leigh,
Luxhay, March Haigh, Monkswood,
Pebley, Redbrook, Rotton Park,
Sparth, Sutton Bingham (new), Sutton
Bingham (old), Swellands, Todbrook,
Trench, Ulley
2009 11 Brown BROWN A (2009). Low level outlets 2: risk Combs Hazard & risk management, In determining the role that low level outlets can have in reducing the risk of catastrophic failure of embankment
assessment. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, March, Internal erosion, Rapid dams, a key issue is the difficulty in predicting the likely rate of the development of internal erosion processes.
pp 11-14. drawdown
2009 15 Brown BROWN D H (2009). Low level outlets 3: British Belvide, Brunclough, Butterley, Hazard & risk management, In British Waterways large portfolio of old embankment dams, buried outlet pipelines with no upstream valve are
Waterways approach. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no Cobbinshaw, Combs, Daill Loch, Dale Outlet & intake works, Rapid a major concern.
1, March, pp 15-19. Dyke, Loch Dochfour, Loch na Bric, drawdown
Redbrook, Rotton Park, Slaithwaite,
Swellands, Townhead, Upper
Foulridge, Winterburn
2009 21 Charles CHARLES J A (2009). The engineering behaviour of fill Brianne, Challacombe, Cwmwernderi, Instrumentation, Movement The author's abbreviated version of his 2008 Rankine Lecture, published in Geotechnique, has three sections
materials and its influence on the performance of Holmstyes, Marchlyn, Megget, Ogden, monitoring, Puddle clay, dealing with different aspects of the monitored performance of embankment dams: construction deformations of
embankment dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, Ramsden, Roadford, Scammonden, Rockfill rockfill dams; post-construction deformation of rockfill dams; deformations of old embankment dams.
March, pp 21-33. Walshaw Dean Lower, Winscar, Unsatisfactory behaviour of an embankment dam needs to be detected at an early stage and this is facilitated by
Yateholme comparison of the observed behaviour with the normal satisfactory behaviour of similar embankment dams
established by well-documented case histories with reliable long-term field measurements.
2009 35 Mann MANN R and MACKAY A (2009). Maich dam Maich Emergency response, The 9 m high embankment dam was severely damaged by overtopping following heavy rainfall which caused
overtopping emergency, Renfrewshire - engineering Legislation, Overtopping, Rapid local flooding on 1 August 2008. The emergency response faced difficulties in access, terrain, weather and
and emergency response aspects. Dams & Reservoirs, drawdown working conditions as well as legal and financial issues. The reservoir had a capacity of 24,300 cubic metres
vol 19, no 1, March, pp 35-42. and so did not come under the 1975 Reservoirs Act.
2009 43 Mason MASON P J and HINKS J L (2009). Conclusions from Ulley Emergency response, The post-incident review includes recommendations concerning emergency response planning, reservoir
the post-incident review for Ulley dam. Dams & Legislation, Outlet & intake drawdown capacity, stability of stepped masonry spillways and continuity of appointment of Supervising
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 1, March, pp 43-44. works, Overflow works, Rapid Engineers. The full text of the review is available from the Environment Agency.
drawdown
2009 49 Hamilton-King HAMILTON-KING L J and HOPE I M (2009). Legislation The proposals for changes in reservoir safety legislation which the Environment Agency submitted to Defra
Reservoirs Act 1975 - Environment Agency proposals included the adoption of a risk-based approach to determine which reservoirs come under the Act instead of the
for change. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 2, June, pp current 25,000 cubic metre capacity threshold. All reservoirs with a capacity greater than 10,000 cubic metres
49-54. should be categorised as high, significant or low risk. Post-incident reporting should be mandatory.
2009 55 Chrimes CHRIMES M (2009). Ahead of the game - masonry UK and Ireland: Abbeystead, Concrete and masonry gravity Masonry dam design developed in France in mid-nineteenth century, but initially had little impact on British
dam design in the British colonies 1800-1900, part 1: Burrator, British Camp, Cabancoch, dams practice where puddle clay core embankment dams were the norm. The paper describes the work of the
1800-1872. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 2, June, pp Careg Ddu, Craig-Goch, Gouthwaite, pioneers of colonial dam design, particularly those working in India. Although by 1872 British engineers working
56-66. Neuadd Upper, Pen-y-Carrig, in India and elsewhere overseas were familiar with French methods of dam design, these methods were not
Thirlmere, Vyrnwy. Overseas: Aswan generally used for some time.
(Egypt), Khadakwasla (India), Jones
Falls (Canada), Lower Stony Creek
(Australia), Mir Alam (India),
Parramatta (Australia), Stony Creek
(Australia), Upper Anicut (India).
62
Dams and Reservoirs
2009 67 Pether PETHER R, MARSH P and CARTWRIGHT P (2009). Bruton Flood storage reservoirs, The required upgrade of the existing spillway was achieved using precast concrete stepped blocks, each
An innovative new spillway for Bruton flood storage Overflow works weighing 900 kg.
reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 2, June, pp
67-72.
2009 73 Spasic-Gril SPASIC-GRIL L (2009). British Waterways reservoirs: Whitemoor Flood estimation/hydrology, Several options were studied to ensure that the spillway at Whitemoor reservoir can safely pass the design PMF
remedial works for Whitemoor reservoir. Dams & Outlet & intake works, Overflow flood.
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 2, June, pp 73-78. works, Spillway hydraulics
2009 79 Philpott PHILPOTT B, OYEYEMI Y and SAWYER J (2009). King George V, Queen Mary Hazard & risk management, A significant increase to the existing emergency drawdown capacity of Queen Mary and King George V non-
Queen Mary and King George V emergency drawdown Outlet & intake works, Rapid impounding reservoirs was required. Following the consideration of various options, the preferred solution was
schemes. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 2, June, pp drawdown the installation of new syphons over the embankments.
79-84.
2009 85 Philpott PHILPOTT B (2009). Technical visit to Queen Mary Queen Mary Site visit.
reservoir, Surrey, England. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19,
no 2, June, p85
2009 86 Hinks HINKS J and WOOD R (2009). ICOLD Symposium in Badush (Iraq), Bakhtiari (Iran), The review of the symposium on 'Operation. Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Dams' gives useful summaries of
Sofia. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 2, pp 86-90. Campos Novos (Brazil), Cua Dat thirty of the 160 papers presented at the symposium.
(Vietnam), Dez (Iran),Dhauliganga
(India), Fariman (Iran), Feldsee
(Austria), Fengman (China), Hasan
Ugurlu (Turkey), Kamchia (Bulgaria),
Karun III (Iran), Kilickaya (Turkeey),
Kim Son (Vietnam), La Minilla (Spain),
Mattmark (Switzerland), Mosul (Iraq),
Nurek (Tajikistan), Pamukluk (Turkey),
Santa Felicia (USA), Sardar Sarova
(India), Suoi Hanh (Vietnam), Suorva
(Sweden), Three Gorges (China),
Urayama (Japan), Wurten (Austria),
Xiluodu China)

2009 97 Taylor TAYLOR P J (2009). ICE Reservoirs Committee's Legislation
advice on applications for appointment and
reappointment as a panel engineer. Dams &
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3, September, pp 97-98.
2009 99 Atkins ATKINS (2009). Review of publications relevant to the Inch Park, King George V, Llwyn-on, Papers published during 2008/2009 are reviewed.
UK dams industry. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3, Llyn Morwinion, Loch Tummel, Lower
September, pp 99-110. Carno, Peffermill, Queen Mary, Sutton
Bingham, Torside, Ulley
2009 111 Brown BROWN D H (2009). Scottish canal reservoirs - a Birkenburn, Black Loch, Cobbinshaw, An overview of the construction and history of some of the British Waterways reservoirs in the Scottish Lowlands
historical perspective, Part 1: Lowlands. Dams & Daill Loch, Hillend, Lilly Loch, Loch na is presented.
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3, September, pp 111-118. Bric, Kilmannan, Monkland,
Roughrigg, Townhead
2009 119 Hinks HINKS J (2009). Behaviour of dams in the Wenchuan Baozhusi, Bikou, Futang, Shapai, Tai Earthquake damage, Landslide On 12 May 2008 an earthquake (Mw = 7.9; Ms = 8.0) occurred with an epicentre in a mountainous region 80 km
earthquake. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3, Ping Yi, Zipingpu (all dams in China) dams west north-west of the city of Chengdu. Tens of thousands of people died, hundreds of thousands were injured
September, pp 119-122. and millions were made homeless. It is thought that most of the 2666 dams damaged in the earthquake would
be quite small and several large dams performed well. Thirty large landslide dams were created by the
earthquake.
2009 123 Dun DUN R (2009). Supervising Engineers' Forum. Dams & Barrowford, Elton, Maich, Rotton Earthquake damage, Hazard & Meeting report.
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3, September, pp 123-132. Park, Toddbrook, Ulley,Shapai risk management, Legislation,
(China), Whitemoor, Zipingpu (China) Overflow works, Safety
surveillance
2009 133 Brown BROWN A and BRIDLE R (2009). Report on the James Bay (Canada), Motiste (Czech Internal erosion Meeting report
European Working Group on internal erosion, St Republic), WAC Bennett (Canada)
Petersburg. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 3,
September, pp 133-136.
63
Dams and Reservoirs
2009 141 Hinks HINKS J and BROWN D (2009). Tour of UK dams and Derwent (Derbyshire), Mohne Site visit
hydraulic structures. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 4, (Germany), Thames Barrier
December, pp 141-150.
2009 157 Bridle BRIDLE R (2009). Report on meeting of Technical Internal erosion Meeting report.
Committee on Fill Dams at ICOLD Brasilia, Friday 22
May 2009. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 4,
159 Hughes HUGHES A (2009). ICOLD - Brazil 2009. Dams & Meeting report.
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 4, December, pp 159-161.
2009 163 Brown BROWN D H (2009). Scottish canal reservoirs - a Cam Loch, Daill Loch, Gleann Loch, An overview of the construction and history of the British Waterways reservoirs associated with the Crinan canal,
historical perspective. Part 2: Crinan canal. Dams & Loch a'Bharain, Loch an Add, Loch which was opened to traffic in 1801, is presented.
Reservoirs, vol 19, no 4, December, pp 163-170. Clachaig, Loch Duin, Loch Lebdgei
(Dubh Loch), Loch Lebgei, Loch na
Bric, Loch nam Breac Buidhe, Loch
na Faoilinn
2009 171 Chrimes CHRIMES M (2009). Ahead of the game - masonry Beetaloo (Australia), Bhatgahr (India), Concrete & masonry gravity The work of the pioneers of British colonial dam design is described in the context of the history of masonry
dam design in the British colonies 1800-1900, part 2: Bouzey (France), Marikanave (India), dams, Uplift in concrete dams dams. Masonry dam design was influenced by a variety of factors: the design method developed in France in
1872-1900. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 19, no 4, Periyar (India), 75-miles (Australia), the mid-nineteenth century; Rankine's advice of 1871/72; the design approach of Otto Adolf Intze in Germany,
December, pp 171-183. Remscheid (Germany), Tansa (India), the significance of uplift, and the catastrophic failure of Bouzey dam in France in 1895.
Tytam (Hong Kong), Woodhead
(South Africa)

2010 5 Brown BROWN D (2010). Elton reservoir visit. Dams & Elton Site visit.
Reservoirs, vol 20, no 1, March, pp 5-7.
2010 9 Hird HIRD G (2010). Marchlyn Mawr additional stored Marchlyn Mawr Heightening, Overflow works, Marchlyn Mawr is the upper reservoir of the Dinorwig pumped storage scheme. Works which were completed in
energy project. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 1, Rockfill October 2007 were undertaken to raise the top water level by 3.3 m to increase the available head for power
March, pp 9-15. generation. The works included raising the crest by 2.5 m with slate rockfill, the construction of a 620 m long
retaining wall and enlarging the overflow.
2010 17 Winter WINTER C (2010). Research into the hydrodynamic Spillway hydraulics Following the incidents at Boltby and Ulley, research has been undertaken to identify the measures required to
forces and pressures acting within stepped masonry ensure the security of stepped masonry spillways. Protruding blocks and defective mortar pointing can result in
spillways. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 1, March, pp pressure differentials. Maintenance and inspection by informed practioners are essential.
17-26.
2010 27 Walker WALKER J P (2010). Remedial works at two Victorian Agden, Strines Flood estimation/hydrology, Hydraulic models of the spillways of these two south Yorkshire reservoirs indicated that under probable
embankment dams to allow safe passage of the Overflow works maximum flood outflows there would be significant out of channel flow. At Agden the spillway walls were raised
probable maximum flood. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, and at Strines out of channel flow was made permissible by protecting the adjacent ground.
no 1, March, pp 27-31.
2010 33 Pether PETHER R (2010). Design and construction of Bruton Climate change, Flood Following floods in Bruton, Somerset, in 1979, a flood storage reservoir (FSR) was constructed one mile (1.5
improvement works at Bruton flood storage reservoir, estimation/hydrology, Flood km) upstream of the town. However, hydraulic and hydrological studies in 2005 indicated that the protection
Somerset. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 1, March, pp storage reservoirs, afforded by the FSR could be as low as 1 in 30 years rather than the 1 in 100 year event for which it was
33-38. Heightening, Outlet & intake designed. In order to increase the standard of protection the spillway crest was raised by 1.9 m and the
works, Overflow works embankment crest by 1.75 m. Other works included upgrading the spillway and constructing a new inlet
structure.
2010 39 Brown BROWN D H (2010). Scottish canal reservoirs - a Loch Dochfour, Loch Lochy, Loch Legislation, Heightening The Caledonian ship canal was formed through the Great Glen by widening lochs and rivers and was opened in
historical perspective. Part 3: Caledonian canal. Dams Oich 1822. Although canals were excluded from the 1975 Reservoirs Act, raising the inland lochs brought them within
& Reservoirs, vol 20, no 1, March, pp 39-43. the ambit of the Act. Because of the enormous area of these lochs, modest raising impounds enormous volumes
of water. The impounding structures are lock gates, canal embankments and river weirs, not the usual sort of
impounding dams.
2010 51 Laws LAWS P (2010). Rutland Water mitigation lagoons. Rutland Water Environment, social, planning Site visit.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 2, June, p51.
2010 57 Hinks HINKS J (2010). Obituary - Professor Jack Lewin. Spillway gates & barriers Obituary.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 2, June, pp 57-58.
2010 59 Allsop ALLSOP W, WILLIAMSON T and PULLEN T (2010). Overtopping, Wind & waves It is affirmed that recent advances in overtopping analysis for coastal structures can be applied to the analysis of
Waves and wave overtopping on reservoir structures. dams and other reservoir structures.
64
Dams and Reservoirs
2010 69 Warren WARREN A (2010). 'In the interests of safety …' Dams Ashford, Sutton Bingham Hazard & risk management, Statutory safety recommendations in the interests of safety can be assigned to the following categories; intrinsic
& Reservoirs, vol 20, no 2, June, pp 69-72. Internal erosion, Legislation, condition, deterioration, reservoir operation, monitoring and surveillance, and other issues. Since the information
Safety surveillance, on which to make a decision on these issues may not be readily available, the inspecting engineer may also
need to recommend research, studies and investigations and/or risk assessment and emergency planning . The
most common category of recommendation is for research, investigation and studies. Although internal erosion
is a major hazard for embankment dams, few recommendations have been made to investigate or safeguard
embankments from this failure mode.
2010 73 Saleh SALEH S and MADABHUSHI S P G (2010). Dynamic behaviour & analysis An adequate understanding of hydrodynamic pressure and the resulting dynamic response of the structure is
Hydrodynamic pressures behind flexible and rigid important in the seismic design of dams. Centrifuge modelling has been used to measure hydrodynamic
dams. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 2, June, pp 73- pressures and has shown that Westergaard's equation generally gives a conservative estimate of these
82. pressures.
2010 83 Morison MORISON T and DEMPSTER K (2010). Clunie, Dunalastair, Gaur, Nant, Concrete & masonry dams, Since 2002, many of SSE's concrete dams in Scotland have been reassessed to ensure that they are
Reassessment of Scottish and Southern Energy dams Mullardoch Flood estimation/hydrology, structurally capable of withstanding PMF flood conditions. Where there is no reasonable prospect of being able
for PMF conditions. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 2, Overtopping, Seismic to confirm stability by analysis, works to ensure stability have been carried out.
June, pp 83-90. assessment
2010 99 Robson ROBSON R J (2010). BDS conference in Glasgow, Meeting report.
June 2010. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 3,
2010 105 Goff GOFF C (2010). Made in Scotland (from girders?) BDS Loch Sloy Site visit.
conference site visit to Loch Sloy dam and
hydroelectric power station. Dams & Reservoirs, vol
20, no 3, September, pp 105-108.
2010 109 Claydon CLAYDON J (2010). BDS conference visit to Katrine Craigmaddie, Mugdock Site visit.
waterworks. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 3,
September, pp109-110.
2010 111 Airey AIREY M (2010). ICOLD meeting in Hanoi, May 2010. Meeting report.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 3, September, pp 111-
115.
2010 117 Down DOWN P D (2010). Riding Wood reservoir spillway Riding Wood Overflow works Site visit.
improvements. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 3,
September, pp 117-119
2010 121 Hinks HINKS J (2010). A dam engineer's view of the world Balbina (Brazil), Banqiao (China), Catastrophic failures, The paper reviews dam construction against the background of a wide range of scientific, engineering, social,
water problem. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 3, Bengoh (Sarawak, Malaysia), Earthquake damage, environmental and political topics including; growth in world population, potential hazards associated with
September, pp 121-130. Bhumipol (Thailand), El Cajon Environment, social, planning, irrigation schemes, resettlement associated with large reservoirs, benefits from flood control, problems with
(Honduras), Kainji (Nigeria), Omer Al- Sedimentation sedimentation, evaporation, possible hazard of reservoir impounding triggering earthquakes, dam safety,
Mukhtar (Libya), Pak Mun (Thailand), corruption and national sovereignty. The author considers that the increase in world population will produce
Sardar Sarovar (India), Sharrredushk shortages of water, energy and food and that the work of engineers, important as it is, can only postpone the
(Albania), Shimantan (China), inevitable crisis.
Sulaymaniya (Iraq), Sutton Bingham
(UK), Tarbela (Pakistan), Teton
(USA), Thap Salao (Thailand), Three
Gorges (China), Tucurui (Brazil),
Yuvacik (Turkey), Zipingpu (China)
2010 131 Roshan ROSHAN R, AZAMATHULLA H Md, MAROSI M, Khansar (Iran) Overflow works, Spillway Two physical models at a scale of 1:20, one with 12 steps and one with 23 steps, were used to show the effect
SARKARDEH H, PAHLAVAN H and GHANI A Ab hydraulics of the number of steps on flow regimes and energy dissipation over stepped spillways for a wide range of
(2010). Hydraulics of stepped spillways with different discharges. Although the 12-step model dissipated more energy than the 23-step model, the flow regime in the
numbers of steps. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 3, 23-step model was more acceptable than that in the 12-step model.
2010 141 Reilly REILLY N (2010). Obituary: Edward Thomas Haws Obituary.
(1927-2010). Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 4,
2010 145 Hinks HINKS J (2010). Visit to Zillergrundl arch dam. Dams & Zillergrundl Arch dam Site visit.
65
Dams and Reservoirs
2010 147 Parker PARKER J (2010). Busman's holiday - observations Itaipu Site visit.
from a visit to Itaipu dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20,
no 4, December, pp 147-149.
2010 151 Tedd TEDD P and CHARLES J A (2010). Publications and Databases The BDS bibliographies, which are available on the BDS website, enable papers dealing with particular subjects
bibliographies of the British Dam Society. Dams & and specific dams to be quickly located and provide a valuable source of information on most aspects of
Reservoirs, vol 20, no 4, December, pp 151-161. reservoir design, construction and safety.
2010 163 Cowie COWIE J (2010). Hydropower and panel engineers - a Carsfad, Clatteringshaws, Ken, Concrete & masonry dams Key events that led to the development of large-scale hydropower schemes in Scotland are reviewed, focusing
lasting legacy. Part 1. Eleventh Binnie Lecture. Dams Kinlochleven, Laggan, Loch Ericht, on the careers of leading civil engineers; William Thomson Halcrow (1888-1958), Andrew MacTaggart (1888-
& Reservoirs, vol 20, no 4, December, pp 163-171. Skelmorlie 1978), Alexander Gibb (1872-1958), Rustat Blake (1871-1940), and James Williamson.
2010 173 Sambrook SAMBROOK V (2010). Spillway redesign for increased Legislation, Overflow works The requirement for increased spillway capacity came from a statutory inspection. Tests were carried out on a
flow capacity. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 20, no 4, physical model to determine how the spillway channel could be altered to pass the PMF. Construction of a new
December, pp 173-180. spillway channel was nearing completion at the time of writing.
2011 5 Hughes HUGHES A (2011). Hydro 2010 conference, Lisbon, Meeting report.
Portugal, September 2010. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21,
no 1, March, p5.
2011 7 Hughes HUGHES A (2011). ANCOLD conference, Hobart, Meeting report
Tasmania, November 2010. Dams & Reservoirs, vol
21, no 1, March, pp7-8.
2011 9 Macdonald Macdonald A (2011). Reservoir safety in Scotland -The Legislation The Bill, which sets out the requirements for the registration, control and enforcement of reservoir safety in
Reservoirs (Scotland) Bill - an overview. Dams & Scotland, was passed by the Scottish parliament in March 2011. A risk-based approach is introduced for
Reservoirs, vol 21, no 1, March, pp 9-13 inspection and supervision of reservoirs with a minimum retained volume of 10,000 cubic metres. There are
requirements for mandatory incident reporting and the preparation of on-site emergency plans. The paper gives
an indicative timescale for phased implementation of the legislation.
2011 15 Cowie COWIE J (2011). Hydropower and panel engineers - a Allt na Lairige, Cruachan, Errochty, Concrete & masonry dams Key post-war events that led to the development of large-scale hydropower schemes in Scotland are reviewed,
lasting legacy. Part 2. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 1, Glascarnoch, Lednoch, Lussa, focusing on the careers of leading civil engineers; James Williamson (1871-1953), John Guthrie Brown (1892-
March, pp 15-30. Mullardoch, Nant, Pitlochry, Sloy, 1976), Thomas Angus Lyall Paton (1905-1999), Roderick Hugh MacDonald (1900-1992), Cyril Minchin Roberts
Tarsan (1909-1989), Edgar Burke Wilson (1913-1999), Edward John Knowles Chapman (1911-1988), William Young
(1908-1980), James Arthur Banks (1897-1968), John Paton (1911-1998), Donald Mackenzie Hamilton (1912-
1995).
2011 31 Lumbroso LUMBROSO D M, SAKAMOTO D, JOHNSTONE W Malpasset Catastrophic failures, Hazard & Some failures of large dams are among those high hazard, low-frequency events that can cause enormous
M, TAGG A F and LENCE B J (2011). Development of risk management, Dam break property damage and large loss of life. Dam safety risk assessments depend on credible estimates of loss of life
a life safety model to estimate the risk posed to people studies, Emergency planning and the paper reviews loss of life models that have been developed which allow the human impact of dam
by dam failures and floods. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, failures to be forecast. A new life safety model has been developed and the failure of Malpasset dam in 1959 in
no 1, March, pp 31-43. the south of France provided a suitable case study for validating the model.

2011 49 Prytherch PRYTHERCH J (2011). Supervising Engineers' Forum, Meeting report
April 2011. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 2, June, pp
49-50.
2011 51 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, CARTER I C and GARDINER K D Geophysical investigation, Owners of old embankment dams, which are vulnerable to many threats, have a duty to ensure that they remain
(2011). Ground risk management of a major portfolio of Hazard & risk management, in a safe condition. Portfolio Risk Assessment (PRA) can assist owners in managing reservoir safety.
embankment dams in the UK. Dams & Reservoirs, vol Internal erosion, Seepage & Developments in both intrusive and non-intrusive methods of ground investigation have provided additional
21, no 2, June, 51-62. leakage, Slope stability ways of investigating leakage and susceptibility to internal erosion.
2011 63 Charles CHARLES J A (2011). Arthur Penman and his Balderhead, Brianne, Blaenant Ddu, Catastrophic failures, Throughout six decades Arthur Penman (1922-2008) made a major contribution to embankment dam
contributions to embankment dam engineering. Dams Carsington, Daer, Kotmale (Sri Instrumentation, Movement engineering as it developed from a largely empirically based activity into a science-based discipline where
& Reservoirs, vol 21, no 2, June, pp 63-76. Lanka), Lefkara (Cyprus), Marchlyn, monitoring, Pore pressure, modern developments in geotechnical engineering have a major role. His infectious enthusiasm for
Megget, Monkswood, Segredo Rockfill, Slope stability, Total embankment dam engineering continued into the final years of his life. The paper includes an extensive list of
(Brazil), Scammonden, Teton (USA), stress, Waste impoundment his publications between 1953 and 2005.
Usk, Winscar
2011 77 Wagner WAGNER C (2012). Batu Hampar dam - design and Batu Hampar (Malaysia) Roller compacted concrete The 65 m high dam was completed in 2010. In the past the tropical weathering in Malaysia had favoured
construction of an RCC dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol embankment dams, but the advantages of roller compacted concrete (RCC) are now better appreciated,
21, no 2, June, pp 77-90. particularly in relation to speed of construction. Inexperience of the contractor put a large burden on site
supervision, with transport of concrete by dump truck rather than conveyor resulting in continual problems of
segregation.
66
Dams and Reservoirs
2011 95 Airey AIREY M, BRIDLE R, CAMBRIDGE M, HUGHES A, Meeting report

SAWYER J, SPASIC-GRIL L and WILLIAMSON T
(2011). ICOLD 2011, Lucerne, Switzerland. Dams &
2011 101 Hope HOPE I (2011). ICOLD 2011, Lucerne: study tour - Emosson (Switzerland) Arch dams Site visit to 180 m high arch dam.
Emosson dam. Dams & Reservirs, vol 21, no 3, pp
101-103.
2011 105 Hughes HUGHES A (2011). ICOLD 2011, Lucerne: study tour - Contra, Isola, Luzzone, Nalps, Santa Arch dams, Concrete Site visit. Contra, Luzzone, Nalps and Santa Maria are arch dams. Isola is an arch gravity dam which has
southern Switzerland. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no Maria (all in Switzerland) deterioration suffered an expansive silicate reaction within the concrete.
3, September, pp 105-110.
2011 111 Williamson WILLIAMSON T (2011). ICOLD 2011, Lucerne: study Goscheneralp, Lucendro Site visit.
tour to Lucendro and Goscheneralp dams. Dams &
2011 113 Brown BROWN D H and HOWLETT P (2011). Recent canal Barrowford, Black Moss, Brunclough, Emergency planning, Hazard & Work carried out at canal reservoirs in the north-west of England in the period 2006-2010 is grouped into the
reservoir improvements in the north-west of England. Combs, Elton, Lower Foulridge, March risk management, Outlet and following categories: spillways, freeboard, outlets, dam stability and emergency planning. Procedures for
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 3, September, pp 113- Haigh, Redbrook, Rishton, Slipper Hill, intake works, Overflow works, prioritising the works and selecting the most appropriate technical solutions are described. The cost of the works
122. Swellands, Toddbrook, Upper Slope stability at each dam are given.
Foulridge, Whitemoor
2011 123 Tedd TEDD P, CARTER I C, WATTS K S and CHARLES J A Greenbooth Internal erosion, Investigations have been carried out to assess the vulnerability of the central section of the puddle clay core of
(2011). Investigating hydraulic fracture at a puddle clay Instrumentation, Movement Greenbooth dam to hydraulic fracture. Measurements from earth pressure cells and critical pressure tests
core dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 3, monitoring, Pore pressure, indicate a borderline situation. However, there is no evidence that internal erosion has occurred at any location
September, pp 123-135. Total stress within the dam other than at the abutments where stress conditions for hydraulic fracture were particularly
favourable.
2011 143 Hill HILL T and HUGHES A (2011). CPD for existing and Guides & surveys News item.
aspiring reservoir engineers. Dams & Reservoirs, vol
21, no 4, December, p143.
2011 145 Warren WARREN A (2011). New research published on Guides & surveys News item.
lessons from historical dam incidents. Dams &
2011 147 Bridle BRIDLE R and BROWN A (2011). ICOLD Bulletin on Guides & surveys, Internal News item.
internal erosion. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4, erosion
December, p147.
2011 149 Hinks HINKS J (2011). BDS visit to Germany - 11-14 May Carlsfeld, Eibenstock, Eder, Site visits.
2011. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4, December, pp Klingenberg, Mohne, Sorpe
149-152. (Germany)
2011 153 McMonagle McMONAGLE S (2011). Banbury flood alleviation Site visit.
scheme. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4, December,
p153.
2011 155 Claydon CLAYDON J (2011). Abberton reservoir raising, 19 Abberton Heightening, Overflow works Site visit
October 2011. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4,
December, pp 155-157
2011 159 Howard HOWARD J (2011). Val de la Mare dam, Jersey: Val de la Mare Concrete deterioration, A geomembrane has been installed on the upstream face of the 24 m high Val de la Mare concrete gravity dam.
design and installation of a geomembrane lining. Dams Geomembranes, Seismic This will allow the concrete to dry out, reducing uplift pressures and preventing further alkali aggregate
& Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4, December, pp 159-163. assessment , Uplift in concrete reactions. The seismic resistance of the dam has been improved to withstand a 1 in 20,000 year event with a
dams horizontal peak ground acceleration of 0.2g.
2011 165 Evans EVANS N C (2011). Safety modifications at Lower Lower Laithe Flood estimation/hydrology, A flood study and a 1 in 20 scale physical model showed that during the PMF design flood, the walls of the
Laithe reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4, Overflow works, Spillway spillway and stilling basin would be overtopped, causing extensive damage to the existing masonry lined
December, pp 165-170. hydraulics channel. Improvement works have included lining the spillway with reinforced concrete and raising the masonry
walls.
2011 171 Hallsworh HALLSWORTH A K (2011). Surveys and temporary Windleden Upper Overflow works, Spillway A 1 in 20 scale model showed that the spillway had insufficient capacity to convey the PMF outflow; the weir
works in spillway construction at Windleden Upper hydraulics started to drown and the capacity of the existing tumblebay was insufficient to prevent the weir drowning. The
reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4, December, preferred option for increasing the capacity of the tumblebay was to create a slot within the existing structure.
pp 171-177.
2011 179 Hughes HUGHES A (2011). Obituary: Lyonel Stuart Davies
(1942-2011). Dams & Reservoirs, vol 21, no 4,
December, p179. Obituary
67
Dams and Reservoirs
2012 3 Vyse VYSE C H (2012). Dam safety and research: review of Thirty-seven publications in three international conferences in the period 2010-2011, which are deemed relevant
publications relevant to the UK dams industry for 2010- to British dams, have been reviewed under six headings; embankment dams (7 papers), concrete and masonry
2011. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 1, March, pp 3- dams (8 papers), hydrology (5 papers), hydraulics (3 papers), Safety management and risk assessment (11
10. papers), guidance and legislation (3 papers).
2012 11 Morris MORRIS R (2012). Upgrading of the bottom outlet Abberton Outlet & intake facilities, Rapid It was found that the existing drawdown facility was only capable of drawing down the Abberton reservoir by 80
facilities at Abberton reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol drawdown mm per day at the new reservoir full supply level (FSL) consequent on embankment raising by 3.2 m.
22, no 1, March, pp 11-18. Replacement of the existing needle valve by a cone valve will substantially increase the reservoir drawdown
rate.
2012 19 Patel PATEL J A (2012). Duration effects of wave Overtopping Although the European overtopping manual EurOtop has been produced for sea defences, it has application to
overtopping: application of EurOtop on three reservoirs reservoirs in certain cases. The EurOtop methodology has been applied to three inland reservoirs and has been
in the North West. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 1, used to assess the duration impacts of overtopping discharge.
March, pp 19-25.
2012 27 Malik MALIK Z M and HUSSAIN A (2012). Investigation and Satpara (Pakistan) Internal erosion During first filling of the reservoir, there were two internal erosion incidents at Satpara dam. The first incident
treatment of post-construction incidents at Satpara was the appearance of a depression in the main dam upstream slope and the second incident concerned
Dam. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 1, March, pp 27- sinkholes upstream of the project area.
44.
2012 49 Airey AIREY M (2012). BDS response to consultation on the Legislation News item.
Environment Agency's approach to designating large
raised reservoirs as high risk. Dams & Reservoirs, vol
22, no 2, June, pp 49-52.
2012 53 Scholefield SCHOLEFIELD I (2012). BDS response to consultation Legislation News item.
on implementation of amendments to the Reservoirs
Act 1975. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2, June, pp
53-55.
2012 57 Down DOWN P D (2012). BDS 11th Supervising Engineers' News item.
forum, 2013. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2, June,
pp 57-58.
2012 59 Airey AIREY M, BRIDLE R, HOPE I, HOPE J, and HUGHES Meeting report.
A (2012). The 80th Annual Meeting of ICOLD, 2012,
Kyoto. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2, June, pp 59-
66.
2012 67 Butterworth BUTTERWORTH J D (2012). BDS Conference in Meeting report.
Leeds, September 2012. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22,
no 2, June, pp 67-69.
2012 71 Goff GOFF C (2012). Pre-conference tour to Butterley Butterley Site visit.
71-72.
2012 73 Judge JUDGE T (2012). BDS conference 2012 - tour of Baitings, Boothwood, Scammonden Site visits.
Baitings, Boothwood and Scammonden reservoirs.
2012 75 Welbank WELBANK J (2012). BDS Conference 2012 - tour of Brownhill, Ramsden, Riding Wood Site visits.
the Holme valley. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2,
June, p75.
2012 77 Rigby RIGBY P and HARVEY K (2012). BDS Conference Agden, Dale Dike Site visits.
2012 - tour of Agden and Dale Dike. Dams &
Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2, June, p77.
2012 79 Hopkins HOPKINS J (2012). BDS Conference 2012 - tour of Langsett, Underbank, Winscar Site visits.
Winscar, Langsett and Underbank reservoirs. Dams &
2012 81 Lewis LEWIS R L and RUNDLE S (2012). 'Undertakers' for Legislation There is little case law on the 1975 Reservoirs Act or the earlier 1930 legislation. The current legal interpretation
the purpose of the Reservoirs Act 1975. Dams & and practice of the British reservoir industry is summarised in 'A guide to the Reservoirs Act 1975' and the views
Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2, June, pp 81-85. in the paper supplement some of the information in the guide. The paper summarises legal advice given to the
Environment Agency on the meaning of 'undertakers' for the purpose of the Act, which is a crucial issue for the
Agency in fulfilling its duty as Enforcement Authority to ensure that undertakers comply with the Act.
68
Dams and Reservoirs
2012 87 Warren WARREN T (2012). Roller-compacted concrete dams: Al Wehdah (Jordan), Diamer Basher Roller compacted concrete, Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) has rapidly developed over the last 35 years and is now widely used for mass
a brief history and their advantages. Dams & (Pakistan), Dong Nai (Vietnam), Gibe Overflow works, Overtopping concreting operations in gravity dam construction. The advantages of RCC over some other forms of dam
Reservoirs, vol 22, no 2, June, pp 87-90. III (Ethiopia), Kodiat Acerdobe construction are described and it is affirmed that RCC dams can provide a safer and more practical and
(Algeria), Longtan (China), Nam economical solution for water storage projects than other types of dam construction.
Gnouang (Laos), Ralco (Chile),
Saluda (USA), Tarbela repair
(Pakistan), Taum Sauk rebuild (USA),
Yeywa (Myanmar).
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4, September and December 2012
2012 95 Hughes HUGHES A (2012). Reservoirs Committee guidance Guides & surveys, Legislation News item.
on panel applications. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3
and 4, September and December, pp 95-96.
2012 97 Hughes HUGHES A (2012). Dams and reservoirs conduits - a Guides & surveys News item.
new guide. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4,
September and December, pp 97-98.
2012 101 Goff GOFF C (2012). Floods and reservoir safety, 4th Guides and surveys News item.
edition working group. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3
and 4, September and December, p101.
2012 103 Shire SHIRE T and BRIDLE R (2012). European Working Internal erosion Meeting report.
Group on Internal Erosion, ICSE-6, Paris, 2012. Dams
& Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4, September and
December, pp 103-104
2012 107 Prisk PRISK D (2012). Llyn Alaw reservoir stressed anchor Llyn Alaw Uplift in concrete dams Site visit
stabilisation. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4,
2012 111 McGrail McGRAIL L (2012). BDS visit to New Years Bridge New Years Bridge Overflow works Site visit.
reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4,
2012 113 Booth BOOTH N (2012). Grane Valley reservoir spillway Holden Wood, Ogden Overflow works Site visit.
improvements. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4,
2012 117 Warren WARREN A (2012). Recent incidents at abandoned Cwm Ebol, Lower Nutclough, Upper Discontinuance, abandonment, Cwm Ebol reservoir at Pennal and Nutclough reservoirs at Hebden Bridge were constructed for industrial
industrial reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 Nutclough Overflow works, Overtopping, purposes in Victorian times, but had not been used for over a century. Upper Nutclough reservoir was largely
and 4, September and December, pp 117-120. Sedimentation. filled with sediment and Cwm Ebol and Lower Nutclough reservoirs had been left drawn down. It appeared that
spillway structures for Cwm Ebol and Lower Nutclough had been infilled to construct roadways across the dam
crests and it was only a matter of time before blockage of low level outlets caused the dams to overtop during
flood events. Cwm Ebol dam was endangered by a debris slide into the reservoir during a flood event on 8-9
June 2012. An incident occurred on 19 July 2012 at Hebden Bridge during a flood event.
2012 121 Eddleston EDDLESTON M (2012). Assessing the potential for Blackstone Edge, Hollingworth Lake, Internal erosion The reservoir dams for the Rochdale canal, which were constructed prior to the adoption of central puddle clay
internal erosion of peat in Pennine canal dams. Dams Upper Chelburn, Warland, cores, were formed of very variable fills including peat. Concern over the possible vulnerability of peat to internal
& Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4, September and Whiteholme erosion has led to extensive investigations.
2012 129 Neal NEAL I (2012). The potential of sand dam road Culverts under embankments, Culverts under rural road river crossings in African dryland regions are often inadequate to accommodate peak
crossings. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4, Environment, social, planning, floods and are vulnerable to being washed away. Sand dams offer significant benefits as an alternative to
September and December, pp 129-143. Flood estimation/hydrology, culverts. A case study from Kenya is presented where a sand dam acts as both a road crossing and also as the
Overflow works, Sedimentation source for a water pipeline.
69
Dams and Reservoirs
2012 145 Hinks HINKS J (2012). The modern dam engineer. 12th Akosombo (Ghana), Aswan high dam The lecture has four main sections dealing with the uses of dams, the problems with dams, the case of Nam
Binnie Lecture. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 22, no 3 and 4, (Egypt), Balbina (Brazil), Bani Naji Theun 2 and the modern dam engineer. The uses of dams include irrigation, hydropower, water supply, flood
September and December, pp 145-160. (Yemen), Bhumibol (Thailand), control and navigation. The problems with dams include resettlement, fish, methane, safety issues, floods,
Brianne (UK), Claerwen (UK), Craig sedimentation, evaporation, hurricanes and earthquakes. The Nam Theun 2 project in Laos is put forward as
Goch (UK), Clywedog (UK), Damadur having much to commend it. With regard to the modern dam engineer, the author writes '... virtually all the dam
(India), Eder (Germany), El Cajon engineers I know, whether in the UK or overseas, are dedicated to their profession in a way that cannot be
(Honduras), Gatun (Panama), Kainji explained by financial remuneration alone.'
(Nigeria), Kamuzu barrage (Malawi),
Kariba (Zimbabwe), Lower Ghatghar
(India), Mangla (Pakistan), Nam
Theun 2 (Laos), New Victoria
(Australia), Pak Mun (Thailand),
Platanovryssi (Greece), Sadd el-
Kafara (Egypt), Sharge (Albania),
Sharreduskh (Albania), Shih-Kang
(Taiwan), Sirikit (Thailand), Swellands
(UK), Tarbela (Pakistan), Thap Salao
(Thailand), Three Gorges (China) ,
Tucurui (Brazil), Tunnel End (UK),
Valdesia (Dominican Republic), White
Cart Water (UK), Zillergrundl (Austria)

2013 4 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M, HUGHES A K, MACDONALD A and Guides & surveys, Legislation Guidance for applicants to the various panels under the Reservoirs Act 1975 prepared by the Reservoirs
MASON P J (2013). Updated guidance for applicants Committee of the ICE.
to the panels set up under the Reservoirs Act 1975.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 1, March, pp 4-11.
2013 12 Peters PETERS A (2013). The 2013 supervising engineers' Meeting report
forum. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 1, March, pp 12-
14.
2013 15 Heron HERON C M, LAM A, HAIGH SK and MADABHUSHI Los Angeles (USA), Lower San Dynamic behaviour & analysis Tests have been carried out on a small (1 m x 0.5 m) shaking table to provide qualitative information about the
G S P (2013). Imaging the failure of a rock-fill dam Fernando (USA), Suvi (India) likely behaviour of rockfill dams on liquefiable sand foundation soils. It was concluded that the stiffness of a
following liquefaction. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 1, central impermeable core and the presence of reservoir water had significant influences on the deformation of
March, pp 15-24. the dam.
2013 25 Shire SHIRE T, PELECANOS L, BO H and TAYLOR H Gouhou (China), La Villita (Mexico), Dynamic behaviour & analysis, Research in embankment dam engineering is underway at Imperial College on two topics. The effectiveness of
(2013). Current research in embankment dam Yele (China) Internal erosion granular filters is being examined at a particle scale using the discrete element method of numerical analysis
engineering at Imperial College London. Dams & and the experimental method of micro-computed tomography. The finite element method of numerical analysis
Reservoirs, vol 23, no 1, March, pp 25-28. is being used to model the seismic behaviour of dams and validated against the monitored seismic behaviour of
La Villita dam, a 60 m high zoned earthfill dam in Mexico, and Yele dam, a 125 m high rockfill dam with an
asphaltic concrete core in China.
2013 29 Ahmed AHMED A A, JOHNSTON H T and OYEDELE L Seepage & leakage The effect of leaks through sheet piles driven below the floor of a hydraulic structure on seepage loss, uplift
(2013). Hydraulic structures with defective sheet pile force and exit hydraulic gradient has been analysed using the finite element method. When the sheet pile wall is
walls. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 1, March, pp 29- located in the middle of the floor of the structure it has little effect on these parameters, but when it is located at
37. the downstream end of the hydraulic structure its impact is significant, particularly on the exit hydraulic gradient
with consequent major reduction in stability against piping.
2013 38 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, BOWLES D S and GARDINER K D Hazard & risk management It is considered that it is now possible for the probability of failure of an embankment dam due to internal erosion
(2013). What price reservoir safety? A practical use of to be reasonably estimated. The use of cost disproportionality to justify dam reduction measures facilitates
disproportionality in dam risk assessments. Dams & appropriate investment choices based on as low as reasonably practicable considerations. The paper describes
Reservoirs, vol 23, no 1, March, pp 38-44. risk analysis of two homogeneous embankment dams to evaluate potential remedial measures.

2013 49 Down DOWN P D (2013). BDS supervising engineers' forum Meeting report.
2013 - post-event analysis. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23,
no 2, June, pp 49-51.
2013 52 Hughes HUGHES A K (2013). Summary of ICOLD committee Meeting report.
meetings held in Seattle - August 2013. Dams &
2013 55 Scott SCOTT D (2013). Black Esk reservoir enlargement. Black Esk Overflow works Site visit.
70
Dams and Reservoirs
2013 58 Pavlov PAVLOV V V (2013). Impounding reservoir spillways Overflow works The design of reservoir spillways and energy dissipaters is complex and necessitates involvement of structural
and energy dissipators: hydraulic design challenges and geotechnical engineers, but hydraulic engineers have the key role. The experience of upgrading the
and lessons learnt. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 2, overflow capacities at seven reservoirs in north-west England has provided valuable insight into key
June, pp 58-65. requirements for the input of hydraulic engineers.
2013 66 KIng KING S J (2013). Discontinuance of Loch Mhuilinn Loch Mhuilinn Discontinuance, abandonment A nine metre high masonry dam impounding a reservoir with a capacity of 60,000 cubic metres, which had not
reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 2, June, pp been previously registered under the Reservoirs Act 1975, was located and registered. An inspection found that
66-69. the dam was in a poor state of repair and it was discontinued. The whole process from initial location to
discontinuance was completed within a two year period.
2013 70 Molyneux MOLYNEUX J D, ZHOU J, BRADSHAW J and Klingenberg (Germany), San Vicente Tunnels have been excavated in concrete dams in order to improve access, provide new outlets and upgrade
HOGAN D J (2013). New passages in old dams. Dams (USA), Spelga (Northern Ireland), dams to modern standards. A range of techniques have been used in tunnel excavation, including drill and blast,
& Reservoirs, vol 23, no 2, June, pp 70-77. Warmwithens (England) hydrodemolition and diamond cutting. Levels of vibration can be limited and damage avoided by careful
planning and control of the operation. Construction of tunnels in embankment dams involves much higher risks.
2013 78 Holt HOLT G D (2013). Unambiguous nomenclature for Abbeystead, Caban Coch, Claerwen, In British dam building history the term 'cyclopean' is used in different ways. It is proposed that the term
cyclopean British dam building history. Dams & Craig Goch, Dol-y-Mynach, Thirlmere, 'cyclopean masonry dam' should be used for a dam with a hearting of informally dressed large stone plums
Reservoirs, vol 23, no 2, June, pp 78-84. Vyrnwy packed with smaller stones and mortar. The term 'cyclopean concrete dam' should be used for a dam with a
hearting of plums bedded and surrounded with concrete.
2013 85 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, REILLY N and RIGBY P (2013). Blackstone Edge, Hollingworth Lake, Hazard & risk management, It was considered that some embankment dams built at the beginning of the nineteenth century to supply water
Application of the internal erosion toolbox to Rochdale Light Hazzles, Upper Chelburn, Internal erosion for the Rochdale canal could be particularly vulnerable to internal erosion. A unified method of risk analysis,
canal dams. Part 1. Introduction and erosion initiation. Warland, Whiteholme which utilises a generic event tree to assess potential seepage and piping failure paths, has been applied to
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 2, June, pp 85-90. these dams. The analysis depends heavily on the expertise and judgement of a risk estimating team.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and 4, September and December 2013
2013 100 Hope HOPE I (2013). Emergency planning for reservoirs. Blithfield Emergency planning Meeting report from Annual National Resilience Forum held in November 2013 which focused on emergency
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and 4, September planning for reservoirs. An exercise has been carried out based on the fictitious scenario of the failure of
and December, pp 100-102. Blithfield dam.
2013 103 Williamson WILLIAMSON T (2013). ICOLD 2013, Seattle, USA. Meeting report.
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and 4, September
and December, pp 103-105.
2013 106 Williamson WILLIAMSON T (2013). ICOLD 2013, Seattle, USA: Site visit.
technical tour TT4 Cushman Hydro Project. Dams &
Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and 4, September and
2013 109 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, REILLY N and RIGBY P (2013). Balderhead, Greenbooth, Holden Internal erosion Some embankment dams built at the beginning of the nineteenth century to supply water for the Rochdale canal
Application of the internal erosion toolbox to Rochdale Wood, Lluest Wen, Rivington Upper, could be particularly vulnerable to internal erosion and a unified method of risk analysis, which utilises a generic
canal dams. Part 2. Time for detection of internal Roddlesworth Upper, Warmwithens event tree to assess potential seepage and piping failure paths, has been applied to these dams. This second
erosion. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and 4, part of the paper considers methods of assessing the time taken for internal erosion to develop, including the
September and December, pp 109-116. use of experience from case histories..
2013 117 Thompson THOMPSON A (2013). Tube-a-manchette grouting at Upper Rivington (Yarrow) Grouting, Internal erosion After a major leak at the Yarrow embankment in 2002, which was followed by remedial grouting, it was
Upper Rivington reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, considered that there was a significant risk of an internal erosion failure caused by erosion of the puddle clay
no 3 and 4, September and December, pp 117-121. core into the fissured rock foundation. In 2012 tube-a-manchette grouting was carried out both upstream and
downstream of the clay core. The areas of high grout take correlated well with the known geological conditions
and the previous geophysical survey.
2013 122 Courtnadge COURTNADGE A (2013). Worth Farm flood detention Worth Farm Flood storage reservoirs Worth Farm flood detention reservoir is formed by an 8 m high embankment dam. An unexpected problem
reservoir: challenges during construction. Dams & occurred when an old waste tip was encountered within the footprint of the upstream shoulder and central clay
Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and 4, September and core of the dam.
2013 130 Ashworth ASHWORTH J (2013). Adopting a risk-based approach Legislation Under the 2011 Reservoirs (Scotland) Act every controlled reservoir will be given a risk designation of high,
to reservoir safety in Scotland. Dams & Reservoirs, vol medium or low based on the consequences of an uncontrolled release of reservoir water. The risk designation
23, no 3 and 4, September and December, pp 130- will determine the required level of statutory monitoring and inspection.
133.
2013 134 Vyse VYSE C H (2013). Llyn Alaw reservoir post-tensioned Llyn Alaw Uplift in concrete dams, The 7 m high concrete gravity dam was found to have an inadequate factor of safety for stability under a seismic
anchor installation. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 Seismic assessment event. Post-tensioned rock anchors have been installed vertically through the crest and into the bedrock
and 4, September and December, pp 134-142. foundation along the length of the dam.
2013 143 Tietavainen TIETAVAINEN M T (2013). Scour valve replacement at Digley Outlet & intake works The size of the discharge plume of a 1:10 scale physical model of a cone valve was significantly different from
Digley reservoir. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 23, no 3 and that predicted by the manufacturer's software. It was concluded that to utilise physical modelling it was
4, September and December, pp 143-151. necessary to have empirical data from the manufacturer's software to calibrate the model.
71
Dams and Reservoirs
2013 152 Ben-Awuah BEN-AWUAH E, BAAH-FREMPONG E and AKAYULI Slope stability The downstream slope of a 4 m high embankment, which is constructed with a clayey gravelly silty sand fill with
C F A (2013). Analysis of embankment stability: a case an angle of repose of 32 degrees, is 50 degrees. What appears to be a total stress stability analysis based on
study at Awaso mine, Ghana. Dams & Reservoirs, vol cohesion of 306 kPa in the fill gave a factor of safety of 26. It seems unwise to rely on a total stress analysis in
23, no 3 and 4, September and December, pp 152- such a fill material.
160.
2014 3 Bridle BRIDLE R (2014). ICOLD annual meeting, Bali, Situ Gintung (Indonesia) Catastrophic failures, Meeting report which describes the work of the ICOLD embankment dams committee.
Indonesia, 1-7 June 2014. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, Geotextiles, Internal erosion
no 1, March, pp 3-6.
2014 7 Humphreys HUMPHREYS G (2014). Shon Sheffrey spillway Shon Sheffrey Overflow works Site visit.
improvements. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, no 1,
March, pp 7-8.
2014 9 Wallis WALLIS M and BROWN A (2014). Guide to Risk Guides & surveys, Hazard & Amendments and corrections to the 2013 guide are given together with some replacement tables and worked
assessment for reservoir safety management - risk management examples.
erratum. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, no 1, March, pp
9-18.
2014 19 Pepper PEPPER A & SCOTT C W (2014). Observations on Hazard & risk management, Following the amendment of the 1975 Reservoirs Act, all statutory large raised reservoirs in England are being
reservoir risk designation for the amended Reservoirs Legislation designated as 'high risk' or 'not high risk'. The Environment Agency has set up a reservoir risk designation panel
Act. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, no 1, March, pp 19-22. and has invited the British Dam Society to send representatives to panel meetings. The authors of the paper
have attended two different panel meetings. They conclude that the adoption of the precautionary principle
means that provisional risk designations are likely to err on the side of conservatism, which is not unreasonable
as undertakers have the right to make representation before a final designation is made.
2014 23 Warren WARREN A L and DEANE M B (2014). A new guide to Guides & surveys, Legislation This paper introduces the fully updated revision of the guide, which includes the text of the amended Act that
the Reservoirs Act 1975. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, applies to reservoirs in England.
no 1, March 2014, pp 23-25.
2014 26 Eddleston EDDLESTON M and WAN C F (2014). Use of basic Hazard & risk management, The Environment Agency 'Guide to risk assessment for reservoir safety management' advocates a three tier
soil test data in internal erosion assessments. Dams & Internal erosion approach: tier 1 is qualitative; tier 2 introduces basic quantitative tools; tier 3 presents detailed quantitative
Reservoirs, vol 24, no 1, March 2014, pp 26-39. methods. Tier 3 internal erosion risk assessment requires gathering and interpreting geotechnical information
from a desk study, investigation and instrumentation. The process relies on the appropriate technical expertise
and experience of suitably qualified geotechnical engineers and reservoir panel engineers.
2014 40 Bruggemann BRUGGEMANN T (2014). Book review: ICOLD Bulletin Banqaio (China), Fengman (China), Flood estimation, hydrology, Book review.
142 - Bulletin on safe passage of extreme floods. Shimantan (China), Tucurui (Brazil) Guides & surveys, Hazard &
Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, no 1, March, pp 40-41. risk management, Overflow
works
2014 42 Shire SHIRE T (2014). Book review - ICOLD Bulletin 139: Guides & surveys, waste Book review.
Improving tailings dam safety - critical aspects of impoundment
management, design, operation and closure. Dams &
Reservoirs, vol 24, no 1, March, p42.
2014 48 Hughes HUGHES A (2014). BDS conferences - now and into Meeting report
the future. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24, no 2, June, p48
2014 49 White WHITE R (2014). Enfield golf course flood storage Enfield golf course Flood storage reservoirs Site visit.
49-51
2014 52 Donald DONALD P T A (2014). The Belfast Water Copeland, Dorisland, Lagmore, The development of water supply systems for Belfast is described. L L Macassey was engineer to the Belfast
Commissioners and L L Macassey 1840-1908. Dams & Leathemstown, Lough Island Reavy, Water Commissioners from 1874 until his death in 1908.
Reservoirs, vol 24, no 2, June, pp 52-61. Lough Mourne, Stoneyford, Woodburn
Lower South, Woodburn Middle
South, Woodburn North, Woodburn
Upper South
72
Dams and Reservoirs
2014 62 Cooper COOPER A (2014). The Geoffrey Binnie Lecture 2014: Altnaheglish, Altnahinch, Ballinrees, Some 150 reservoirs in Northern Ireland will soon become subject to specific reservoir safety legislation. The
The heritage of dams in Northern Ireland. Dams & Ballysallagh Lower, Ben Crom, paper describes challenges faced by the early designers and builders and some improvements that have been
Reservoirs, vol 24, no 2, June, pp 62-86. Copeland, Dungannon Lake, necessary in the interests of safety. It is concluded that civil engineers built and maintained sound and durable
Dungonnell, Fofanny, Killylane, dams whose performance is a tribute to their thoroughness and integrity. It is certain that in our changing world
Knockbracken, Lough Island Reavy, impounding reservoirs will continue to have a vital role in sustaining a growing population.
Lough Mourne, Seagahan, Silent
Valley, Spelga, Stoneyford, Woodburn
Lower South, Woodburn Middle
South, Woodburn North, Woodburn
Upper South
2014 87 Claydon CLAYDON J R (2014). Book review - Lessons from Catastrophic failures Book review: Lessons from incidents at dams and reservoirs - CIRIA special publication 167.
incidents at dams and reservoirs. Dams & Reservoirs,
vol 24, no 2, June, p87.
2014 88 Pepper PEPPER A T & SCOTT C W (2014). Erratum: Erratum. Error in first line of final paragraph under sub-heading 'conclusions'.
Observations on reservoir risk designation for the
amended Reservoirs Act. Dams & Reservoirs, vol 24,
no 2, June, p88.
73
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1975.
Conference papers of the British Dam Society

1975 Inspection, operation and improvement of existing dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Date First author Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary
1975 Ellis ELLIS L E (1975). Reservoirs Act 1975. Inspection, Legislation The Reservoirs Act 1975 distinguishes between administrative and professional engineering aspects of reservoir
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. safety. Building on the earlier Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act 1930, the 1975 Act introduces three new
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of features: firstly, a system of enforcement by local authorities, secondly, continual surveillance of large raised
Newcastle-upon Tyne, paper 1.1. reservoirs by a qualified civil engineer, and, thirdly, procedures for removing a reservoir from the ambit of the Act
or securing its safe abandonment. The new duties of qualified civil engineers, undertakers and enforcement
authorities are described. Failure to comply with the Act is now a criminal offence. (See discussion by S F White,
Director of Water Engineering, Department of the Environment, pp D1/1-3; L E Ellis, p D1/7-8)
1975 Simpson SIMPSON H W (1975). Points of law relating to Legislation Having reviewed the common law position and statute law with respect to reservoirs, the issue of third party
reservoirs. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of liability is examined. In the 1865 Rylands and Fletcher case, liability was upheld in respect of leakage from a
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, reservoir into underground mine workings of whose existence the defendant was justifiably ignorant. The fact
University of Newcastle-upon Tyne, paper 1.2. that a reservoir was built under statutory authority does not exonerate the undertakers from any legal action for
claims in respect of an escape of water from a reservoir. The criminal liability of undertakers and their
employees is set out much more fully in the 1975 Act than it was in the 1930 Act.
1975 Johnson JOHNSON F G (1975). Inspection of the reservoirs of Instrumentation, Safety The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board has 76 reservoirs which come within the ambit of the Reservoirs
the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. Inspection, surveillance, Spillway gates & (Safety Provisions) Act 1930. Concrete gravity and buttress dams predominate and there are a few
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. barriers embankment dams. Up to 1971 the three main safety procedures were visual inspections, leakage
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of measurements and dam instrumentation. In developing a new policy for inspection and instrumentation the
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 1.3. following factors were taken into account: the type, height, age and safety factor of the dam, foundation
conditions, economic value of the reservoir and risk to population downstream. Six types of inspection are now
carried out: (a) statutory inspections by panel engineers at intervals not exceeding ten years, (b) overseeing
inspections by experienced engineers in the Board's Civil Division at intervals of two to five years, (c)
maintenance inspections by members of the Civil Division, (d) inspections at three to twelve month intervals by
mechanical and electrical engineers, (e) weekly inspections by watermen, and (f) inspection and testing of gates
and valves at not more than yearly intervals.
1975 Moffat MOFFAT A I B (1975). Effective operation of reservoir Coedty, Dale Dyke, Eigiau, Lluest Catastrophic failures, In presenting the historical background to reservoir safety legislation, particular emphasis is given to notable
legislation. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of Wen, Skelmorlie, Warmwithens Legislation failures. Problems in maintaining high levels of reservoir safety stem not only from the existence of a large stock
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, of dams in an industrialised and densely populated small country, but also from the large number of old
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 1.4. (See embankments dams within that stock. While it is considered that the Reservoirs Act 1975 represents a step
also discussion, pp D1/8-9 and 14-15.) forward on previous legislation, two significant ways to strengthen the Act are proposed: (a) the establishment of
a central registry containing all available essential records of dams subject to the legislation, (b) the
establishment of a central government agency to act as the enforcement authority rather than 66 local
authorities.
1975 Morris MORRIS J W (1975). Federal legislation and activities Legislation, Safety Following a number of dam failures and near-failures, in 1972 the United States of America introduced
for dam safety in the United States. Inspection, surveillance legislation authorising the US Army Corps of Engineers to compile an inventory of dams, to undertake a national
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. programme of dam inspections, and to prepare recommendations for the implementation of a national dam
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of safety programme. All dams 25 feet (7.6 m) or more in height or impounding reservoirs with a storage capacity
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 1.5. of 50 acre feet (61700 cubic metres) or more were within the ambit of the legislation. The inventory contains
data on 49000 dams. It was recommended that a national dam safety programme should be implemented to
protect the health, safety and welfare of citizens, and that this should be followed by the inspection over a
reasonable and practicable time period of all existing dams which have a significant hazard potential.
1975 Kilkenny KILKENNY W M (1975). Overseas practice on dam Legislation, Safety Legislation and inspection procedures for dam safety in the United States of America, the Republic of South
safety laws and inspection procedures. Inspection, surveillance Africa, France and Sweden are reviewed and compared with Great Britain. It is concluded that, while concerns
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. over the hazards posed by ageing dams are being reflected by increased legislative activity in some countries,
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of few countries are conducting dam safety programmes with the intensity of effort required for public safety.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 1.6.
1975 Cooley COOLEY P (1975). Operation of the Metropolitan Datchet, King George's, King George Reservoir operation, Safety Thames Water has some forty storage reservoirs in the Thames and Lea valleys. The reservoirs are under the
reservoirs of the Thames Water Authority. Inspection, VI, Lockwood, Queen Elizabeth II, surveillance control of two senior resident engineers, with a reservoir foreman under each. The larger units have a reservoir
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. Queen Mary, Queen Mother, Staines attendant, while the smaller ones are grouped. Daily inspections of every reservoir embankment are carried out
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of North, Staines South, William Girling, by the reservoir attendants and include identification of damp patches, cracks and movement. Any anomaly
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 2.1. Wraysbury which is detected is immediately reported. The reservoir foreman makes a weekly inspection and twice a year
the resident engineer makes an inspection. All this is in addition to statutory inspections and record keeping.
74

1975 Wilby WILBY C B and MOHSEN M N (1975). Instrumentation Boothwood Instrumentation The 61 m high mass concrete gravity Boothwood dam was completed in 1971. Instrumentation was installed
of Boothwood dam. Inspection, Operation and during construction to measure stress and temperature during construction and reservoir impounding. Twelve
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of vibrating wire strain gauges were installed in one of the monoliths. The deformation of the dam was measured
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- by triangulation. Two reasons are advanced for the necessity of instrumenting dams: firstly, to provide advance
Tyne, paper 2.2. warning of the development of a hazardous situation in order to facilitate timely remedial action, and, secondly,
to determine how actual behaviour departs from existing theories in order to improve the future design of dams.
1975 Johnson JOHNSON F G and COOKE W (1975). Operation of Reservoir operation The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board had 76 reservoirs that came within the ambit of the 1930 Reservoirs
the reservoirs of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric (Safety Provisions) Act. There are two major operating conditions: firstly, normal operation to meet the electrical
Board. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of supply requirements, and, secondly, flood conditions where local conditions govern the requirements for each
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, reservoir. The operational regime is governed by the need to maximise electricity generation during periods
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 2.3. when the marginal cost of thermal generation is high while minimising spill losses in wet weather and avoiding
storage failure in dry weather. Specific flood problems have been identified and operating and flood
management procedures are being refined.
1975 Bolton BOLTON K, MILLIGAN C and SANKEY K A (1975). Reservoir operation The Manchester water resource system has developed from the mid-nineteenth century works in Longdendale,
The operation of the water resource system of followed by works in the Lake District at Thirlmere, Haweswater and, latterly at Ullswater, to create the present
Manchester. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of fully integrated system of reservoirs, pumping stations and aqueducts. The operating policy during drought
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, conditions is described. The first stage of the Lancashire Conjunctive Use Scheme, which is currently under
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 2.4. construction, involves the abstraction of water from the River Lune.
1975 Curtis CURTIS G R (1975). Instrumentation of the dams of Lednock, Loch Dubh, Monar, Sloy Instrumentation Standardised instrumentation, including invar steel wire pendulums, inverted pendulums, strain gauges, and
the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board and surveying techniques, has been adopted by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board for its large dams, most
interpretation of results. Inspection, Operation and of which are of concrete construction. Some results are presented for four concrete dams: Lednock and Sloy
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of buttress dams, Monar arch dam and Loch Dubh gravity dam. A deflection measuring system is regarded as an
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- early warning system, but five years is the minimum period required to establish the normal pattern of
Tyne, paper 2.5. deflections.
1975 Johnston JOHNSTON T A (1975). Instrumentation and operation Bradan Instrumentation, Movement Bradan reservoir is impounded by two mass concrete gravity dams, Bradan and Lure. Construction began in
of Bradan reservoir. Inspection, Operation and monitoring, Uplift/overturning mid-1970 and the reservoir was full in January 1974. The behaviour of Bradan dam has been monitored during
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of in concrete dams impounding and subsequently. The expenditure on gauges, surveying pillars and target stations was six
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- thousand pounds, 0.4% of the 1.5 million pounds contract. Uplift pressures were higher than anticipated under
Tyne, paper 2.6. one section of the dam and more pressure relief holes were drilled.
1975 Kitching KITCHING B W (1975). Movement instrumentation at Lower Glendevon, Upper Glendevon Movement monitoring, Outlet An accuracy of better than 0.5 mm is claimed for measurements of horizontal and vertical movement using a
the Upper Glendevon dam and improving the outlet & intake works laser alignment method at the 46 m high Upper Glendevon mass concrete gravity dam . The system was found
arrangement at the Lower Glendevon dam of the Fife to be simpler, quicker and more accurate than alternative methods. At the 31m high Lower Glendevon
Regional Authority, Scotland. Inspection, Operation embankment dam alterations have been made to enable the full capacity of the outlet works to be used more
and Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of safely. The measures which have been implemented at the two dams followed recommendations from statutory
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- inspections.
Tyne, paper 2.7.
1975 Parkman PARKMAN H C (1975). Monitoring reservoir operation Llysyfran Instrumentation, Movement Operational monitoring of the 32 m high Llysyfran mass concrete gravity dam has included measurement of
for inspections. Inspection, Operation and monitoring, Safety seepage, uplift pressure, crest movement and concrete strain. Seepage has been monitored in twelve V-notch
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of surveillance, weirs. In order to identify the general location of a flow path it is important that surface water run-off is isolated
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- Uplift/overturning in concrete and that the percolation beneath the dam is separated from that through the concrete. Uplift pressures across
Tyne, paper 2.8. dams the base of the dam were monitored by installing piezometers beneath three monoliths. Surveying methods
have been used to measure horizontal and vertical deflection of the dam crest and vibrating wire strain gauges
have been installed in four of the monoliths.
1975 Rofe ROFE B H (1975). Use of existing instrumentation in Instrumentation, Safety Over the previous two decades many major embankment dams have had instrumentation installed during
embankment dams. Inspection, Operation and surveillance construction. The question arises as to what use should be made of the instrumentation after embankment
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of construction has been completed and the reservoir has been filled. Several possible courses of action are
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- considered. Disconnecting all instruments and terminating readings is not recommended. A compromise course
Tyne, paper 2.9. of action is to disconnect some instruments and continue to read a representative group. A warning marker limit
system can be introduced for piezometer readings. The additional cost of continuing to read all instruments may
not be very great and a comprehensive record of monitoring can be of great value in regular design checks.
1975 Moffat MOFFAT A I B (1975). Pore pressure and internal uplift Bradan, Loch Dubh Uplift/overturning in concrete Internal uplift should be clearly differentiated from the more commonly discussed foundation uplift. Internal uplift
in massive concrete dams. Inspection, Operation and dams can be defined as the force system acting upon any horizontal plane within a massive dam which is attributable
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of to the pressure of seepage water contained in joints, fissures, or pores in the parent material. Pore pressure
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- monitoring has been carried out in two concrete gravity dams, Loch Dubh and Bradan. Current understanding of
Tyne, paper 3.1. internal uplift is limited by a lack of reliable quantitative pore pressure data and it is hoped that the monitoring at
Bradan will in the long term provide relevant data.
75

1975 Sherwood SHERWOOD D E, MARRIOTT M and SMITH J Grand Vaux, Val-de-la-Mare Concrete deterioration, The dynamic Young's Modulus of concrete can be derived from measurements of compression wave velocity.
(1975).Non-destructive testing of concrete dams by Geophysical investigation The Val-de-la-Mare dam in Jersey was deteriorating due to alkali-aggregate reactivity and this geophysical
sonic speed measurement. Inspection, Operation and method was used to identify areas of concrete which had deteriorated due to alkali aggregate reaction and to
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of monitor any further deterioration of the structure. A blow from a one kilogram hammer on the downstream face
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- of the dam was used as the source and a geophone was located on the upstream face above the water level.
Tyne, paper 3.2. Measurements at Val-de-la-Mare were repeated after eight months, but there was little evidence that the
concrete had suffered significant deterioration between the two surveys. The remedial measures adopted at the
dam are described by Coombes et al in paper 3.3. Testing was also carried out at the 9 m high Grand Vaux
dam. Wave velocities in the concrete were of the order of 4000 m/s.
1975 Coombes COOMBES L H, COLE R G and CLARKE R M (1975). Val-de-la-Mare Concrete deterioration, In January 1971 small upstream movements of the order of 10 mm were noticed at certain sections of the
Remedial measures to Val-de-la-Mare dam, Jersey, Geophysical investigation, handrail of the crest walkway bridge at the Val-de-la-Mare dam. The dam was completed in 1962 and has a
Channel Islands, following alkali-aggregate reactivity. Grouting, Uplift in concrete maximum height of 23 m above the valley floor. An investigation programme included the measurements of
Inspection, Operation and Improvement of Existing dams compression wave velocity described by Sherwood et al in paper 3.2. It was concluded that the deterioration of
Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, the concrete was due to alkali-aggregate reactivity. The evidence indicated that deterioration would not progress
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 3.3. to the point where the concrete could not withstand the applied compressive loads, but that expansive cracking
could lead to increased internal uplift pressures and result in instability. Remedial works included the provision of
drainage into the gallery, grouting and the installation of anchors in the section of the dam most adversely
affected. Instrumentation has been installed to monitor the loads on the anchors and movements at this section.
1975 Fitzgerald FITZGERALD R D (1975). Altnaheglish dam, County Altnaheglish (N. Ireland) Grouting, Seepage & The 34 m high mass concrete gravity Altnaheglish dam was completed in 1934. Spalling of the downstream face
Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Inspection, Operation leakage, Uplift in concrete of the dam was first noted in 1952 and increased progressively. An investigation found no chemical deterioration
and Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of dams but it was concluded that the downstream face was never dry due to seepage through the body of the dam.
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- Coloured dyes injected through holes drilled in the dam showed that there were many leakage paths. Stability
Tyne, paper 3.4. calculations indicated an unsatisfactory state under major flood conditions and the top water level was
immediately lowered by 3 m. Grouting was carried out and piezometers were installed to measure uplift before
and after grouting.
1975 Knill KNILL J L (1975). Seismic velocity investigations of Altnaheglish, Blackwater, Glen Geophysical investigations Compression wave velocity measurements in concrete dams using seismic hammer equipment provide a rapid
concrete dams in Great Britain. Inspection, Operation Finglas, Laggan, Monar, Stithians, and inexpensive way of examining the in situ mass properties of concrete. Measurements at seven dams
and Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of Wet Sleddale demonstrate the anisotropic influence of construction joints and variations in concrete quality on the wave
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- velocity. The vertical velocity was typically only 60 - 75% of the horizontal velocity.
Tyne, paper 3.5.
1975 Allen ALLEN A C (1975). Leakage and stability of the Upper Glendevon Upper Grouting, Seepage & The Upper Glendevon concrete gravity dams was completed in 1955 and is 45 m high. On reservoir impounding
Glendevon dam of the Fife Regional Authority, leakage, Uplift in concrete leakage was 25 l/s and was widespread through the dam and the rock foundation. Unusually high uplift
Scotland. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of dams pressures were recorded. In 1960 an upstream grout curtain was formed and appeared to have been very
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, successful in reducing leakage. However by 1968 leakage was again substantial and approaching 10 l/s with
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 3.6. indications of high uplift pressures. The factor of safety is unknown and, under a contract let in July 1975,
pressure relief holes are being drilled to improve stability.
1975 Bass BASS K T (1975). Selection of design flood - the Flood estimation/hydrology Prior to the publication of the Flood Studies Report (FSR), British dam engineers typically calculated a design
engineer's dilemma. Inspection, Operation and flood for a particular reservoir by adjusting the ICE Normal Maximum Flood to take account of site specific
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of factors. The publication of FSR changed the situation dramatically. The report makes it possible to estimate
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- floods with a return period of 100 000 years and also the probable maximum flood (PMF) based on the probable
Tyne, paper 4.1. maximum precipitation (PMP). When a new reservoir is being designed it may be possible to accommodate the
much larger design floods derived from the new methodology without any great difficulty, but when the safety of
an existing reservoir, which has functioned satisfactorily for the last hundred years, is being assessed there is a
severe problem in deciding what additional overflow facilities should be provided. The problem facing the
Engineer has changed from a purely technical one of assessing the maximum flood to a sociological one of
selecting the appropriate degree of protection for the public and property downstream of the dam.
1975 Jarvis JARVIS R M (1975). Flood assessment for hydro- Aigas, Beannachran, Benevean, Flood estimation/ hydrology, Most of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board's schemes were based on the Institution of Civil Engineers'
electric projects. Inspection, Operation and Kilmorack, Monar, Mullardoch Spillway gates & barriers 1933 Interim Report on Floods in Relation to Reservoir Practice. The practice of the Board with respect to floods
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of prior to the publication of the Flood Studies Report is described and the 1000 year flood has been generally
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- adopted (see also paper 2.3 by Johnson and Cooke). Beauly hydro-electric scheme illustrates how operating
Tyne, paper 4.2. procedures cope with specific problems. The Flood Studies Report is regarded as a major step forward
76

1975 Griffiths GRIFFITHS F N and BERRY D W (1975). Spillways - Flood estimation/ hydrology There are extensive and reliable rainfall records in Britain, but records of river flows and floods are much more
design philosophy. Inspection, Operation and limited. The 1975 Flood Studies Report provides a procedure for using rainfall data to estimate the maximum
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of flood and the return periods of smaller floods in particular catchment areas. However, the responsibility for
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- determining whether the spillway of a dam should be capable of passing the estimated maximum flood or only
Tyne, paper 4.3. some smaller flood remains with the Engineer. The authors advocate that wherever it is foreseeable that dam
failure would cause loss of life, spillways for embankment dams should be designed to pass maximum floods.
Where loss of life cannot be foreseen, the spillway should be designed in accordance with the economic
principles described in the paper using a procedure illustrated in an appendix to the paper.
1975 Reynolds REYNOLDS G (1975). Extreme rainfall estimation for Flood estimation/ hydrology While the 1975 Flood Studies Report (FSR) has provided a basis for analysing problems of rainfall and runoff
flood studies in the Scottish Highlands. Inspection, extremes, it has also highlighted some areas of uncertainty and some aspects are inappropriate for Scottish
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. conditions. For example, the quick response runoff obtained from the FSR formula underestimates storm runoff
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of experienced in the Scottish Highlands, also areal reduction factors need to be modified before being applied to
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 4.4. the Highlands. The FSR recommendations for dealing with snow melt are also inappropriate for the Highlands.
1975 West WEST M J H (1975). Experiences in using the NERC Flood estimation/ hydrology, Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how flood calculations can be systematised using the studies of
Flood Studies Report of 1975 for reservoir inspections. storm rainfall and runoff in the 1975 NERC Flood Studies Report (FSR). It is concluded that the FSR provides
Inspection, Operation and Improvement of Existing the basis for improved flood estimates, particularly on ungauged catchments, but the need to undertake a field
Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, visit and to analyse relevant records is stressed. Field inspections of catchwaters nearly always reveal features
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 4.5. different from those which would have been assumed from a study of maps and drawings.
1975 Johnson JOHNSON P and NOVAK P (1975). Some hydrological Flood estimation/ hydrology, The hydraulics of three types of flood spillway are described; the overfall spillway, the shaft spillway and the
and hydraulic considerations in spillway design and Spillway gates & barriers, gated spillway. The value of the coefficient of discharge for an overfall spillway in the equation relating discharge
operation. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of Spillway hydraulics to head is discussed. For a shaft spillway the limit at which it becomes submerged and ceases to operate as a
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, free overfall is critical. The hydraulics of gated spillways require an extra variable to describe the gate opening.
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 4.6. Gated spillways have a major advantage where reservoirs are used in flood control.
1975 Farquharson FARQUHARSON F A K, LOWING M J and Derwent, Howden, Ladybower Flood estimation/ hydrology The 1975 Flood Studies Report (FSR) of the Institute of Hydrology (IoH) presents a technique of flood
SUTCLIFFE J V (1975). Some aspects of design flood hydrograph synthesis for spillway design. The return period of the design flood may be specified as, say, 100
estimation. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of 000 years or as an estimated, near zero probability, maximum. The techniques for computing the estimated
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, maximum flood (EMF) are illustrated by experience gained by IoH in studies of the Ladybower reservoir in the
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 4.7. Upper Derwent valley subsequent to the publication of FSR.
1975 Kennard KENNARD M F (1975). Eighteenth century dams in Aldenham, Ashburnham, Blenheim Safety surveillance In the second half of the eighteenth century many lakes were created in English country estates to improve the
England. Inspection, Operation and Improvement of Lake, Castle Howard Great Lake, landscape. Some of these lakes were formed by constructing small embankment dams typically 6 to 8 m high
Existing Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, Danson Park, Harewood, Nostell and many of these come within the ambit of reservoir safety legislation. In some cases the dams have required
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 5.1. Priory, Sherborne, Staunton Harold remedial works and information is presented on eight representative examples. Generally the embankments do
not contain puddle clay cores and there was no zoning of materials. At the end of the eighteenth century larger
dams were built to impound reservoirs to supply water to the canals. It is concluded that while problems of
erosion, leakage, settlement and local slipping do occur at these eighteenth century dams, they can be
overcome and structures which have enhanced the landscape for centuries can continue to fulfil their original or
present function.
1975 Clarke CLARKE C L and Le MASURIER M (1975). Inspection Safety surveillance Following an appointment under reservoir safety legislation, the inspecting engineer should collect all available
of old embankment dams. Inspection, Operation and information for the reservoir, which for an old reservoir may be quite limited. A historical summary is then
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of prepared including dates, incidents and sources of information and this should be attached to the inspection
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- report so that it is available for future inspections. Geology and hydrology should be considered at this early
Tyne, paper 5.2. stage. The inspection includes an examination of the catchment area above the reservoir and any downstream
development. Current practice with regard to maintenance and surveillance of the dam can be assessed from a
discussion with the owner's representative. Detailed inspection of the embankment and ancillary works is usually
undertaken when the reservoir is full. The most common problems are seepage through embankments and
leakage around pipes, culverts and structures passing through the embankment, settlement of the embankment,
especially in mining areas, damage to the embankment caused by waves, animals and the public, and potential
damage by tree roots or trees liable to be blown over.
77

1975 Money MONEY M S (1975). The investigation of old Stocks, Withens Clough Instrumentation, Safety A full diagnosis of the condition of an old embankment dam cannot be obtained by external examination alone.
embankment dams in glaciated valleys. Inspection, surveillance Some knowledge is required of the internal structure of the dam, of the nature and geotechnical properties of fill
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. and foundation, and of the pattern of seepage within, beneath and around the dam. In the past internal
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of investigations have only been undertaken when a dam showed signs of distress, but recent experiences
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 5.3. suggest that investigations should be undertaken as a routine measure to obtain the geotechnical data
necessary for proper care and maintenance. Appropriate techniques and procedures for the investigation and
instrumentation of the puddle clay core and upstream and downstream shoulders are described.
1975 Poskitt POSKITT F F (1975). Assessment of selected dams in Safety surveillance Although the 1930 Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act does not apply to Northern Ireland, the construction of
Northern Ireland. Inspection, Operation and new reservoirs has been supervised by panel engineers and panel engineers have been employed to make
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of recommendations regarding the modification and repairs of older dams. Internal examination of an embankment
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- dam is an essential part of a comprehensive investigation, but is time consuming. Rapid preliminary
Tyne, paper 5.4. assessments of 48 dams were made on the basis of external inspections and the following classification was
adopted. Class A dams were those which needed no obvious attention or repairs. Class B dams were those
which showed no signs of rapid deterioration, but where repair or replacement of defective items was required,
or where overflows catered for more than 50% but less than 100% of the estimated maximum flood. Class C
dams were those which showed signs of rapid structural deterioration requiring early remedial action, or which
had outlet pipes either passing beneath the embankment or had only downstream control, or where the reservoir
could not be emptied rapidly or where the spillway catered for less than 50% of the estimated maximum flood.
1975 Arah ARAH R M (1975). Investigations, problems and Withens Clough Diaphragm & slurry trench The Withens Clough embankment dam was built at the end of the nineteenth century. By the late 1950s the dam
remedial works at Withens Clough. Inspection, walls was showing signs of seepage and settlement and with the control valve on the outlet pipe at the downstream
Operation and Improvement of Existing Dams. toe there was cause for concern. Subsurface investigations provided evidence of erosion within the puddle clay
Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, University of core and standpipe piezometers, which were installed in boreholes drilled through the fill in the downstream
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 5.5. shoulder, showed that the phreatic surface in the downstream shoulder needed to be lowered. Remedial works
included the construction of a new draw-off system and the installation of a plastic concrete diaphragm wall to
form a new watertight element within the old puddle clay core. It is concluded that while embankment dams may
seem to have a unique permanence, this is fallacious and panel engineers have a responsibility to make owners
aware that regular investigations and remedial works are not aberrations but rather are normal and essential
procedures.
1975 Knight KNIGHT D J (1975). Problems and remedies at Cowlyd Overtopping, Slope stability The 14 m high Cowlyd embankment dam, which has a concrete core wall, was completed in 1921. On New
Cowlyd Dam, North Wales. Inspection, Operation and Year's Eve 1924 a storm led to overtopping of the dam and a v-shaped area of the downstream shoulder was
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of scoured out down to foundation level, exposing the concrete core wall. A disaster was narrowly averted and the
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- following morning the eroded area was backfilled. By 1960 the embankment showed excessive distortion of the
Tyne, paper 5.6. shoulders and a geotechnical investigation was carried out. Remedial works executed in 1963-64 included the
addition of a rockfill berm at the upstream toe, new concrete slabs on the upstream face, and flattening of the
downstream slope. Subsequent monitoring of pore pressures led to further remedial measures in 1974 when
additional rockfill was placed. It is concluded that the past is the key to the present and that internal physical
investigation of fill, foundation and seepage was essential to the proper diagnosis and treatment of the
unsatisfactory behaviour of the old dam.
1975 Little LITTLE A L (1975). Maintenance and remedial works Balderhead, Clydach, Cwmtillery, Grouting, Mining subsidence, Examples are presented of four classes of remedial works: grouting; new cut-offs; new earthworks, including
at some embankment dams. Inspection, Operation and Lluest Wen, Ruislip Lido, Thorpe Seepage & leakage, slope flattening and additional berms; alterations to drainage. Cwmtillery dam was damaged by mining
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of Malsor, Withens Clough Drainage, Diaphragm & slurry subsidence and repaired by clay/cement grouting. Plastic concrete diaphragm walls have been installed at
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- trench walls Balderhead, Lluest Wen and Withens Clough. A detailed description is given of remedial earthworks required at
Tyne, paper 5.7. the badly constructed dam for a waste impoundment in the west of England. At Clydach dam, drainage trenches
were installed at the downstream toe.
1975 Lidstone LIDSTONE S G D and CRAIG A J (1975). Remedial Rake Brook, Roddlesworth Lower Outlet & intake works Rake Brook and Lower Roddlesworth reservoirs form part of the Rivington scheme for the supply of water to
works to the Lower Roddlesworth and Rake Brook Liverpool which was developed between 1850 and 1875. Following internal investigations new valve shafts were
reservoirs of the Liverpool Water Supply Unit, North installed at both reservoirs. The shafts were designed to be constructed of 5 m diameter bolted precast concrete
West Water Authority. Inspection, Operation and rings. Practical difficulties encountered in sinking the shafts are described. Key elements in the successful
Improvement of Existing Dams. Proceedings of completion of the work included the controlled draining of the reservoirs, the attendant problems connected with
BNCOLD Symposium, University of Newcastle-upon- the presence of silt in the bottom of the reservoirs, and the need to minimise inflows.
Tyne, paper 5.8.
78

1975 Osborn OSBORN H D (1975). Buckieburn reservoir Buckieburn Overtopping, Rockfill, Slope In November 1970, a substantial slip occurred on the downstream slope of the Buckieburn embankment dam
Stirlingshire: failure of downstream slope of stability, Wind & waves during a period of heavy rain and high winds. The shallow slip appeared to have been triggered by surface water
embankment dam and subsequent remedial works. flowing down the slope together with water from wave action overtopping the parapet wall on the crest of the
Inspection, Operation and Improvement of Existing dam. The reservoir level was immediately lowered. A substantial rockfill wall was constructed at the downstream
Dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD Symposium, toe of the embankment and the slope was flattened with sand and gravel fill. (See discussion by D M Hamilton
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, paper 5.9. on Auchendores and Blithfield, p D4/17, and on West Corrie, p D5/10; by A J Leach on Blithfield, p D5/8; by P
Cooley, p D5/15.)
79
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Keele, 1982.

1982 Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Keele
1982 Bass BASS K T (1982). Spillways and flood estimation. Beacons, Cantref, Fernilee, Llwyn On Flood estimation/ hydrology, The 1933 interim report of the Committee on floods in relation to reservoir practice introduced the normal
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Keele, pp 5-12. Guides & surveys, Overflow maximum flood (NMF) and recommended a 'catastrophic' flood of twice the NMF. The 1952 Lynmouth flood cast
works doubt on the factor of two and in 1959 the sub-committee on rainfall and run-off suggested that for small
catchments a catastrophic flood could exceed four times the NMF. The 1975 Flood Studies Report and the 1978
Floods and reservoir safety: an engineering guide have been produced following careful investigations by
experts and it should be recognised that in practice there is now much less scope for professional judgement in
our risk averse society. Examples are given of four reservoirs where spillway channels have a capacity smaller
than the maximum free discharge of the overflow weir. It is regretted that the current standards preclude any
solution except provision to deal with the estimated maximum flood. Under present circumstances there appears
to be a risk of incurring heavy expenditure which the future may show to have been unnecessary.
1982 Shuttler SHUTTLER R M (1982). Some aspects of modelling Upstream slope protection, Embankment dams require protection against wind-generated wave attack and this is often provided by a layer
slope protection. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Wind & waves of graded quarry stone, known as riprap, placed on the upstream slope of the dam. The design of riprap slope
Keele, pp 13-26. protection is based on empirical criteria derived from small scale model tests. The validity of such model tests
has been questioned because the correct Reynolds Number is not replicated in the tests. Recent work by
Hydraulics Research comparing model prediction with full scale observations on an embankment in the Wash
estuary has shown that the Reynolds Number effect is insignificant and there is no evidence that models do not
give adequate design information. However, the model tests have shown that slope protection damage varies
considerably under nearly identical conditions. The probability of damage is inherently included in properly
conducted model tests and can be identified.
1982 Ray RAY W J F and BULMER T (1982). Remedial works to Banbury, Lockwood Diaphragm & slurry trench Leakages in the form of wet patches on the outer slopes and boggy areas at the toes of the encircling
puddle clay cores. Proceedings of BNCOLD walls, Grouting, Puddle clay, embankments of the reservoirs have been observed at several Thames Water reservoirs in the Lee valley.
Conference, Keele, pp 27-44. Seepage & leakage, Safety Water levels in the reservoirs were lowered during the Second World War and this caused drying out and some
surveillance cracking in the upper regions of the central puddle clay cores of the embankments. However, there were some
indications that leakage could also be occurring at the interface of the clay core and the underlying London Clay.
Trials of different remedial methods for dealing with leakage through puddle clay cores have been undertaken at
two reservoirs in north London, Banbury and Lockwood. Methods included sheet piling, in situ remoulding, and
the formation of a thin grout screen. All the methods improved the clay core, at least in the short term, but sheet
piling encountered many practical problems and would not be used again.
1982 Clements CLEMENTS D J and DURNEY A C (1982). Tarbela (Pakistan) Instrumentation The automatic monitoring of instruments designed to measure soil conditions and movements is a rapidly
Instrumentation developments. Proceedings of developing subject. This is illustrated by the automatic recording of inclinometer readings on magnetic tape
BNCOLD Conference, Keele, pp 45-55. which obviates the need for the time-consuming chore of writing down the readings. A double-fluid settlement
profile measuring system devised for Tarbela dam is described. The manually operated system was
subsequently further developed with the production of an automatic settlement plotter.
1982 Mackey MACKEY P G (1982). Operation and maintenance of Blackshawmoor Lower, Instrumentation, Outlet & The system of operational surveillance adopted by Severn Trent Water for its 76 large reservoirs which come
reservoirs in the Severn-Trent Water Authority region: Blackshawmoor Upper, Deep Hayes*, intake works, Overflow works, within the ambit of reservoir safety legislation is described. Four recent case histories illustrate investigations
a perspective. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, New Pool (Church Stretton)*, Puddle clay, Seepage & techniques. At Deep Hayes, piezometric data indicated leakage at a high level within the puddle clay core and,
Keele, pp 57-72. Snitterfield* leakage, Safety surveillance, because of this, the embankment was lowered. See also discussion on Deep Hayes by Arah, discussion
Slope stability volume, pp 14-15. There has been leakage at New Pool, Church Stretton, since construction in 1900; as the
reservoir was being filled in November 1977, with the reservoir still 2.5 m below top water level, the leakage
suddenly increased from 0.2 l/s to 1.3 l/s and the reservoir was drawn down. There was evidence of significant
crest settlement.
1982 Johnson JOHNSON F G and CURTIS G R (1982). Surveillance Flood estimation/hydrology, The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board's reservoirs are managed by Chartered Civil Engineers assisted by
of an authority's reservoirs. Proceedings of BNCOLD Instrumentation, Safety local operational staff. There are 84 dams at 76 reservoirs which come within the ambit of reservoir safety
Conference, Keele, pp 73-87. surveillance, Seepage & legislation. Concrete gravity and buttress dams predominate and most were built between 1945 and 1970.
leakage Systematic surveillance began about 1960 and a dam surveillance policy was formulated in the early 1970s
comprising statutory, supervisory and operational field inspections, leakage measurements, and movement
monitoring by instruments installed in the dam and by surveying techniques. Experience has shown that the
most effective way of detecting deterioration and ensuring reservoir safety is by adopting a well balanced
combination of visual inspections, leakage measurements and movement monitoring, coupled with flood studies
and stability analyses. Improvements in dam safety cannot be achieved without appreciable costs.
80
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Keele, 1982.
1982 Kennard KENNARD M F (1982). Dam Practice - good and bad. Drainage, Instrumentation, Recent examples are given of good and bad practice in remedial works, drainage, slope stability and
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Keele, pp 89- Safety surveillance, Slope instrumentation for embankment dams. When reassessment of spillway capacity during design flood conditions
102. stability, Upstream slope leads to the construction of a wave wall, the stability of the upper part of the embankment has not always been
protection considered and local slipping has occurred. The removal of trees and bushes can cause an increase in pore
pressure in the fill and a reduced factor of safety against slope instability. Drains can introduce water into the
embankment fill and trigger instability. Bad practice in instrumentation is quite common and it is preferable for
the consulting engineer to take full responsibility for instrumentation. There are significant advantages in
specifying a compacted clay fill by means of its undrained shear strength rather than in terms of optimum water
content and maximum dry density.
1982 Moffat MOFFAT A I B (1982). Dam deterioration - a British Guides & surveys, Hazard & Information on the in-service behaviour of a large number of British dams has been compiled as part of a
perspective. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, risk management research project and data is presented for 200 dams which are considered to be a representative sample of the
Keele, pp 103-115. (This paper was not bound in the 2000 plus reservoirs within the ambit of reservoir safety legislation. It is concluded that there is some evidence
original volume.) that the incidence of serious problems is rising, probably due to the high average age of British dams. The study
indicates a current frequency of four to five major incidents per 1000 dam years. More rigorous supervision and
greater expenditure are required to keep the risk associated with reservoirs within acceptable limits.
81
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, 1984.

1984 Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff,
1984 Cochrane COCHRANE N J (1984). The 1984 BNCOLD Lecture: Hazard & risk management Only a brief two -page summary is given of this first BNCOLD Lecture (in 1990 the BNCOLD Lecture was
Insidious threats to dams and reservoirs. Proceedings renamed the Geoffrey Binnie Lecture). Most embankment dams were constructed before 1950 in days when few
of BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, pp (i)-(ii). experienced engineers had received formal geological training or had given sufficient attention to the new
science of soil mechanics. The Building Research Station subsequently did much to disseminate geotechnical
knowledge. The unique combination of hazards in South Wales, with an average annual rainfall of 2.6 m per
year, instability of geologically over-steepened valley sides and large areas of mineral workings, posed many
problems and significant risks for dam safety. In such an environment, the safe disposal of floods may be the
least of the problems for a dam engineer.
1984 Archer ARCHER D R (1984). The estimation of seasonable Flood estimation/ hydrology, The estimation of probable maximum flood (PMF) as set out in the 1978 Institution of Civil Engineers'
probable maximum flood. Proceedings of BNCOLD Guides & surveys engineering guide on Floods and Reservoir Safety incorporates a method of deriving maximum precipitation
Conference, Cardiff, pp 1-20. separately for winter and summer seasons. Consideration is given in the paper to the seasonality of other
factors which affect the PMF: antecedent wetness, percentage runoff, snowmelt rate, initial snow cover and
initial reservoir condition. The frequency of occurrence of climatic and catchment components of PMF estimates,
as derived by present methods, varies considerably between catchments and seasons leading to flood
estimates which vary in their relative severity. The specification of component probabilities should permit a more
consistent approach and allow data to be applied more objectively. Suggestions are given for the use of data on
antecedent soil moisture conditions and percentage runoff. An analysis of events in north-east England has
indicated that to preserve the intended severity of the snowmelt contribution to winter events, the recommended
peak rate should be increased from 1.75 to 5 mm/hour.
1984 Heaton- HEATON-ARMSTRONG C W P (1984). Floods and Barrow no 1, Barrow no 2, Barrow no Flood estimation/hydrology, Of the fourteen Bristol Waterworks reservoirs which come within the ambit of reservoir safety legislation, eight
Armstrong spillways on the Mendip supply reservoirs of the Bristol 3, Barrow Compensation, Blagdon, Overtopping, Overflow works are impounding reservoirs with some dating back to the middle of the nineteenth century. Severe thunderstorms
Waterworks Company. Proceedings of BNCOLD Cheddar, Chew Magna, Chew Valley, occurred on 10th July 1968 and the intensity of the precipitation caused devastating floods throughout the
Conference, Cardiff, pp 21-35. Litton Lower, Litton Upper region. The grass covered embankment at Chew Magna reservoir was overtopped to a depth of 90 mm causing
extensive erosion. Hydrological studies were undertaken and it was found that seven of the reservoirs did not
meet the new criteria of the Flood Studies Report and the ICE engineering guide to Floods and Reservoir
Safety. Improvement works either have been undertaken or are planned.
1984 Little LITTLE D I (1984). Some examples of improvement Daer, Daff, Dunoon no 2, Greenside, Flood estimation/hydrology, Publication of the NERC Flood Studies Report and the ICE engineering guide to Floods and Reservoir Safety
works at earth embankment dams (following Kype, Munnoch Guides & surveys, Overflow has meant that major alterations to the overflows and spillways are required at many of the 142 Strathclyde
publication of the FSR and Engineering Guide). works Regional Council reservoirs which come within the ambit of reservoir safety legislation. Most of the reservoirs
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, pp 37- are impounded by embankment dams and, overall, 43 reservoirs, representing 47% of those inspected, have
50. required major upgrading works. The solutions adopted to bring reservoirs up to the new standards are
illustrated by six examples. The upgrading works included the provision of auxiliary overflows and spillway
channels, lowering overflow cill levels, improving spillway channel hydraulics and the provision of wave walls,
and one embankment dam was demolished. Since 1979 Strathclyde Regional Council has spent five million
pounds on upgrading reservoirs.
1984 Charles CHARLES J A (1984). Embankment dams and Guides & surveys, Hazard & Reservoir safety in Great Britain is largely concerned with the safety of old embankment dams, that is dams
reservoir safety in Britain: floods, slides and internal risk management, Internal which were designed and built without much understanding of soil mechanics and without modern heavy
erosion. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, erosion, Overtopping, Slope earthmoving and compaction plant. The major hazards to old embankment dams, and hence reservoir safety,
pp 51-68. stability are surface erosion of the embankment due to overtopping during major floods, internal erosion in the
embankment fill or its foundation, and slope instability due to slips and slides in the embankment and its
foundation. Internal erosion is the least well understood of these three types of hazard and in many cases it may
pose the most serious threat. An improved understanding of the processes involved and the efficacy of different
remedial measures is required.
1984 Kennard KENNARD M F and MACKEY P G (1984). Blithfield, Blackbrook (2), Glendevon Concrete deterioration, The stability of concrete and masonry gravity dams is not usually a problem, but recent inspections have
Maintenance of safety of concrete dams. Proceedings Upper, Llandegfedd, Tittesworth Earthquake damage, Safety highlighted several important aspects. The safety of concrete dams requires attention to concrete deterioration,
of BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, pp 69-82. surveillance cracks, seepage and drainage, and in service performance should be evaluated by appropriate long term
monitoring and surveillance. Alkali aggregate reaction has affected a number of British dams. The effect of an
earthquake on the 29 m high Blackbrook dam is described and it is suggested that if the line of the tremor had
been displaced by 90 degrees the result would have been catastrophic. Where the provision for uplift in the
original design was not adequate, stability must be reassessed and methods of improving stability are listed.
82
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, 1984.

1984 Curtis CURTIS G R and MILNE J S (1984). Concrete dams: Allt na Lairige, Awe barrage, Ericht, Concrete deterioration, The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board has 49 concrete dams listed in the World Register of Dams; gravity
long term deterioration and remedial works. Errochty, Glascarnoch, Glashan, Drainage, Spillway gates & and buttress types predominate. During the last five years, remedial works have been undertaken on 35 of these
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Cardiff, pp 83- Loichel barriers structures costing the best part of one million pounds, equivalent to five thousand pounds per dam per year.
91. About half the costs have been incurred in gate refurbishment. Concrete and joint repairs and remedial work on
pressure relief systems are the other two main types of expenditure. Most of the pressure relief systems were
not readily accessible for maintenance. It is concluded that the high costs associated with labour intensive
maintenance works could be reduced on future dams by improving design details with regard to facilities for
maintenance.
83
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh, 1986.

1986 Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh,
1986 Johnson JOHNSON F G (1986). The 1986 BNCOLD Lecture: Allt-na-Lairige, Cluanie, Glascarnoch, Concrete deterioration, An era of intensive dam construction associated with hydro-electric development occurred in the Highlands of
Experience with the concrete dams of the North of Loch Dubh, Loyane, Muck Burn, Drainage, Flood Scotland between 1945 and 1970. The 84 dams comprise 53 gravity, 9 buttress, 3 arch, 1 prestressed concrete,
Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. Reservoirs 1986. Mullardoch, Sloy, Quoich estimation/hydrology, 6 earthfill, 6 rockfill and 6 combined fill and gravity dams. The 56 m high Sloy buttress dam is the highest dam
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh, pp Instrumentation, Safety and the Quoich rockfill dam impounds the largest reservoir which has a capacity of 374 million cubic metres. In
1-16. surveillance, Spillway gates & the 1960s, following the Vaiont and Malpasset disasters, leading consulting engineers were commissioned to
barriers undertake comprehensive inspections of all the reservoirs. The current dam surveillance policy has three
components: field inspections, leakage measurements and monitoring by instruments. The performance of the
concrete dams has been good; deterioration over the last 50 years has been very small and not significant with
respect to structural stability, safety, maintenance costs and the serviceable life of the dams. There has been no
appreciable silting up of the reservoirs.
1986 Agnew AGNEW S G (1986). Reservoirs 1986. Reservoirs Act Legislation Although the Reservoirs Act 1975 has been on the statute book for many years, it only came into operation in
1975 - experience so far. Proceedings of BNCOLD stages during the period from 1983 to 1987. The Act builds on the 1930 legislation with the following additions.
Conference, Edinburgh, pp 17-31. (a) Local authorities have a duty to enforce the Act. (b) Reservoir undertakers are required to appoint a
supervising engineer to keep a reservoir under supervision at all times. (c) Non-compliance with the safety
provisions of the Act is a criminal offence. (d) Appointment of engineers to panels are for five year terms. (e) A
procedure is specified for abandonment or discontinuance of a reservoir. Four panels of qualified civil engineers
have been constituted: All reservoirs (AR panel), Non-impounding reservoirs (NIR panel), Service reservoirs (SR
panel), and Supervising engineers (Sup panel). At the time of writing, 378 applications had been received and
281 civil engineers appointed to the new Supervising engineers panel. Enforcement authorities began the task
of compiling registers on 1st April 1985.
1986 Gimson GIMSON N H (1986). Reservoirs 1986. Documentation Legislation The Reservoirs Act 1975 specifies documentation which enforcement authorities and undertakers are required
for reservoirs and procedures. Proceedings of to maintain. Undertakers are obliged to give the enforcement authority basic information about their reservoirs,
BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh, pp 33-44. but any failure on their part does not relieve the enforcement authority of the responsibility of including in the
register all large raised reservoirs in the authority's area. Copies of all certificates submitted to undertakers are
to be sent to the enforcement authority (section 20) and this is the case for virtually all other submissions to the
undertakers from qualified engineers. Undertakers are required to inform the enforcement authority of the
appointment of a qualified engineer for whatever purpose.
1986 Sharp SHARP R G (1986). Reservoirs 1986. Operational Clywedog Reservoir operation, Water resources reservoirs are increasingly linked with other sources as part of an integrated system. Integrated
management - opportunities and constraints. Reservoir drawdown use means that other objectives have to be met in addition to the primary role of water resource enhancement,
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh, pp which increases the complexity of operation and management. Achieving the potential benefits of technical
45-58. efficiency, economies of operation and environmental enhancement requires sophisticated flexible operation.
There are major implications for the planning and design of new schemes and for the modification and
adaptation of existing reservoirs. Technical issues may arise such as the effect of higher rates of reservoir
drawdown, associated with river regulation and conjunctive use, on the stability of old embankment dams.
1986 Penman PENMAN A D M (1986). Misconceptions in the design Boothwood, Deer Creek (USA), Drainage, Instrumentation, All dams must contain two basic features: a waterproof element and a structure that will support it safely,
of dams. Proceedings of BNCOLD/IWES Conference Derwent (Durham), Khao Laem Pore pressure (construction), although in the past homogeneous sections of both earthfill and masonry have been expected to perform both
on Reservoirs. Edinburgh, pp 59-75. (Thailand), Kielder; Ringedals Rockfill, Roller compacted functions. Developments in geotechnical engineering have provided the dam designer with reliable methods of
(Norway), Salvajina (Colombia), concrete, Slope stability calculating slope stability, but one of the most dangerous design misconceptions is that the factor of safety
Sasamua (Kenya), Shing Mun (Hong against the failure of an embankment dam can be calculated by a computer analysis of slope stability. Piping
Kong) and internal erosion can present a serious threat to the safety of an embankment dam and there is no known
method of calculating a factor of safety against this type of failure. Instrumentation is required to monitor dam
performance and check that design conceptions are realistic.
1986 Lewin LEWIN J and WHITING J R (1986). Gates and valves Dartmouth (), Glen Canyon (USA), Outlet & intake works Low level outlets are an essential feature of a dam which are required to control reservoir impounding, to lower
in reservoir low level outlets - learning from experience. Keechelus (USA), Mrica (Indonesia), the reservoir level in an emergency, and permit abstraction when the water level is below the spillway crest. Low
Reservoirs 1986. Proceedings of BNCOLD San Roque (Phillipines), Tarbela level outlets are controlled by gates or valves. Problems are classified and illustrated by prototype events and
Conference, Edinburgh, pp 77-98. (Pakistan), Victoria () model studies. Flow induced vibrations at high head gates can be severe.
84
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh, 1986.

1986 McCleish McCLEISH W P (1986). Inspections under Reservoirs Guides & surveys, Legislation Requirements of the Reservoirs act 1975 relating to inspections, qualification of civil engineers, enforcement of
Act 1975. Reservoirs 1986. Proceedings of BNCOLD recommendations in the interest of safety and continual surveillance are reviewed. Although safety is not
Conference, Edinburgh, pp 99-114. defined in the Act, in dealing with emergency powers (Section 16 [1]) it states that 'Where it appears ... that the
reservoir is unsafe and that immediate action is needed to protect persons or property against an escape of
water ...'.; the implication is that safety refers not only to the protection of human life but also property generally.
The individual responsibility of a 'qualified civil engineer' engaged in the inspection of a reservoir is emphasised.
Reliance is placed on the ability, experience and judgement of this engineer and while he cannot be a master in
all the relevant fields of knowledge, he must take responsibility for evaluating all necessary matters and
recommending measures to be taken in the interests of safety.
1986 Ruffle RUFFLE R J (1986). Reservoirs 1986. The role and Legislation The role of the supervising engineer has been introduced by the Reservoirs Act 1975 and his identity, training
training of supervising engineers. Proceedings of and duties, including his relationship with the undertaker, are described. Supervising engineers must be
BNCOLD Conference, Edinburgh, pp 115-121. qualified civil engineers who have been appointed to one of the four panels by the Secretary of State after
consultation with the Institution of Civil Engineers Reservoirs Committee. A basic understanding of the design
and functioning of various types of dam is required with sufficient experience and expertise to notice when
something unusual has occurred at a reservoir before it presents a major hazard. The supervising engineer has
a statutory duty to keep the undertaker informed of any behaviour that might affect reservoir safety. Where he
considers that it is called for, he must recommend to the undertaker that the reservoir is inspected by an
inspecting engineer and the undertaker must act on the recommendation.
1986 Charles CHARLES J A (1986). The significance of problems Aldenham, Auchengaich, Barrow no 1, Internal erosion/filters, Substantial civil engineering works are being carried out at many of the ageing population of British
and remedial works at British earth dams. Proceedings Barrow no 3, Barrow Compensation, Overflow works, Puddle clay, embankment dams, involving major expense and public safety. These remedial and improvement works include
of BNCOLD/IWES Conference on Reservoirs 1986, Blaenant Ddu*, Boddington, Brent, Seepage & leakage, Slope not only works to increase overflow capacity resulting from the reassessment of flood safety standards, but also
Edinburgh, pp 123-141. Brushes, Burnhope, Calf Hey, Carno stability remedial works associated with draw-off arrangements, embankment slope stability and internal erosion. The
Upper, Challacombe, Combs, causes of crest settlement and the significance of rates of settlement and leakage are discussed. Problems of
Cwmwernderi, Dowdeswell, Earlsburn slope stability and internal erosion are examined and case histories are described. (See in discussion volume: J
no 2, Elsecar, Elslack, Greenfield, R Claydon on Deanhead (Huddersfield), Eldwick, March Ghyll and Ramsden (Holmfirth), pp 69-71; P Gray on
Hollingworth*, Hollingworth Lake, Daer and Glengavel, pp 72-73.)
Lambieletham*, Llugwy, Llyn Brianne,
Logan, Megget, Mixenden, Redmires
Upper, Selset, Stanford, Toddbrook,
Torduff, Tringford, Warley Moor,
Worsbrough, Yeoman Hey
85
Proceedings of the BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, 1988

1988 Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester
1988 Coats COATS D J (1988). The 1988 BNCOLD Lecture. The Carsington, Knockendon, Muirhead, Guides & surveys, Slope Dam engineers have particular difficulties in the current climate of commercialism as they experience increasing
concerns of a dam engineer. Proceedings of BNCOLD William Girling. stability responsibility, liability and lack of appreciation. The professional engineer has an obligation to keep up-to-date
Conference, Manchester. and the ICE Proceedings and the reports and bulletins emerging from the work of the ICOLD Technical
Committees are of considerable value. The Reservoirs Act places responsibility on individual engineers who
should be free to act as they see fit and should not be constrained by inappropriate codes of practice. Dam
engineers should be both ingenious and ingenuous, that is they should demonstrate intelligence in invention and
construction while conducting themselves in an honourable, straight-forward and open manner.
1988 Kennard KENNARD M F (1988). A brief history of 21 years of In March 1988, the British Section of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) celebrated twenty-
BNCOLD: 1967-1988. Proceedings of BNCOLD one years of existence in a form where individual and corporate members elected the British National
Conference, Manchester. Committee on Large Dams (BNCOLD). Prior to 1967, the British National Committee comprised representatives
of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Water Engineers and other interested bodies, and the
British Section of ICOLD was identical with the National Committee. Information is presented on the early
chairmen, vice-chairmen and committee members, and conferences.
1988 Penman PENMAN A D M (1988). BNCOLD – 21 years of A better understanding of dam behaviour can be derived from detailed field observations, the development of
science-based advances in dam building. Proceedings numerical models which can replicate the observed behaviour, improved material testing and better hydrological
of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester. and geological knowledge. New features introduced in British embankment dams built since the 1960s have
included rolled clay cores and drainage layers, upstream asphaltic membranes and central asphaltic cores. The
significance of progressive failure and the presence of pre-existing slip surfaces in heavily over-consolidated
clay foundations has been better appreciated. Field instrumentation has become an integral part of
embankment dam construction.
1988 Humphreys HUMPHREYS J D (1988). Pre-visit talk on Winscar Winscar Asphaltic membrane A crack was discovered in the asphaltic concrete membrane of the 54 m high rockfill dam. The area through
dam. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD which reservoir water was passing was only the size of a matchbox, but under 50 m head of water this caused
Conference, Manchester. leakage of worrying proportions. Identifying the location of the leak was very difficult. Reference is made to the
paper by Routh in the 16th ICOLD Congress held at San Francisco in 1988 (Congress Transactions, vol 2, pp
655-677).
1988 Maconochie W S MACONOCHIE W S (1988). The enforcement Legislation The first reports of the enforcement authorities to the Secretary of State have shown the initial effect of the
authority and the Reservoirs Act 1975. Proceedings of Reservoirs Act in Scotland. About 730 large raised reservoirs have been identified compared with 590 known
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 1.2. before implementation of the 1975 Act. Matters of interest that have arisen include the definition of a large raised
reservoir, the qualifications of engineers, inspections and subsequent safety recommendations, the relationship
between inspecting and supervising engineers, the directions given by a construction or inspecting engineer,
discontinuance and abandonment, powers of entry, and large raised reservoirs without a final certificate under
the 1930 Act.
1988 Wight WIGHT P (1988). Gwynedd County Council and the Llyn Cwm-y-Foel Seepage & leakage, The implementation of the 1975 Reservoirs Act involved local authorities, some of which had no previous
Reservoirs Act 1975. Proceedings of BNCOLD Legislation, Safety experience of large raised reservoirs, being given enforcement duties. For one such enforcement authority,
Conference, Manchester, paper 1.3. surveillance Gwynedd County Council, the early work comprised not just the creation of a register, but also dealing with a
serious incident when a walker reported to the police that Llyn Cwm-y-Foel was leaking. Unable to trace the
undertaker, the enforcement authority arranged for a panel engineer to inspect the dam on the following day.
Discontinuance was recommended. This experience prompted the enforcement authority to establish
emergency procedures and supervising engineers were asked to provide an emergency 24 hour contact.
1988 Morris MORRIS A G (1988). Enforcement of the Reservoirs Legislation Investigations were carried out to establish the scale of the County Council’s involvement and an organisation
Act 1975 - experience in Lancashire. Reservoir was created within the County Surveyor’s Department to deal with the duties imposed by the Act. Of the 118
renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, reservoirs registered in the area, a large number belonged to the North West Water Authority. During the first
Manchester, paper 1.3. two years of the Act being fully operational, technical, legal and financial problems have been encountered.
Most of the problems have arisen with a small number of reservoirs of no commercial value which belong to
private individuals, clubs and property companies. Complications have arisen with cross-boundary reservoirs
and the definition of a large raised reservoir.
1988 Dunn DUNN N H and ACKERS J C (1988). Discontinuance: Greenfold*, Horsforth*, Ilton* Discontinuance/ The cost of repairs required to restore a dam to an acceptable standard of safety may make discontinuance the
the alternative to renovation. Reservoir Renovation. abandonment preferred option. The reservoir may be entirely removed or a small lake may be retained which is outside the
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, ambit of the Reservoirs Act. The process of dam breaching has to be accomplished in a safe manner, bearing in
paper 1.4. mind that the risk of extreme floods will continue throughout the operation. There may be environmental factors
to take into consideration.
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1988 Earp EARP D N W (1988). Reservoir supervision 1986-88. Legislation Experience in the newly created role of supervising engineer has highlighted the difficulties often encountered in
Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD dealing with small private owners and the different approaches to their duties under the Reservoirs Act adopted
Conference, Manchester, paper 2.1. by various enforcement authorities. Guidance is given on time spent on supervision including frequency of visits
and on what action to take when a potentially hazardous situation starts to develop.
1988 Ku KU Chi-chung Damien (1988). Routine monitoring work Instrumentation, Legislation, The maintenance of reservoir safety broadly follows practice in the United Kingdom with panel engineers
on reservoir safety in Hong Kong. Proceedings of Safety surveillance carrying out inspections at five year intervals. The technical staff of the Reservoir Safety Section of the Water
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 2.2. Supplies Department provide support for the Inspecting Engineer during his visit to Hong Kong and implement
follow-up actions to meet his recommendations, including monitoring requirements. The newer dams had
monitoring installed during construction and in the older dams, where there was a general lack of monitoring
equipment, piezometers and observation wells have now been installed. The monitoring programme
encompasses 28 impounding reservoirs which have a total of 47 dams, 21 of these are embankment dams, 24
are concrete dams and 2 are of composite construction.
1988 Miller MILLER J L and GIENTKE F J (1988). Technical Reservoir operation Over the previous 85 years the United States Bureau of Reclamation has built 715 dams. A number of technical
oversight of the operation and maintenance of oversight programmes have been implemented to ensure that ageing structures and facilities are kept in good
reclamation water projects for the 21st century. order. These programmes are described in general terms with little technical data.
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester,
paper 2.3.
1988 Shave SHAVE K J (1988). The supervision of new reservoirs: Bewl Bridge, Hall Place, Lamorbey Overflow works, Overtopping, Four recently completed reservoirs in Kent come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act; Bewl Water, which has
a comparison between flood alleviation and water Park Reservoir operation, Safety an embankment dam 32 m high, is for water supply and the other three reservoirs are for flood alleviation and
supply. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of surveillance have embankment dams only a few metres high. The three flood alleviation embankments have been designed
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 2.4. to withstand overtopping. Bewl Water has a bellmouth overflow, whereas Lamorbey Park has a fixed orifice
Armco culvert and Hall Place has a siphon. At the Tonbridge river Medway scheme there are three electrically-
driven radial gates to control flood events up to the 100-year return period without the embankment being
overtopped. It is important to establish a good working relationship between the Supervising Engineer and the
undertaker's operational staff.
1988 Hughes Hughes A K (1988). The Supervising Engineer and the Catastrophic failures, A survey of enforcement authorities has shown that the compiling of registers has been largely completed.
Reservoirs Act 1975. Reservoir Renovation. Legislation There have been some difficulties in identifying the owners of some small reservoirs and some disagreements
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, about reservoir capacity. The Health and Safety Executive has taken an interest in dams not subject to the
paper 2.5. Reservoirs Act.
1988 Gregory GREGORY C G and HAY J (1988). Renewing and Dale Dyke (2), Midhope Outler & intake works At two 100 old reservoirs, Midhope and Dale Dyke, the draw-off and scour valves, together with their operating
updating draw-off works. Reservoir Renovation. mechanisms, have been refurbished and converted to electrical operation. In both cases the remedial works
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, followed inspections carried out under the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act 1930: following an inspection in
paper 3.1. January 1975 of the 31 m high embankment dam at Midhope, the Inspecting Engineer had recommended that
all valves be serviced as soon as possible and following an inspection of the 22 m high Dale Dyke embankment
the Inspecting Engineer had recommended that both valves controlling the discharge of water from the reservoir
be made fully serviceable.
1988 Gallacher GALLACHER D (1988). Remedial and improvement Drumbowie, Gladhouse, Loch Cote Outlet & intake works Draw-off facilities at old embankment dams generally require refurbishment, but access is often difficult. There
works to reservoir draw-off works. Reservoir was substantial leakage into the valve towers through substantial cracks and open joints at Loch Cote and
Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Drumbowie. At Loch Cote, a 20 mm thick coating of mastic asphalt was applied to the outside of the tower which
Manchester, paper 3.2. was then encased in a 230 mm thick reinforced concrete jacket. At Drumbowie the valve tower was converted to
the dry well type and all pipework and internal steelwork was replaced. The upper part of the tower was
demolished, a 2.5 m diameter steel tube was lowered into the remaining part of the tower, and the upper part of
the tube was surrounded by concrete 0.5 m thick. At Gladhouse reservoir additional draw-off capacity was
required and a new tower was constructed.
1988 Kingham KINGHAM T J and JACK W L (1988). Refurbishment Caban Coch Outlet & intake works The 85-year old Foel tower, located in Caban Coch reservoir, is the intake to the Elan aqueduct. A 1985
of the Foel tower intake to the Elan aqueduct. condition assessment of the masonry structure and its hydraulic equipment showed that, despite a long record
Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD of reliable service, the hydraulic equipment was in a poor condition. A major programme of works, which
Conference, Manchester, paper 3.3. included replacement of the main control valves, was required to be undertaken without disrupting the normal
supply to the Elan aqueduct.
1988 Gray GRAY P (1988). Problems with valves at reservoirs in Daer, Burncrooks, Glengavel, Kelly, Outlet & intake works, Slope Problems with draw-off and scour valves have been associated with the age of the reservoir, lack of
Strathclyde region. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings Kilmannan stability maintenance and lack of operation. Following a period of heavy rain when working on the outlet works at Kelly
of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 3.4. reservoir, a slip occurred in the downstream slope around the valve chamber, requiring emergency stabilisation
work. Existing outlet works were reinstated at Kilmannan reservoir. Serious difficulties were encountered with
new valves at Daer and Glengavel reservoirs. At Burncrooks reservoir it is impractical for the Inspecting
Engineer to witness the opening and closing of all the valves in the tower since this takes more than a day.
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1988 Johnson JOHNSON P F and JACKSON E A (1988). Himley Hall Himley Hall Great Pool Environment, social, The lake was created some two hundred years ago as part of the landscaping of the grounds of Himley Hall by
Great Pool overflow and stabilisation works. Reservoir planning, Flood estimation, Capability Brown. The embankment dam has a maximum height of 6 m and is about 400 m long; it has an
Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Overflow works, Slope upstream puddle clay lining. The overflow capacity was found to be insufficient for the probable maximum flood
Manchester, paper 4.1. stability and downstream slope stability was deemed inadequate. In addition to the technical difficulties, there were
serious planning and financial problems associated with the ornamental lake, which is a classified 'listed
building' within a conservation area. Environmental considerations were the main factors which prevented the
adoption of the cheapest option of abandoning the lake. Remedial works, which included an auxiliary emergency
spillway discharging across a trunk road, were completed in 1987. (See discussion by J B Bowcock, A C
Morrison, P Johnson, C D Routh, C De Souza and M F Kennard, pp D4/2-8.)
1988 Ormerod ORMEROD D (1988). Modifications to reservoir Elsecar, Walverton Mining subsidence, Overflow Inspections of fifteen reservoirs have identified inadequate overflow capacities. At a reservoir in Yorkshire, which
overflow systems. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings works had suffered mining subsidence, for many years low level draw-off culverts had been used to maintain a low
of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 4.2. reservoir water level. This practice had led to a neighbour building a chicken run in the overflow channel!
Remedial works included the construction of a new central overflow with a wide channel on the downstream face
of the embankment and a new outlet pipe and valves. At a reservoir in Lancashire, where additional overflow
capacity could have been provided in a number of ways, model testing was undertaken. It was decided to
construct an additional weir over the centre of the dam embankment. (See discussion by J K Hopkins, p D4/1).
1988 Kennard KENNARD M F and BASS K T (1988). Improvements Beacons, Cantref, Dowdeswell, Overflow works, Overtopping The overflow capacity at existing overflow weirs and spillway channels has found to be inadequate for the
for overflow works at some British dams. Reservoir Ladybower, Llwyn On probable maximum flood at several embankment dams. The options include new or enlarged overflow works,
Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, increased storage by raising the dam, flap gates, fuse plugs and siphons. At Dowdeswell, where the spillway
Manchester, paper 4.3. channel was inadequate, a new reinforced concrete and stilling basin was constructed. At Ladybower provision
was made to store excess flood water above crest level by building a 2.5 m high 'wave wall' across the dam.
Remedial works at Beacons have comprised the lowering of the invert at the critical section of the spillway
channel and raising the crest to provide the wave allowance. Hydraulic model testing of Cantref and Llwyn-On
led to schemes utilising syphons. At Cantref the proposals were subsequently modified to include limited
overtopping of the centre of the embankment during major floods with the slope protected by reinforced grass.
(See paper 4.4 by Bramley and Hewlett.)
1988 Bramley BRAMLEY M E and HEWLETT H W M (1988). Jackhouse Overflow works Prototype field trials on the upstream slope of the 10 m high disused Jackhouse embankment dam have been
Reinforced grass spillways and embankment used to evaluate and compare the hydraulic and geotechnical performance of nine reinforced grass systems
protection. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of together with a plain grass control channel. Performance is critically dependent on the contact between the
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 4.4. reinforcement and the subsoil as well as on the maintenance of good grass cover. Failure is usually associated
with a localised weak point and the toe and crest details are particularly important. Guidelines have been
prepared for the design, construction and management of reinforced grass waterways.
1988 Ackers ACKERS J C and HUGHES A K (1988).Tipping gates Greenfield, Yeoman Hey Spillway gates & barriers Auxiliary spillways have been constructed at two reservoirs to accommodate floods with return periods greater
for auxiliary spillway control. Reservoir Renovation. than 10,000 years. Flows to the spillways are controlled by tipping gates, which are formed by concrete slabs
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, inclined at 65 degrees to the horizontal and designed to overturn when the water level behind the gate reaches
paper 4.5. a specified height. Field tests were carried out to verify the tipping levels and theoretical studies were carried out
to determine the relationship between wave magnitude and reduction in tipping level. The system has the
advantage of being automatic and reliable, and not dependent on any electrical components. (See discussion by
W McLeish on tipping gates at Fontburn, p D4/6.)
1988 Tedd TEDD P, CLAYDON J R and CHARLES J A (1988). Gorpley, Ramsden (Holmfirth) Internal erosion & filters, The presence of wet areas on the downstream slope of Gorpley dam and signs of significant settlement at
Detection and investigation of problems at Gorpley and Movement monitoring, Puddle Ramsden dam prompted investigations into the possibility of internal erosion of the puddle clay cores of these
Ramsden dams. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of clay, Pore pressure two dams. Measurements of horizontal earth pressure and pore water pressure in the clay cores provided no
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 5.1. (seepage), Total stress evidence of hydraulic fracture. The filter properties of the fills immediately downstream of the cores indicated
that they would halt any incipient internal erosion. The wet areas at Gorpley are related to rainfall; correlation of
flow measurements from wet areas with rainfall and reservoir level was the most conclusive method of
determining the source of the water. The continuing crest settlement at Ramsden, which averages 8 mm per
year, is related to fluctuations in reservoir level.
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1988 Kennard KENNARD J (1988). Matters concerning drainage of Drainage, Geotextiles, In many cases drainage is the simplest and most economical method of dealing with seepage problems and
existing dams. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of Heightening, Internal erosion associated matters such as internal erosion and slope instability. Geotextiles can be used for separation and
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 5.2. & filters, Pore pressure filtration within embankment dams. Four examples of improvement works are described. The crest of an 8 m
(seepage), Slope stability high embankment needed to be raised by 2.25 m to provide adequate freeboard; extra fill was placed on the
downstream slope, but the ground beyond the existing downstream toe was wet and marshy and a base
drainage blanket was formed using a geotextile. Downstream slope stability at an old canal dam was improved
by the installation of deep counterfort drains. Trench drains were installed in the downstream shoulder of an old
earth dam in a tropical area to improve stability during heavy rainfall. Concerns about leakage and high pore
pressures at two Pennine reservoirs were addressed by drainage relief holes drilled from the downstream edge
of the embankment crest.
1988 Schulze SCHULZE B and BRAUNS J (1988). Inspection and Drainage Drainage systems in embankment dams may incorporate gravel layers and pipes to increase the discharge
behaviour of drainage installations in slopes of capacity. The pipes used in such drainage systems can be damaged due to mechanical, hydraulic, biological
embankments. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of and chemical factors. Field investigations with a television probe have shown ageing symptoms due to these
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 5.3. influences.
1988 Gallacher GALLACHER D (1988). Investigation and remedial Coulter, March Ghyll, Oakdale Lower Discontinuance & There was concern that three embankment dams with puddle clay cores might have suffered significant
works to three embankment dams. Reservoir abandonment, Grouting, deterioration. Extensive investigations at Coulter revealed weak zones in the core with evidence of internal
Renovation. Proceedings of 5th BNCOLD Conference, Internal erosion & filters, erosion. During remedial treatment, grout penetrated from the core into the embankment shoulders thus
Manchester, paper 6.1. Movement monitoring, Puddle increasing the effective width of the impermeable element. Leakage has been significantly reduced. Although at
clay, Seepage & leakage the location of maximum settlement at March Ghyll very soft zones were found in the core, there was no
evidence of internal erosion and further monitoring of long term settlement is recommended. In November 1986
a major sinkhole appeared in the central area of the embankment crest at Lower Oakdale. The reservoir was
immediately drawn down and investigations have shown very soft clay in the core with undrained shear strength
smaller than 7 kPa. A new cut-off is required, but abandonment could be a preferable option. (See discussion by
D E Evans, pp D6/4-4, on repair of a leaking puddle clay core at Boddington by excavating, reworking and
recompacting the top 1.5 m of puddle clay.)
1988 Schmidt SCHMIDT M (1988). Reconstruction of old mining Prinzen (Germany), Schwarzenbacher Outlet & intake works, Between 1530 and 1810 many embankment dams, up to 16 m high, were built in the Harz mountains. Two
dams in the Harz mountain area, FRG. Reservoir (Germany), Upper Flambacher Seepage & leakage features of particular note are the impermeable zones within the embankments which are formed of grass sods
Renovation. Proceedings of 5th BNCOLD Conference, (Germany) and the wooden outlet facilities. A small number of dams have suffered increasing leakage and major repairs
Manchester, paper 6.2. have been required. At Schwarzenbacher the weak areas were near the surface and the grass sods were
sealed with natural clay. At Prinzen, a trench was dug along the crest and filled with "earth concrete". At Upper
Flambacher the spillway crest was lowered. Television cameras are used to investigate the condition of the
wooden pipes.
1988 Carlyle CARLYLE W J (1988). Wave damage to upstream Backwater, Derwent, Dovestone, Guides & surveys, Upstream Methods of wave prediction for reservoirs are reviewed, but it is concluded that the success of upstream slope
slope protection of reservoirs in the UK. Reservoir Errwood, Foremark, Kielder, Jumbles, slope protection protection is more dependent on good design than on the precise determination of the appropriate wave climate.
Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Selset, Turret On nearly half of 48 embankment dams built in the period 1963-1983, rip rap was used to provide upstream
Manchester, paper 6.3. slope protection and a quarter of the dams had concrete slabs. The remainder used blockwork, asphalt or stone
pitching. At the 38 m high Foremark embankment dam, damage to the rip rap occurred during a storm in 1979.
Following damage at Kielder during storm winds in the winter of 1983-84, the blockwork was reconstructed into
larger panels set in insitu concrete. There has been damage to masonry blocks set on gravel at Selset. (See
discussion by (a) K Shave, ppD6/1-2, who as supervising engineer on Bewl Bridge was called out to examine
serious damage to the upstream slope protection following the hurricane in October 1987; (b) D Gallacher,
ppD6/2-4&10, who was present when a wave of 2.13 m hit the tower at Megget when the rip rap was damaged
during the storms of January 1984; (c) G A Milne, pD6/4, on Loch Turret; (d) P Horswill, ppD6/7-8, on
Hanningfield.)
1988 Moffat MOFFAT A I B (1988). Embankment dams and Dam break studies, Hazard & Reservoirs present a potential hazard to lives and property downstream of the dam. The hazard level is a
concepts of reservoir hazard analysis. Reservoir risk management, Safety function of, firstly, the probability of catastrophic breaching and, secondly, the consequential human and
Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, surveillance economic losses. Hazard evaluation is an established procedure in the nuclear power and chemical process
Manchester, paper 6.4. industries and the application of the same basic principles to reservoir safety has much to commend it.
Quantitative hazard evaluation would assist in determining priorities for resource allocation in safety surveillance
and remedial works. Probabilistic risk assessment may be appropriate for exceptionally high risk dams which
have been identified by some simpler screening technique such as reservoir hazard rating. It is proposed that a
reservoir hazard rating suitable for British dams can be based on Sarkaria's dam hazard potential index. (G S
Sarkaria ' Safety appraisal of old dams: an updated perspective. Proceedings of Conference on Inspection,
maintenance and rehabilitation of old dams, ASCE, 1973.)
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1988 Mackey MACKEY P G and MORISON A C (1988). Clywedog Concrete deterioration During rainfall or spilling, leakage occurred through the expansion joint seals on the downstream face of the 72
Replacement of expansion joint seals at Clywedog m high mass concrete, gravity buttress Clywedog dam. The original polysulphide sealant had deteriorated and it
dam. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD was necessary to replace the sealant in the expansion joints on the crest and the downstream face of the dam.
Conference, Manchester, paper 7.1. Access to the downstream face required the provision of a purpose-built platform. Although there were some
minor defects, the worst areas were satisfactorily repaired.
1988 Mazzalai MAZZALAI P and ODORIZZ! S (1988). Renovation Coredo (Italy), Tres (Italy) Concrete deterioration, The safety of some old Italian dams is being re-evaluated in the light of new guidelines and regulations. Case
and repair of Tres and Credo reservoirs and dams in Grouting, Outlet & intake histories are presented of two reservoirs where upgrading is required to remedy on-going deterioration. The
province of Trento. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings works, Seepage & leakage Coredo reservoir is impounded by two embankment dams built in the 1950s. It is planned to rebuild the 8 m high
of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 7.2. main dam as a rockfill embankment with an upstream concrete membrane linked to a concrete cut-off wall at the
upstream toe. There have been leakage problems at Tres reservoir which is impounded by two masonry gravity
dams built in 1929. Grouting is being carried out and a new bottom outlet has been designed.
1988 Binnie BINNIE C J A and ASKEW T E A (1988). Remedial Brayton Barff no 1, Brayton Barff no 2 Service reservoirs Since construction in the early 1960s there has been severe leakage at Brayton Barff service reservoir. Repairs
works to Brayton Barff service reservoirs to joints inside the reservoir carried out a few years later were not entirely successful and in recent years there
compartments 1 and 2. Reservoir renovation. has been substantial leakage. It became clear that attention was required to the expansion joints in the
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, reservoir's lightly reinforced concrete floor slab. It was believed that leakage from the reservoirs had formed
paper 7.3. beneath the reservoir floor slab and ground probing radar was used to determine the extent of the voiding. This
was confirmed by boring holes through the concrete slab. The vast majority of the voids were on the line of the
expansion joints. The voids were filled with grout and the joints were reconstructed and resealed. On refilling the
reservoir, some of the refilled joints failed and further repairs were required.
1988 Millmore MILLMORE J P and HESLOP R T (1988). Mill Hill Mill Hill* Mining subsidence, Service The two service reservoirs suffered severe cracking and leakage associated with mining subsidence which
reservoirs: the loss and partial recovery of storage reservoirs, Seepage & occurred in 1938 and large cavities formed under one of the reservoirs. The reservoirs were structurally repaired
capacity. Reservoir Renovation. Proceedings of leakage and made watertight by the provision of a rubber lining, but after 25 years the lining had deteriorated. When
BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, paper 7.4. repair work was about to begin a sudden subsidence occurred in one corner and part of the structure collapsed.
Fifteen million gallons of water was lost in six hours. A void had caused the floor to collapse and the large flow of
water enlarged the void. It was concluded that mining subsidence had not only cracked the reservoirs but had
also widened fissures in the underlying Magnesium Limestone bedrock. Leakage from the damaged reservoirs
had accelerated the migration of drift deposits into the fissures thereby forming voids under the floor slabs. A
part of the damaged structures was repaired and new service reservoirs were constructed on an adjacent site,
with provision to accommodate large ground movements and instrumentation to monitor foundation behaviour.
1988 Terziani TERZIANI A, BIANCHINI A, VIELMO I, SCUERO A Concrete deterioration, Deterioration of the upstream face of concrete and masonry dams can be due to a variety of factors depending
and D'ANCONA B (1988). Rehabilitation of upstream Geomembranes on the natutre of the facing. In older Italian dams hand-finished cement rendering and squared stone pitching
facings on masonry and concrete dams. Reservoir with mortar joints were two commonly used facings. After 1945 well compacted concrete faces came into
renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, general use. Rehabilitation methods have included new concrete facings anchored to the dam body, coating
Manchester, paper 8.1. with a synthetic resin, covering with reinforced gunite, steel sheets or a geomembrane.
1988 Sembenelli SEMBENELLI P and CUNIBERTI J (1988). Geomembranes, Seepage & A waterproofing system suitable for rehabilitating deteriorating dams has been developed which consists of
Rehabilitation of dams with engineered surface leakage three components: a geocomposite formed of a pvc geomembrane attached to a geotextile support, an
multilayer pvc membranes. Reservoir renovation. adhesive, and a primer for consolidation of the structural surface. The system has been used on an
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, embankment dam in northwest Nigeria which is formed of silty sand and has an asphaltic concrete facing. Piping
paper 8.2. occurred during first filling and a geomembrane was placed on the asphaltic concrete in the remedial works. The
system has also been used at a multiple thin-arch dam in Italy where there were leakage problems.
1988 Kriekemans KRIEKEMANS B (1988). The use of polyurethane Grouting Polyurethane grouts have several applications in the control of seepage through or under dams, which include
grouts and grout tubes. Reservoir renovation. injection into hairline cracks and expansion joints in concrete and masonry structures, and injection into the
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, ground to strengthen the foundation soil or to form an impermeable curtain.
paper 8.3.
1988 Dunstan DUNSTAN M R H (1988). The growing acceptance of Roller compacted concrete In-situ properties similar to those found in conventional concrete dams can be achieved for roller compacted
RCC for dam construction. Reservoir renovation. concrete and it has become widely accepted for use in dam construction. It also has application in the
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, rehabilitation of existing dams, including repairing damaged concrete structures and protecting embankment
paper 8.4. dams against overtopping.
1988 Tuxford TUXFORD C (1988). Use of flexible revetments in Furzton, Stanford Overtopping, Vegetation A flexible armoured revetment system has been used at Stanford reservoir to preserve the embankment from
dams and reservoirs. Reservoir Renovation. breaching during overtopping under conditions associated with the probable maximum flood, but accepting that
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, some damage would occur. The chosen system has intermeshing individual blocks, positive interpanel
paper 8.5. connections and a two-way cable system for anchoring. The system was placed directly on the existing grassed
embankment. At Furzton a similar system was installed with the panels placed on a woven geotextile.
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1988 Millmore MILLMORE J P and CHARLES J A (1988). A survey of Guides & surveys, Legislation Statistical data is presented of embankment dams subject to reservoir safety legislation. The majority were built
UK embankment dams. Reservoir Renovation. before 1900 and most of them are under 15 m in height. Unprotected pipes laid through the embankment are
Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, Manchester, common and in many cases there is only downstream valve control.
Technical Note 1.
1988 Ellis ELLIS J (1988). A numerical model for chute spillway Spillway hydraulics Software for a numerical model which simulates flow on chute spillways has been enhanced so that practitioners
flows. Reservoir renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD can carry out a wider range of hydraulic calculations without having to revert to a physical model. The numerical
Conference, Manchester, Technical Note 2. model calculates magnitude and direction of velocity and depth of flow at a network of grid points within the
spillway channel. Both supercritical and subcritical flow can be modelled, together with the hydraulic jump
transition.
1988 Hopkins HOPKINS J K and WICKHAM D B (1988). Repairs to Haweswater Concrete deterioration The 28 m high concrete buttress dam was completed in 1942 in an area of high rainfall. Surface spalling of the
downstream face of Haweswater dam. Reservoir downstream face was first noticed in 1971 and the process accelerated in 1975. The continuing deterioration is
Renovation. Proceedings of BNCOLD Conference, probably due to freezing and thawing of saturated concrete and the spalling penetrates to a depth of 100 mm.
Manchester, technical note 3. Rainwater passing through construction joints on the downstream face provides much of the moisture in the
body of the dam. Serious spalling occurred when security doors were installed within the dam structure and
restricted the flow of air, producing an atmosphere with a high humidity; concrete surfaces within the dam
remained constantly saturated. In 1982 and 1985 trials of a number of repair systems were undertaken and the
combination of cementitious mortars coated with a silane and acrylic has proved most suitable. Repair work is
programmed for the summers of 1988 and 1989.
91
Proceedings of 6th BDS Conference. Nottingham, 1990.

1990 The Embankment dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, Nottingham
1990 Back BACK P A (1990). The 1990 Geoffrey Binnie Lecture: The Dokan (Iraq), Kariba (Zimbabwe), Concrete deterioration, Ten criteria or features are advanced which are desirable for the ultimate dam: durable materials of construction,
Ultimate dam. The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th Maentwrog, Mangla (Pakistan), Earthquake damage, flood routing independent of power and operator, ability to survive overtopping, redundancy in structural
British Dam Society Conference, Nottingham, September Victoria (Sri Lanka) Environment/social/planning, behaviour, ability to accommodate deformations, resistant to internal erosion, capable of withstanding seismic
1990, pp 1-5. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. Internal erosion/filters, shock, resistant to destruction by acts of sabotage, reservoir can be drawn down to at least half height and
Overtopping, Reservoir preferably emptied in a few weeks, and, finally, that in the long term the project will be a good thing for mankind.
drawdown
1990 Chin CHIN B G, DAVISON D M, KLOHN E K, BENSON R P Forty Mile Coulee East (Canada) Instrumentation, Movement The 28 m high earthfill embankment is founded on up to 60 m of soft, highly plastic clay and large foundation
and CAMPBELL J W (1990). Design and performance of monitoring, Pore pressure movements occurred during construction. The pore pressures measured during construction were significantly
the forty mile Coulee East dam on a soft clay foundation. (construction), Slope stability higher than predictions despite having the benefit of a monitored 12 m high test fill embankment. Design
The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam changes to enlarge the toe berms were made part way through construction. The case history illustrates the
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp 7- value of the observational approach to the design and construction of large embankments on soft clay. Finite
13. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. element analyses which replicated field behaviour demonstrated that undrained yielding of the foundation clay
results in much larger increases in horizontal stress than predicted by a linear elastic model. Neglect of this
behaviour leads to unconservative estimates of pore pressure.
1990 Dafeng DAFENG F (1990). The application of new techniques in Lubuge (China), Tianshengqiao Internal erosion/filters, Rockfill Lubuge and Tianshengqiao are high embankment dams located in south-west China. The 104 m high Lubuge
the design of two high dams in South West China. The (China) rockfill dam was built in the 1980s. The central core, which is formed of a residual soil of weathered sandstone
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam and shale, was compacted in 0.25 m thick layers and the rockfill in 1.0 m thick layers. A test was carried out to
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp 15- investigate the effectiveness of the filters in protecting the core against internal erosion. The design of the 178 m
20. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. high Tianshengqiao concrete faced rockfill dam has been approved and it is anticipated that construction will
shortly commence. The reservoir will have a storage capacity of ten billion cubic metres.
1990 Wilson WILSON A C and EVANS J D (1990). The use of low Roadford Asphaltic concrete, The design and construction of the 41 m high Roadford embankment dam, which was built in 1988 in south-west
grade rockfill at Roadford dam. The Embankment Dam. Geochemistry, Rockfill England, is described. The embankment is constructed of low grade rockfill and an asphaltic concrete
Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, membrane on the upstream face provides the impermeable element. The rockfill contains sandstone, siltstone
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 21-27. Thomas Telford, and mudstone. It was recognised that minerals in the rock, particularly the mudstone, may cause the rockfill in
London, 1991. the dam to degrade and this was taken into account in the embankment design. There was also concern that
placing comparatively dry mudstone within the embankment fill could result in collapse settlement when the rock
was weakened by wetting. The susceptibility to collapse compression was investigated by laboratory tests in a 1
m diameter oedometer at the Building Research Establishment. (See discussion by P Tedd on installation of
BRE electro-level system, pp 47-49.)
1990 Carlyle CARLYLE W J (1990). A perspective of the art of the Muar Upper (Malaysia), Plover Cove Grouting, Instrumentation, Some twenty embankment dams, formed of residual soil on weathered rock foundations, have been built during
embankment dam in South West Asia. The Embankment (Hong Kong), Seletar (Singapore), Movement monitoring, Pore the last decade in Malaysia and Hong Kong by Binnie and Partners and their associated firms. Construction has
Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, Shing Mun Lower (Hong Kong), pressure (construction), Slope involved placing residual soils in humid tropical conditions at water contents well above optimum. Design has
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 29-39. Thomas Telford, stability, Upstream slope developed over the decade on the basis of the observation of the behaviour of well instrumented dams. The
London, 1991. protection more clayey residual soil is used to form a wide central core with the more sandy clay placed in the embankment
shoulders. The shoulders are commonly provided with drainage blankets to increase the rate of dissipation of
construction pore pressures. Information is presented on foundation grouting.
1990 Burton BURTON I W and FERGUSON P A S (1990). Mrica (Indonesia) Instrumentation, Rockfill The 110 m high Mrica main dam is situated in central Java. It has rockfill shoulders with a core of residual
Instrumentation of the Mrica dam. The Embankment Dam. halloysitic clay which slopes slightly upstream. Instrumentation was installed during construction to check the
Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, validity of the design parameters, to monitor embankment behaviour during the critical first filling of the reservoir
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 41-46. Thomas Telford, and to monitor the long term performance of the dam. Pneumatic piezometers experienced a high failure rate
London, 1991. whereas hydraulic piezometers have proved robust and reliable. Difficulties were also experienced with the
inclinometers. (See discussion by A Campbell, a site laboratory manager, on the reasons for the high level of
malfunction of some types of instrumentation, p51.)
1990 Penman PENMAN A D M and CHARLES J A (1990). The safety of Dam break studies, Guides & Tailings arise from many mining, quarrying and industrial processes. The need for tailings dams and lagoons
tailings dams and lagoons in Britain. The Embankment surveys, Hazard & risk has grown with the increased output of tailings and restrictions on discharge into rivers. There are now a large
Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, management, Legislation, number of tailings lagoons in Britain and, although they pose similar hazards to those from dams which impound
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 53-58. Thomas Telford, Slope stability, Waste water, they are not subject to reservoir safety legislation. They have been a number of incidents in Britain
London, 1991. impoundment affecting safety, while overseas there have been failures involving major loss of life and destruction of property.
The hazard posed by a sudden release of tailings is examined in the context of the safety of British tailings
dams.
92

1990 Abadjiev ABADJIEV C B and KARADIMOV A A (1990). Tailings Elatzite [tailings dam] (Bulgaria) Slope stability, Waste The Elatzite tailings dam, which is located 70 km east of Sofia in Bulgaria, has a maximum design height of 145
dams of the copper mining plant Elatzite after eight years impoundment m. Construction commenced in 1981 and it was 95 m high in June 1989. The dam is being built of
of operation. The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th hydrocycloned sand using the downstream construction method. The 30 m high downstream toe dam is formed
British Dam Society Conference, Nottingham, September of granite rockfill whose permeable character facilitates the drainage of the sand fill. The upstream secondary
1990, pp 59-62. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. dams, which are 5 to 6 m high, are designed to be built of cycloned sand, but in the initial stages of construction
the sand fraction was not sufficient to support the slime and rockfill had to be used for the first secondary dam.
The slurry is discharged from the plant with a density of 1.2 tonnes per cubic metre.
1990 Griffin GRIFFIN A R, PENG C K and GUDGEON D L (1990). Chukai [tailings dam] (Malaysia) Movement monitoring, Pore A new titanium dioxide plant is to be opened in Terengganu state on the east coast of Malaysia. The major
Waste retention embankments on soft clay. The pressure (construction), Slope waste product from the manufacture of titanium dioxide is a gypsum and iron hydroxide slurry, which is
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam stability, Waste impoundment dewatered by hydraulic presses. The solid gypsum is to be deposited within a landfill area retained by
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp 63- impermeable embankments and the wastewater in lagoons. The embankments are to be built of highly
69. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. weathered granite and the preliminary design was based on parameters derived from insitu and laboratory tests.
The factor of safety was highly dependent on the values of shear strength assumed for the underlying marine
clays and a monitored trial embankment made it possible to re-evaluate the design with considerable savings on
fill material.
1990 Watermeyer WATERMEYER P and THOMPSON N A (1990). Tailings Los Leones [tailings dam] (Chile) Waste impoundment The retaining embankment for a tailings depository is a unique structure in that it is often built from the same
deposition predictive computer modelling. The material that it is designed to impound. Finely processed mine waste is mixed into a slurry and hydraulically
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam transported to the storage site where it is discharged from locations around the perimeter of the depository.
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp 71- Accurate prediction of infilling makes it possible to assess the required rate of construction of the retaining
76. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. embankment. The use of the tailings deposition model TADAM at the Sohar copper project in Oman and at the
Andina copper mine in Chile is described. The computer model is based on over 50 years worldwide experience
of tailings dams.
1990 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M and COULTON R H (1990). Geotechnical Clemows Valley [tailings dam], Cerro Waste impoundment The safe, efficient and environmentally acceptable deposition of mine tailings relies on appropriate engineering
aspects of the construction of tailings dams - two da Lobo [tailings dam] (Portugal) not only of the retaining embankment but also the deposition process. Well publicised failures of tailings dams,
European studies. The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of together with environmental concerns, have encouraged the use of specialist engineers in the design process.
6th British Dam Society Conference, Nottingham, The mechanism of tailings deposition need to be understood with the help of carefully simulated laboratory
September 1990, pp 77-83. Thomas Telford, London, testing and, where feasible, field trials. Field performance should be continuously reviewed during the life of the
1991. disposal facility. Case studies of the Wheal Jane tin mine in Cornwall and the Neves Corvo copper mine in
Portugal demonstrate the need for a multi-disciplinary approach and technology appropriate for the disposal
environment. Field tests at the latter site indicated that subaerial deposition led to densities greater than those
achieved with subaqueous deposition and hence would permit the storage of additional tailings.
1990 Forbes FORBES P J, CALE S A and CLELLAND L F (1990). Bafokeng [tailings dam] (South Africa), Flood estimation/hydrology, For economic reasons a tailings dam is often constructed progressively, just maintaining an appropriate
Spillway systems for tailings dams. The Embankment Wheal Jane [tailings dam] Outlet & intake works, freeboard with respect to the deposited waste and supernatant water. Such a dam requires a spillway, often
Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, Overflow works, Spillway termed a decant, with a crest level at the current reservoir level and this will have to be progressively raised. A
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 85-91. Thomas Telford, hydraulics, Waste small decant structure will usually be adequate to remove surplus liquor discharged into the impoundment with
London, 1991. impoundment the tailings, but where natural runoff from a large catchment area has to be dealt with a much larger structure
may be required. A decanting system for the former function may be supplemented by an auxiliary spillway for
severe flood conditions. The systems which are described include towers, chutes, stoplogs and pumps.
1990 Routh ROUTH C D, STREET A and GRIGG C F J (1990). Clay Environment/social/planning, Waste Waste impoundment Economic, engineering and physical constraints are encountered in the disposal of china clay tailings. The
mining waste disposal problems - central and peripheral. impoundments structure retaining the fine residue is commonly termed a tailings dam, although frequently it is sufficient if it acts
The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam as a filter rather than as a dam. The basic features, strengths and weaknesses of, respectively, the upstream,
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp 93- centreline and downstream methods of tailings dam construction are described. From a geotechnical standpoint
97. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. the formation of beaches near the perimeter bunds is desirable as it encourages consolidation by desiccation
and a low phreatic surface, but unfortunately it also results in dusting in dry windy weather and environmental
considerations of this type are imposing increasing constraints on disposal schemes.
93

1990 Haws HAWS E T, MARTIN P L and ORANGE-BROMEHEAD R Gale Common (tailings dam] Geomembranes, Outlet & Large quantities of pulverised fuel ash (pfa) are produced by modern thermal power stations and the disposal of
A N (1990). Gale Common ash disposal scheme - intake works, Pore pressure pfa from Eggborough and Ferrybridge C 2000 MW power stations has necessitated the design of 51 m high
concept, design and construction. The Embankment Dam. (construction), Slope stability, embankments to retain ash lagoons at Gale Common. The embankments are built of conditioned pfa and shale
Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, Waste impoundment in the form of coarse discard from a nearby colliery. The pfa is pumped from the two power stations to the site
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 99-104. Thomas through 0.53 m diameter pipelines. About half the pfa is dewatered and placed in the embankments at close to
Telford, London, 1991. optimum moisture content while the remainder is disposed of in the lagoons. The geotechnical design of the
embankments is largely controlled by a low strength layer of laminated silty clay in the foundation; a design
value of only 11 degrees was assumed for the residual angle of shearing resistance of this clay layer.
1990 Dennis DENNIS J A, HILLIER D J and MOGGRIDGE H T (1990). Gale Common [tailings dam] Environment/social/planning, The expected life of the Gale Common project is 50 years and it is being developed in three stages, with work
Gale Common ash disposal scheme -planning, Waste impoundment on the second stage recently commencing. Waste materials in the form of pulverised fuel ash from two power
environment, operation and restoration. The Embankment stations and coarse shale discard from a colliery are being used to form circumferential embankments within
Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, which pulverised fuel ash is placed as a slurry. Although it was not necessary to register the lagoons under the
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 105-111. Thomas Reservoirs Act 1975, National Power, as a responsible owner, treats them as though they are so registered. The
Telford, London, 1991. 50 m high lagoon will form a prominent feature in a generally flat area and great attention has been given to the
finished profile and final landscape treatment.
1990 Bowles BOWLES D S, ANDERSON L R, GLOVER T F, TARBOX Cutler (USA), Grace (USA), Oneida Hazard & risk management Four dams on the Bear River in Utah and Idaho were found not to meet current standards for the probable
G S, WAITE R B and YIN AU-YEUNG P E (1990). (USA), Soda Point (USA) maximum flood (PMF) and maximum credible earthquake (MCE). The estimated cost of remedial upgrades was
Evaluation of dam safety at a series of hydropower dams of the order of 20 million dollars, yet the highest recorded floods were less than 10% of the new PMF. A
including risk assessment. The Embankment Dam. comprehensive risk-based safety evaluation of the dams was carried out to form a basis for proposals to the
Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, regulatory authority. The study gave a better understanding of the potential for dam failure, but showed that dam
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 119-125. Thomas failure probabilities were low, as was the probability of loss of life. With the insights provided by the study,
Telford, London, 1991. remedial cost are about half of what had been anticipated.
1990 Knight KNIGHT D J, JACKSON E A, HALCRO-JOHNSTON J Coedty, Gaborone (Botswana), Hinze Catastrophic failures, In 1925 the 11 m high Coedty embankment dam was overtopped and breached following the failure upstream
and MAKINSON C (1990). Safety considerations with (Australia), Kantalai Tank (Sri Lanka) Concrete deterioration, of the Eigiau concrete dam. Sixteen lives were lost in Dolgarrog village. The dam was rebuilt, but repairs have
existing embankment dams and in their raising. The Hazard & risk management, been required to reduce the seepage through the embankment. A ground investigation and safety assessment
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Heightening, Outlet & intake in 1988 showed that the concrete core wall was in a poor condition. Remedial works included placing stabilizing
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp works, Slope stability fill with a drainage layer on the downstream slope. In Sri Lanka there are many ancient large reservoirs, known
127-133. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. as 'tanks', which are impounded by low earth embankments. The failure of Kantalai Tank bund in April 1986 with
the loss of 127 lives led to the development of a system of hazard rating to provide a basis for adopting flood
criteria and targeting maintenance resources on high hazard structures. The height of Gaborone embankment
dam was increased to permit a rise of 8 m in the reservoir supply level. The first stage of a two-stage raising of
Hinze rockfill dam by 30 m was completed in 1989.
1990 Chalmers CHALMERS R W (1990). Woodhead reservoir - remedial Woodhead Flood estimation/hydrology, Following an inspection in 1986 under the Reservoirs Act 1975, it was recommended that all the reservoirs in
works. The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Heightening, Overflow works, the Longdendale valley should be modified to withstand a probable maximum flood (PMF) condition. The
Dam Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, Seepage & leakage approach adopted was to carry out remedial works at Woodhead, the highest reservoir, to alter its overflow
pp 135-140. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. arrangements to hold a probable maximum flood inflow while restricting the outflow to the four lower reservoirs.
Only minor works were then needed at the lower reservoirs. The outflow at Woodhead was restricted by
constructing a throttle 4.5 m wide and 3.5 m high and the inflowing flood water was retained in the reservoir by
raising the embankment by 7 m. The old dam had a very wide crest on which the raised embankment could be
constructed. However, this wide crest had been formed because the original puddle clay core of the old dam
had proved ineffective and a second embankment had been built immediately downstream with a new puddle
clay core. The design of the raised embankment was made much more difficult by this history since it was
founded on an old dam with two puddle clay cores and it was the downstream puddle clay core which was
effective.
1990 Trieste TRIESTE D J (1990). The Bureau of Reclamation's new Hazard & risk management The US Bureau of Reclamation has published guidelines to promote consistency in classifying the downstream
downstream hazard classification guidelines. The hazard posed by a dam in terms of the potential loss of life and property damage resulting from floodwaters
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam released by failure of the impounding structure. Downstream hazard classification is used to determine which
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp dams should undergo a full safety evaluation. In the classification system, a low hazard corresponds to no lives
141-144. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. in jeopardy and minimal economic loss, a significant hazard is a situation where one to six lives are in jeopardy
and there will be appreciable economic loss in a rural area, and a high hazard is where there are more than six
lives in jeopardy and excessive economic loss in an urban area. Lives-in-jeopardy are defined as all individuals
within the inundated area who, if they took no action to evacuate, would be in a dangerous situation. A simplified
dam-break model is recommended for estimating flood depths and velocities in those situations where
engineering judgement will clearly be inadequate.
94

Rofe ROFE B H, WICKHAM D B and HOPKINS J K (1990). Mitchell's House Drainage, Monitoring Surface movement monitoring of the puddle clay core embankment dams of the two nineteenth century
Mitchell's House reservoirs - investigations, monitoring movement, Pore pressure Mitchell's House reservoirs commenced in 1981. Over a period of 30 months 20 - 30 mm settlement was
and remedial works. The Embankment Dam. Proceedings (seepage), Slope stability measured and, following a statutory inspection in 1983, an intrusive site investigation was undertaken. A number
of 6th British Dam Society Conference, Nottingham, of features gave cause for concern: downstream slope stability was marginal, damp patches were common on
September 1990, pp 145-149. Thomas Telford, London, the downstream slopes and, with high reservoir levels, water issued onto the road crossing the downstream
1991. shoulder of the No 1 embankment. Remedial measures include the construction of berms on the downstream
slopes of both embankments and the provision of vertical drainage immediately downstream of the crest by
drilling holes inclined at 7.5 degrees from the vertical at 3 m centres and installing a 75 mm slotted tube
surrounded with gravel.
1990 Ellis ELLIS J B, HALL M and HOCKIN D L (1990). The design Environment/social/planning Flood detention reservoirs are a common flow control feature in urban catchments. Most of these flood storage
and operation of flood storage dams for recreational uses. facilities have been formed by the excavation of a basin and the construction of an earth embankment retaining
The Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam structure. Successful development of recreational and amenity activities necessitates extending the scope of the
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp hydrological and hydraulic criteria usually applied in their engineering design. Water quality and ecology within
155-158. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. the pond can be improved by appropriate management of landscaping, the status of the surrounding land and
the configuration of inlet and outlet structures.
1990 Hopkins HOPKINS J K, WICKHAM D B and STIRLING D M Dean Clough, Spade Mill no 1, Spade Movement monitoring The upstream and downstream slopes of two old embankment dams in Lancashire have been monitored using
(1990). The use of close-range photogrammetry for Mill no 2 photogrammetry. The anticipated precision was +/- 5 mm on the pitching at Spade Mill and +/- 20 mm on the
reservoir embankment monitoring. The Embankment grassed embankment at Dean Clough. In addition to monitoring embankments with known movements, the
Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, technique can be utilised to produce photographic reference data against which suspected movement in the
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 159-164. Thomas future can be readily quantified.
Telford, London, 1991.
1990 Powledge POWLEDGE G R, RHONE T J and CLOPPER P E A R Bowman (USA), Jackhouse, Slope stability, Upstream It is frequently found that the spillway capacity of old embankment dams is inadequate to prevent overtopping
(1990). Accommodating rare floods over embankments Spring Creek (USA) slope protection during the probable maximum flood. Several innovative alternatives to costly conventional modifications have
and steep reinforced channels. The Embankment Dam. been identified and research and case history data from the United States and the United Kingdom now provide
Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, engineers with an adequate basis for the design of slope protection during the overflow of low embankment
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 165-170. Thomas dams. Prototype experience and/or large scale testing of many erosion protection systems have identified three
Telford, London, 1991. systems which perform reliably under steeply sloped high velocity flow conditions: (a) traditional cast-in-place
reinforced concrete, (b) roller compacted concrete or soil cement, (c) selected articulated concrete block
revetment systems. In many situations articulated concrete block revetments are the most cost effective method
of protecting those steep slopes subject to high velocity flows which otherwise would be subject to damaging
and potentially catastrophic erosion.
1990 Tedd TEDD P, CHARLES J A and CLAYDON J R (1990). Ramsden (Holmfirth) Movement monitoring, Since construction in 1883, there has been more than 1 m of settlement at Ramsden dam, an embankment dam
Deformation of Ramsden dam during reservoir drawdown Reservoir drawdown with a central puddle clay core. Since 1977 precise surveying of the level and horizontal alignment of stations on
and refilling. Proceedings of the 6th British Dam Society the crest of the dam close to the wave wall has shown that the continuing and varying rate of settlement and
Conference, Nottingham, pp 171-176. Thomas Telford, downstream movement is related to fluctuations in reservoir level. Emptying of the reservoir caused a
London. particularly large crest settlement of about 60 mm, little of which was recovered on refilling the reservoir.
1990 Robertshaw ROBERTSHAW A C and DYKE T N (1990). The routine Widdop Movement monitoring, The Western Division of Yorkshire Water is responsible for the structural monitoring of over 70 embankment
monitoring of embankment dam behaviour. The Reservoir drawdown, Safety dams. Three facets of embankment behaviour are routinely monitored: deformation, pore water pressure and
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam surveillance leakage/drainage flow. Crest settlement is monitored at 66 embankments, pore water pressure at 18
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp embankments, and flows at 39 embankments. In calm overcast conditions, using an automatic level with parallel
177-183. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. plate micrometer and an aluminium staff, the expected closing error is 1 mm for a dam with a crest length of 100
m. With a crest length of 600 m, the expected closing error increases to 3.5 mm. The crest settlement of Widdop
dam is presented and the major effect of reservoir emptying in causing greatly increased settlement is
emphasised.
1990 MacDonald MACDONALD A and REID J M (1990). Embankment dam Burnhope, Carsington (2), Colliford, Geochemistry Geochemical degradation can significantly affect the geotechnical properties of embankment fill materials and
behaviour: the contribution of geo-chemistry. The Roadford the quality of drainage water. Mudstones, weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks, and rocks with a high
Embankment Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam proportion of secondary minerals are the most susceptible. Geochemical degradation is likely to cause
Society Conference, Nottingham, September 1990, pp accelerated mechanical breakdown of the fill, leading to a decrease in grain size, permeability and shear
185-191. Thomas Telford, London, 1991. strength. It is likely to be most intense during dam construction when the material is broken up and exposed to
an oxidising and leaching environment. Once the embankment is completed and the reservoir impounded, the
rate of reaction will decrease. Where fill is below the water table the supply of oxygen will be greatly reduced,
above the water table, reactions may be limited by the reduced rate of percolation of surface water once the
surface of the dam is sealed by topsoil. Geochemistry of the fill material should be considered in embankment
dam design and design parameters should allow for geochemical degradation. Laboratory testing and field
behaviour at several embankment dams are described.
95

1990 Coxon COXON K E, EMBERTON J E and PAGETT R M (1990). Environment/social/planning Whilst fully recognising the importance of reservoirs for the supply of water for domestic and industrial use, the
Reservoirs - a legacy of opportunity. The Embankment environmental implications of their construction and management should not be ignored. There are substantial
Dam. Proceedings of 6th British Dam Society Conference, environmental impacts during construction, but these are short term and the long term effects associated with
Nottingham, September 1990, pp 193-197. Thomas the removal of large tracts of land from their previous use are also of considerable concern. Ecological impacts
Telford, London, 1991. can be diverse and may include disruption of fish migration and severance of habitats for terrestrial flora and
fauna. However, the potential for secondary usage, including fishing, sailing and nature reserves, can
significantly enhance the value of reservoirs in addition to the primary purpose of water supply.
96
Proceedings of 7th BDS Conference. Stirling, 1992.

1992 Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering. Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference, Stirling
1992 Adeloye ADELOYE A J (1992). The reliability of single, historic Flood estimation/hydrology The capacity-yield analysis of a direct supply reservoir is often carried out empirically, using a record of
estimates of reservoir capacity. Water Resources and observed streamflow data. The main problem with this approach is that it does not explicitly provide an estimate
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S of the reliability of the reservoir system. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, an attempt is made to quantify
Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society the reliability of single historic estimates of reservoir capacity.
Conference, Stirling, pp 1-9. Thomas Telford, London,
1992.
1992 Bunch BUNCH A H (1992). Optimal operation of local reservoir Environment/social/planning, Simulation programs with graphical output regimes have been developed to facilitate the management of
sources. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering Flood estimation/hydrology, reservoir systems. This makes it possible spread the risk of a failure of water supply across the North West
(eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of Reservoir operation Water area, reducing the likelihood of individual source failures. The whole system can be rapidly analysed,
7th British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 11-17. permitting a dynamic approach to reservoir yields as a drought event unfolds.
Thomas Telford, London, 1992.
1992 Cole COLE J A and GORDON A L (1992). Control rules for Backwater, Lintrathen Flood estimation/hydrology, The Tayside region obtains its water supply from two upland reservoirs, Lintrathen and Backwater, which are
Tayside's linked system of reservoirs supplying two Reservoir operation connected by pipeline. With the objective of ensuring a high reliability of water supply, the complex storage and
demand zones. Water Resources and Reservoir supply system has been simulated in a computer model which has proved useful for reservoir management.
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Control rules have been developed and experience of using them has been gained in the severe drought
Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference, conditions during the autumns of 1989 and 1990.
Stirling, pp 19-32. Thomas Telford, London, 1992.
1992 Gallimore GALLIMORE S A and MOSEDALE J C (1992). The south Beacons, Cantref, Cray, Llandegfedd, Environment/social/planning, The South East Wales Conjunctive Resources Consultative Group was established to optimise the combined
east Wales conjunctive resource scheme. Water Llwynon, Neuadd Upper, Pontsticill, Reservoir operation use of the water resources serving a population of more than one million people concentrated in the
Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Talybont, Usk conurbations of Cardiff and Newport and the industrial valleys in south east Wales. The group comprised water
Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam resources, water treatment and fishery staff from the National Rivers Authority (NRA) and Welsh Water (WW).
Society Conference, Stirling, pp 33-40. Thomas Telford, Following the drought in 1976, WW made substantial investment to increase the available resources and the
London, 1992. flexibility of their use. Since the droughts of 1989 and 1990 the emphasis has been on refining the operation of
the existing resources to maximise their use rather than on major engineering works. The collaboration of staff
from the NRA and WW within the Consultative Group has led to improved supply security and operational
flexibility together with benefits to the river flows for migratory fish.
1992 Hall HALL J K and MACDONALD D E (1992). Comparison of Flood estimation/hydrology, A computerised reservoir simulation model has been used to help plan and design a pumped storage reservoir
the yields of variants of the Broad Oak Water scheme. Reservoir operation near Canterbury. Simulation modelling has proved a useful technique in screening a large number of possible
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M scheme options, giving a good insight into the operation of a water resources system and in identifying the key
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th parameters that affect the operation and output of the system. Following the initial screening, selected schemes
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 41-51. can be examined in more detail using alternative drought flow sequences to test the robustness of the original
Thomas Telford, London, 1992. outline designs.
1992 Hill HILL A I (1992). An investigation into the maintenance of Balderhead, Blackton, Cow Green, Environment/social/planning, The Tees reservoir system is the main water source for the urban areas and industries of Cleveland. A computer
high summer water levels at recreationally important Grassholme, Hury, Selset Reservoir operation model was developed to simulate the operation of the reservoir system under a range of alternative policies
reservoirs using a simulation model of the Tees reservoir designed to maintain high summer water levels at reservoirs where recreational use is important. It was found
system. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds that operation could be successfully modified, with no loss of reliability and at little extra cost, to enhance
N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th recreation at the two key reservoirs, Balderhead and Selset. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 53-64. and Reservoirs, October 1992, pp 12-16.)
1992 Jack JACK W L and LAMBERT A O (1992). Operational yields. Ystradfellte Environment/social/planning, For most UK reservoirs yield was evaluated by analysing actual or synthetic drought sequences. The resource
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Reservoir operation was assumed to be depleted by a uniform demand and emptied on the day that a drought of specified severity
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th (eg 1 in 50 years) ended. Operational experience in major droughts since 1974 highlighted deficiencies in the
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 65-72. traditional approach and, following the 1984 drought, Welsh Water decided to base its calculations on
Thomas Telford, London, 1992. 'operational yield' taking into account of the real-world situation in severe droughts including hosepipe bans and
drought orders. The use of such operational yields has significant implications for water resources management.
The operational manager must be not only aware of the operational yield of a particular source, but also must
understand the assumptions on which the yield calculations were based. Operational personnel must be
provided with user-friendly control rules to indicate when certain specified actions are necessary. (See
discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, October 1992, pp 2-9.)
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1992 Johnson JOHNSON R C (1992). The Balquhidder research The annual water uses of the two Balquhidder catchments, the moorland Monachyle catchment and the forested
catchments: development of the results for application to Kirkton catchment, are presented for 1984-1991 and relationships linking the water use to a range of weather
water resources. Water Resources and Reservoir parameters are derived. The main weather related controls on catchment water use are annual and winter
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). precipitation, annual rain days and winter wind speeds. This does not explain the reason for the water use but
Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference, indicates some realistic connections. Further development of these relationships should provide valuable tools
Stirling, pp 73-79. Thomas Telford, London, 1992. for water resources management in the uplands. This empirical method of estimating water use in ungauged
catchments provides a useful contrast to a physically based process model.
1992 La Touche LA TOUCHE M C D and SIVAPRAKASAM P (1992). The Cholavaram (India), Poondi (India), Reservoir operation Madras obtains its water supply from the Korttalaiyar river and from groundwater. Water is stored in
water resources of Madras. Water Resources and Redhills (India) Cholavaram, Poondi and Redhills reservoirs; these are, in effect, large tanks formed by long, low embankments.
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S In recent years there have been severe water shortages and currently a project is being implemented to bring
Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society water via a canal from the Krishna river 450 km to the north. The capacity of Poondi and Redhills reservoirs is
Conference, Stirling, pp 81-91. Thomas Telford, London, being increased by raising the embankments in order to accommodate water from the Krishna river. Two new
1992. reservoirs may be built at Ramancheri and Thirukandalam. A combined surface and groundwater simulation
model has breen developed to study the conjunctive use of the city's reservoirs and wells.
1992 Robinson ROBINSON P E (1992). Estimation of river flow Bamendjin (Cameroon), Mape Reservoir operation In Southern Cameroon electricity is generated at two hydro-electric stations, Songloulou and Edea. Water
requirements to meet electricity demands in the (Cameroon), Mbakaou (Cameroon), storage is limited at the former and negligible at the latter station. River flows are regulated by releases which
Cameroon. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering Songloulou (Cameroon) take up to seven days to travel from the upstream reservoirs. A computer program has been used to optimise
(eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of the operation of the system to meet the electricity demands and to obtain maximum value from limited storage
7th British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 93-100. and conserve water in the upstream reservoirs. (See companion paper by Wyatt et al)
1992 Sahu SAHU H (1992). Evaluation impacts on environment of Narmada Sagar (India) Environment/social/planning A 92 m high dam will impound a reservoir with a capacity of twelve billion cubic metres. Beneficial and adverse
Narmada Sagar project, India. Water Resources and environmental impacts are summarised and a method for environmental impact evaluation is presented.
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S
Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society
Conference, Stirling, pp 101-105. Thomas Telford,
London, 1992.
1992 Smithers SMITHERS H (1992). Reassessment of reservoir yields in Stocks, Thirlmere, Vyrnwy Reservoir operation North West Water supplies 2400 Megalitres per day of potable water to seven million customers. Local sources
North-West England in the light of possible climate consisting of 150 reservoirs mainly in the Pennine uplands account for 27% of available supplies. NWW practice
change. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds has been to determine a yield with a specified return period. Control rules are then developed to make best use
N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th of the water which is not required to protect the yield, which might otherwise spill and be lost to the system. The
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 107-115. need to alter methods to account for climate change has been considered, but found to be premature; recent
Thomas Telford, London, 1992. drought events are well within the range of the historic record.
1992 Wyatt WYATT T, HINDLEY E V and MUIR T C (1992). Bamendjin (Cameroon), Mape Reservoir operation In Cameroon electricity is generated primarily at two hydro-electric stations, Songloulou and Edea, on the
Computer software for optimizing the releases from (Cameroon), Mbakaou (Cameroon) Sanaga river. River flows are regulated by releases which take up to seven days to travel from the three
multiple reservoirs operated for flow regulation. Water upstream reservoirs. A computer program package has been developed to improve the efficiency of multi-
Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A reservoir river regulation systems. (See companion paper by Robinson)
Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam
Society Conference, Stirling, pp 117-124. Thomas Telford,
London, 1992.
1992 Annandale ANNANDALE G W (1992). Modelling the uncertainty of Environment/social/planning, Flood control dams are usually operated in a way that causes the reservoir basin to be empty between flood
sediment deposition upstream of flood control dams. Reservoir operation, events. Sediment deposited during flood events is then exposed and gives rise to various environmental
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Sedimentation concerns. A modelling procedure has been developed by means of which the probability of sediment depth can
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th be calculated as a function of space and time. The likelihood of vegetation being established can be assessed
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 125-129. from the expected annual increase in depth of deposited sediment. Vegetation will significantly reduce the
Thomas Telford, London, 1992. environmental impact.
98

1992 Attewill ATTEWILL L J S, GOSDEN J D, BRUGGEMANN D A and Thika (Kenya) Grouting The foundation cut-off for the was constructed using jet grouting. The 60 m high Thika earthfill embankment dam
EUINTON G C (1992). The construction of a cut-off in a embankment is founded on residual soil and, since highly weathered tropical rock cannot be treated by
volcanic residual soil using jet grouting. Water Resources conventional injection grouting, the following three options were considered for the foundation cut-off: bulk
and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles excavation, diaphragm wall and jet grouting. Diaphragm walling was rejected because of the steepness of the
and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society abutments and the presence of rock layers within the foundation that would be difficult to penetrate. Jet grouting
Conference, Stirling, pp 131-140. Thomas Telford, was adopted in preference to bulk excavation on the grounds of cost. A 19 m deep trial panel was constructed
London, 1992. which confirmed the practicability of the technique and enabled the main parameters for the grout curtain to be
selected.
1992 Czerny CZERNY H (1992). Two embankment dams on alluvial Durlassboden (Germany), Eberlaste Asphaltic concrete, Durlassboden is an 83 m high embankment dam with a central core of earthfill to which 1 to 2% bentonite was
foundation: Durlassboden and Eberlaste. Water Stillup (Germany) Diaphragm & slurry trench added to increase plasticity. The dam was built in 1965-1966. A grout curtain was installed in the alluvial
Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A walls, Drainage, Movement foundation. The reservoir hydraulic head is reduced by about 70% across the grout curtain and the seepage
Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam monitoring, Seepage and emerging in the pressure relief wells is 25 to 28 l/s. The foundation settled by 0.95 m during embankment
Society Conference, Stirling, pp 141-146. Thomas Telford, leakage construction and by another 0.2 m subsequently. Eberlaste Stillup is a 28 m high earthfill dam with a 0.5 m thick
London, 1992. asphaltic concrete core and a slurry trench cut-off wall in the foundation. The dam was built in 1966-1968.
During embankment construction the foundation settled 2.2 m with a further 0.2m since the end of construction.
With the reservoir full, the seepage has been as high as 150 l/s.
1992 Eswaraiah ESWARAIAH H V, UPADHYAYA V S and RAMESH C R Kodasalli (India) Geochemistry The 46 m high Kodasalli dam is a concrete dam with a short embankment section built across the Kali valley.
(1992). Reservoir competency study made in respect of The presence of limestone within the reservoir area caused some concern with regard not only to possible loss
limestone formations found upstream of Kodasalli dam, of reservoir water but also the formation of sinkholes in the reservoir area. However, large-scale geological
India. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N mapping of the area traversed by limestone bands indicated that limestone was present in the form of lenticular
M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th bodies without any linear continuity to extend from the Kali valley to the Bedthi valley. Furthermore, the
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 147-155. limestone is of the Dolomitic type with low solubility.
1992 Evans EVANS J D and WILSON A C (1992). The Roadford Asphaltic concrete, The 41 m high Roadford dam is constructed of low grade sandstone and mudstone rockfill and an asphaltic
instrumentation, monitoring and performance of Roadford Instrumentation, Movement concrete membrane on its upstream face provides the watertight element. Extensive instrumentation was
dam during construction and first filling. Water Resources monitoring, Rockfill installed at three cross-sections during embankment construction, comprising piezometers, vertical and
and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles horizontal extensometers, inclinometers and earth pressure cells. This instrumentation, together with survey
and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society stations and facilities to measure drainage water flows, allow the dam's behaviour to be monitored. The
Conference, Stirling, pp 157-165. Thomas Telford, electrolevels installed by BRE to measure the deflection of the upstream membrane during reservoir filling have
London, 1992. been particularly successful. Since reservoir impounding crest settlement has continued at a reasonably
constant rate, not showing that steady reduction in settlement rate normally observed at rockfill dams. (See
1992 Freer FREER R (1992). Recent examples of reinforced grass Cantref, Carr Bottom, Lliedi Lower, Guides & surveys, Overflow Experimental work, including full scale field trials, carried out by the Construction Industry Research and
spillways on embankment dams based on CIRIA report Marsworth, Pont-y-Cerbyd, Scalford works, Overtopping Information Association between 1984 and 1987 resulted in the publication of CIRIA Report 116, Design of
116. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N Brook, Stoneydelph, Tringford reinforced grass waterways. Since then many waterway channels have been built using the recommended
M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th design procedures in circumstances where previously a concrete spillway would have been considered.
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 167-174.
1992 Hawes HAWES S M (1992). Reservoir construction development Outlet & intake works, Agriculture is the largest industry in the country, but has little site input from engineers. Advice is obtained from
for irrigation in the United Kingsdom 1960-1992. Water Overflow works trade sources which are from independent. Water has a vital role in British food production and cost effective
Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A engineering advice is essential for the construction of irrigation reservoirs. Practical rather than academic
Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam specifications are required which enable local contractors to carry out the work economically. Appropriate
Society Conference, Stirling, pp 175-182. Thomas Telford, reservoir construction techniques are described.
London, 1992.
1992 King HEWLETT H W M and BAKER R (1992). The use of Overflow works, Overtopping, Stepped block spillways have been developed in Russia on the basis of model studies and prototype trials.
stepped blocks for dam spillways. Water Resources and Spillway hydraulics Typical applications in the United Kingdom would experience much smaller overtopping heads and discharges
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S than those experienced in Russia. A CIRIA study which included hydraulic model testing has confirmed that
Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society stepped blocks can provide a cost-effective form of spillway construction or protection for embankments subject
Conference, Stirling, pp 183-190. Thomas Telford, to overtopping, particularly for increasing the spillway capacity at existing dams. Although the stepped blocks
London. are themselves stable, the design of a spillway requires careful attention to detailing at the edges of the stepped
blocks, in the underlayer and the subsoil.
1992 Law LAW F M (1992). A review of spillway flood design Flood estimation/ hydrology European spillway flood standards have been reviewed. It is concluded that the United Kingdom guidelines are
standards in European countries, including freeboard "over-safe", but reducing standards requires greater certainty about flood estimation. It would be beneficial to
margins and prior reservoir level. Water Resources and draw upon overseas experience of ice sheets, log jams and similar rare events.
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S
Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society
London.
99

1992 Mason MASON P J, BURGESS S A and BURT T N (1992). The Flood estimation/ hydrology, The barrage will stretch across the mouth of Cardiff Bay and impound the rivers Taff and Ely. It is designed to
flood control works for the Cardiff Bay Barrage. Water Reservoir operation, Spillway protect the bay from the effects of the very high 12 m tidal range in the Bristol Channel and create a stable
Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A gates & barriers freshwater impoundment which will improve the amenity value of the bay and the lower reaches of the Taff and
Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Ely by stimulating land development and water recreation. The hydraulic structures required to discharge river
Society Conference, Stirling, pp 203-210. Thomas Telford, floods and the associated gate/reservoir operating rules must accomplish this against fluctuating tide levels in
London. the Bristol Channel and in a manner that does not increase the risk of flooding through cardiff. Mathematical
studies indicate that flood levels through Cardiff will be lowered and that the barrage will also provide an
effective protection against high sea levels.
1992 Meadowcroft MEADOWCROFT I C, BETTESS R and REEVE C E Bhakra (India) Sedimentation Sedimentation has a major impact on the useful life and economic viability of many reservoirs. Numerical
(1992). Numerical modelling of reservoir sedimentation. modelling provides more detailed predictions of the rate and pattern of sedimentation under different operational
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M scenarios than do traditional empirical methods. A numerical model has been applied to a large reservoir in
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th northern India which was calibrated by simulating the period from 1966 to 1988. The model has predicted that
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 211-218. the reservoir will lose 25% of its live storage capacity in 70 years, whereas the corresponding time indicated
Thomas Telford, London. from previous studies was 160 years. Sedimentation was relatively insensitive to changes in full reservoir level
and reduction in sediment input was found to be the most effective way of extending the life of the reservoir.
1992 Reed REED D W (1992). Triggers to severe floods: extreme Ashford, Bilberry, Blaenycwm, Flood estimation/ hydrology The estimation of floods for reservoir spillway design generally requires more than a statistical analysis of flood
rainfall and antecedent wetness. Water Resources and Buckieburn, Castell Nos, Chew peak data since the length of records is usually too short. It is therefore necessary to adopt the rainfall-runoff
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Magna, Coedty, Deep Hayes, approach in which a catchment model is used to transform an extreme rainfall event into an extreme flood. A
Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Durleigh, Eigiau, Lluest Wen, method has been developed to explore the combination of rainfall and antecedent wetness that best explains
Conference, Stirling, pp 219-228. Thomas Telford, Lurgashall, New Mills, Nanpantan, the seasonal pattern of flooding at particular catchments. The concept of a trigger model has been introduced
London. Skelmorlie, Stobshiel, Thorters and preliminary results indicate that antecedent wetness is more important in relatively permeable and low
rainfall catchments where significant soil moisture deficits are commonplace.
1992 Reed REED D W and ANDERSON C W (1992). A statistical Flood estimation/ hydrology Flood standards for major reservoirs in the United Kingdom generally require an estimation of the probable
perspective on reservoir flood standards. Water maximum flood (PMF). Where a dam breach poses less of a threat to life there are two alternative sets of design
Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A standards based either on a specified proportion of the PMF (eg 0.5 PMF) or in terms of a return period, the so
Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th British Dam called T-year flood (eg 10000-year flood). Four approaches to reservoir flood estimation can be distinguished:
Society Conference, Stirling, pp 229-239. Thomas Telford, statistical analysis of flood peaks; envelope of historic maximum floods; PMF derived from rainfall-runoff; T-year
London. flood derived from rainfall-runoff. Only relatively short periods of gauged flood data are usually available and the
statistics of extreme rainfall events are much better defined. The Flood Studies Report (FSR) uses a relatively
simple rainfall-runoff model that lacks an explicit representation of snow melt. The value of multivariate extreme
value analysis techniques in selecting design inputs for reservoir flood safety appraisal is being explored.
1992 Reeve REEVE C E (1992). Trapping efficiency of reservoirs. Gozho (Zimbabwe), Manjirenji Sedimentation The rate at which sediment accumulates has a major impact on the useful life of a reservoir and is significant
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M (Zimbabwe), Maynard (Zimbabwe), when assessing the economics of a proposed reservoir. A numerical reservoir sedimentation model has been
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th Siya (Zimbabwe) used to investigate the factors which determine the instantaneous trapping efficiency of reservoirs with different
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 241-251. geometries and characteristics. Procedures have been developed for estimating the instantaneous trapping
Thomas Telford, London. efficiency of a reservoir either using the numerical model or without the model when a backwater calculation has
been carried out to estimate the variation of shear velocity along the reservoir. When the procedures are applied
to real reservoirs estimates of trapping efficiency are given which are within the confidence limits of Brune
curves.
1992 Rofe ROFE B H, HOSKINS C G and FLETCHER M F (1992). Environment/social/planning, Changing agricultural practices and the demand for landscaping and amenity lakes will lead to an increasing
Small embankment-type reservoirs for water supply and Guides & surveys number of small reservoirs being formed by constructing embankment dams. Although most of these reservoirs
amenity use. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering are likely to be too small to come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act, many aspects of design will be similar to
(eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of those of reservoirs within the Act. However, environmental constraints may be significantly different. Current
7th British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 253-257. guidance for such reservoirs is outdated and small reservoirs are continuing to be built without the necessary
Thomas Telford, London. consents and licences. CIRIA has commissioned the preparation of a new guide.
100

1992 Smith SMITH J E and SIMM J D (1992). Rock for dam face Upstream slope protection, The recently published manual on the use of rock in coastal and shoreline engineering is primarily intended for
protection and the CIRIA/CUR manual on rock in coastal Wind& waves engineers concerned with marine works but it includes much of value to the dam engineer. The small section of
engineering. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering the manual which deals specifically with embankment dams is provided to form a point of reference for dam
(eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of engineers. The manual provides information on the following subjects: derivation of wave heights; wave/rock
7th British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 259-270. slope interaction; rock selection, specification, testing and control; design tools for selection of rock protection.
Thomas Telford, London. The limited amount of wind and wave data available for reservoirs points to the need for regular wind data
collection at dam sites and also for further research on the influence of valve towers and other structures on
waves at the dam face.
1992 Taylor TAYLOR E H, WAGNER C M and MELDRUM J H (1992). Mengkuang (Malaysia) Cut-off trenches, The 31 m high semi-homogeneous embankment dam is founded on weak alluvial clays and was built of residual
Design, construction and performance of the Mengkuang Instrumentation, Movement soils in 1982-1984. A 7 m deep cut-off trench through the alluvium across the flood plain enabled the core zone
dam. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N monitoring, Outlet and intake to be keyed into the underlying decomposed granite and a grout curtain beneath this layer where the thickness
M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th works, Pore pressure of the decomposed granite soils was relatively thin. A drop inlet spillway was incorporated into a 29 m high
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 271-286. (construction), Slope stability intake tower and a 6.6 m high articulated draw-off culvert carries both the spillway and draw-off flows in separate
Thomas Telford, London. 1.4 m diameter pipes. An inspection seven years after commissioning found no cracks in the embankment crest
and the draw-off culvert completely dry. Seepage through the embankment and its foundation has varied
between 8 and 10 l/s and is mainly from three pressure relief wells on the right abutment near the culvert. The
culvert has settled up to 0.4 m, mainly during the construction period; the pipe joints have shown a maximum
opening of 49 mm, the maximum permissible opening being 50 mm.
1992 Beak BEAK D C (1992). Implementation of the Reservoirs Act Mullardoch, Monar, Quoich, Pitlochry Concrete deterioration, Scottish Hydro-Electric, the successor to the North of Scotland Hydro Electric Board, has changed its reservoir
1975 and monitoring of dams. Water Resources and Instrumentation, Movement surveillance and instrumentation policy from a manual recording and monitoring system to one which relies
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S monitoring, Safety heavily on automated equipment and computer programmes. This has made it possible to undertake more
Walker). Proceedings of the 7th British Dam Society surveillance intensive surveillance than was previously possible without increasing manpower resources. Establishing a
Conference, Stirling, pp 287-299. Thomas Telford, computer database for the reservoirs has facilitated the production of a reservoir record for each reservoir which
London. includes all the data required under the 1975 Reservoirs Act together with additional information that the
Company needs. Case studies are presented for Mullardoch, Monar, Quoich and Pitlochry dams.
1992 Binnie BINNIE C J A, SWEENEY D J and REED M W (1992). Bartley Instrumentation, Pore During embankment construction three slips occurred in the upstream slope of the 20 m high Bartley dam which
Response of a clay embankment to rapid drawdown. pressure (seepage), has a central, vertical, lightly reinforced concrete core wall. In 1988 a large number of piezometers were installed
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Reservoir drawdown in the upstream shoulder which is composed of stone fill overlying clay fill. In 1988 and 1989 the reservoir was
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of the 7th rapidly drawn down by 2 m over 4 or 5 days under controlled conditions. The piezometric response was much
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 301-310. greater in the outer overlying stone fill than in the inner underlying clay fill. B bar (the ratio of the change in pore
Thomas Telford, London. water pressure to the change in total vertical stress) in the stone fill was 0.9 and only 0.2 to 0.4 in the clay fill. In
rapid drawdown stability analyses it is usually assumed that the fill is saturated and B bar is close to unity. The
low B bar values mean that the actual factor of safety during rapid drawdown could be significantly less than that
calculated using conventional assumptions. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs,
October 1992, pp 54-65.)
1992 Charles CHARLES J A, TEDD P and WATTS K S (1992). The role Instrumentation, Movement Little is known about the internal composition of many of the old embankment dams in the United Kingdom
of instrumentation and monitoring in safety procedures for monitoring which pose a potential hazard to communities downstream. To a large extent dam safety is dependent on
embankment dams. Water Resources and Reservoir diligent maintenance and effective surveillance. While the installation and monitoring of appropriate
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). instrumentation can be a most valuable addition to visual surveillance, it is well to keep in mind its limitations.
Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference, Instrumentation may malfunction and give no measurements, or worse, give erroneous readings. The presence
Stirling, pp 311-320. Thomas Telford, London. of an instrument may affect soil behaviour and, in an extreme case, installation of instrumentation could
seriously damage an existing dam. Instrumentation is not a substitute for an understanding of the likely
mechanisms of fill and foundation behaviour, but rather some knowledge of embankment behaviour is a
prerequisite for successful instrumentation.
1992 Eadie EADIE H S, COATS D J and LEYLAND M (1992). Tiga (Nigeria) Flood estimation/hydrology, The safety of the Tiga embankment dam in northern Nigeria has been a cause for concern since its construction
Investigation, monitoring and remedial works at Tiga dam, Outlet & intake works, in 1978. The embankment fill is very variable and in places poorly compacted. Investigations have been
Nigeria. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds Overflow works, Slope undertaken to assess the safety of the embankment and some short term remedial works have been carried out.
N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of 7th stability Recommendations which have been made for longer term remedial works include the following: the freeboard
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 321-328. and spillway capacity are seriously deficient and the temporary spillway should be made permanent; a wave wall
Thomas Telford, London. and further toe drainage are needed; upstream valves should be fitted to the auxiliary outlet pipes. (See
101

1992 Hoskins HOSKINS C G and RICE P R (1992). Vegetation and Aldenham Pore pressure (seepage), Little attention has been given to the consequences and benefits of vegetation on embankment dams. Many
embankment dams. Water Resources and Reservoir Slope stability, Vegetation engineers actively discourage the presence on slopes of all vegetation except grass cover, but this may be
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). misguided since trees at certain locations may improve the safe functioning of a dam. The major influences of
Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference, vegetation on embankment dams are hydrological and mechanical reflecting their functions of water extraction
Stirling, pp 329-338. Thomas Telford, London. and anchorage. Removal of trees and undergrowth from the marginally stable downstream slope of Aldenham
dam has led to instability since the vegetation roots had reduced pore pressures and reinforced the superficial
layers of the slope. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, October 1992, pp 74-76.)
1992 Johnston JOHNSTON C K and SANDILANDS N M (1992). Resume Cluanie, Ericht, Gorton (Creige Outlet & intake works, Maintenance works at Scottish Hydro-Electric's dams and reservoirs can be categorised as follows: concrete
of maintenance contracts on hydroelectric reservoirs. Duibhe), Mullardoch Sedimentation, Spillway repairs; pitching and rip rap reinstatement; reservoir siltation and debris; hydraulic equipment refurbishment;
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M gates and barriers stability improvement works. A number of projects are described. At the 14 m high Ericht dam sediment which
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of the 7th had accumulated behind the scour gate was removed by dredging and following this a new scour gate was
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 339-351. installed. At the Mullardoch concrete gravity dam a build up of debris, mainly trees, was cleared by divers from
Thomas Telford, London. around the needle valve whose operation was being impaired. At the 35 m high Cluanie gravity dam gaining
access for the refurbishment of the needle valve necessitated dewatering the scour culvert using a bulkhead
gate. The 5 m high Gorton masonry gravity dam had an inadequate factor of safety against overturning and a
stressed anchor system was installed.
1992 Lovenbury LOVENBURY H T and READER R A (1992). Performance Backwater, Bewl Bridge, Blithfield, Upstream slope protection, During the last thirty years there have been a number of incidents of storm damage to the upstream slope
of blockwork and slabbing slope protection subject to Grafham Water, Hanningfield, Kielder, Wind & waves protection of British dams. The traditional protection of upstream slopes was by stone or rough dressed masonry
wave action. Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering King George's, Selset, Turret pitching. Since 1945, precast concrete blocks and cast in-situ concrete slabbing, as well as rip rap, have
(eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of frequently been adopted for economic reasons. A survey of the performance of pitching, blockwork and slabbing
the 7th British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 353- as wave protection to embankment dams has shown that the mechanism of failure of the these three types of
360. Thomas Telford, London. protection is essentially the same. Localised loosening of an individual 'block' by wave impact leads to loss of
frictional interlock and the 'block' is lifted out by uplift pressure acting on its base during wave downrush.
Alternatively slope movement leads to joint widening with the consequent loss of the finer fraction of the bedding
material. Hydraulics Research is preparing a guidance document for the design, maintenance and repair of
pitching, blockwork and slabbing protection.
1992 Morris MORRIS D (1992). Surveillance and monitoring methods Safety surveillance Many of the 500 large dams in Italy are located near to and lying above large centres of population and between
for Italian dams. Water Resources and Reservoir them these dams store more than 8800 million cubic metres of water. Such a situation requires that dam safety
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). regulations are rigorously applied. Responsibility is mainly centred on the Dam Service which comprises a
Proceedings of the 7th British Dam Society Conference, nucleus of experienced specialist engineers. With improvements in instrument and computer technology,
Stirling, pp 361-372. Thomas Telford, London. automated monitoring systems have been developed which can continuously measure the status of a structure
and report any anomalies as they occur. A periodic detailed check of the structure is performed at intervals by
independent experts to verify the actual safety condition of the dam.
1992 Reid REID J M (1992). Site investigation of existing dams. Buckieburn, Glendevon Upper Concrete deterioration, When investigating an existing dam information has to be obtained without adversely affecting the integrity of
Water Resources and Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Instrumentation, Leakage, the structure: desk studies, the use of existing instrumentation and maximising information from exploratory
Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). Proceedings of the 7th Pore pressure (seepage), boreholes have much importance. This is illustrated by two case histories. The 45 m high Upper Glendevon
British Dam Society Conference, Stirling, pp 373-382. Rockfill, Uplift/overturning in mass concrete gravity dam suffered leakage problems and there was concern about its stability under
Thomas Telford, London. concrete dams, Seismic earthquake loading. Two remedial options were considered: a rockfill embankment on its downstream side or
assessment rock anchors through the dam into bedrock. The concrete was found to be in poor condition and the rockfill
option was adopted. In November 1970 a slide occurred on the downstream shoulder of the 23 m high
Buckieburn embankment dam and remedial works included a rockfill toe and a berm of sand and gravel fill. In
1990, concerns about possible seepage through the embankment and leakage into the discharge tunnel below
the dam led to a step by step investigation with the results of each step being assessed and used to determine
the next stage.
1992 Sims SIMS G P (1992). Dam ageing. Water Resources and Cogliandrino (Italy), Picote (Portugal) Concrete deterioration, The ICOLD Committee on the Ageing of Dams is preparing a bulletin to assist those designing, constructing and
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Guides & surveys, Seepage operating dams to produce and care for structures that will defy the effects of ageing better than their
Walker). Proceedings of the 7th British Dam Society & leakage, Spillway gates & predecessors did. Two examples are used to illustrate the lessons that can be learned from different ageing
Conference, Stirling, pp 383-393. Thomas Telford, barriers, Uplift in concrete scenarios. When a large leak appeared in the 44 m high Cogliandrino cement-lime concrete gravity dam it was
London. dams too expensive to grout the entire dam body and so a reinforced concrete upstream face was anchored to the
dam and substantial drainage was incorporated to reduce uplift. The bulletin will highlight the significance of the
porosity of concrete in allowing chemical reactions to occur quickly. During a flood in 1966 the spillway gate at
the 100 m high Picote arch dam was badly damaged. It is recommended that, where possible, spillway gates
should be designed to fail in the open position.
102

1992 Stirling STIRLING D M and BENWELL G L (1992). Development Thomson (Australia) Movement monitoring A computerised database has been developed which can produce three-dimensional graphics of dam
of a three-dimensional computer system for dam surveillance data. The 166 m high Thomson embankment was selected for a pilot study since the dam has
surveillance data management. Water Resources and extensive instrumentation, including some 150 surface movement points and 35 settlement cells in the body of
Reservoir Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S the embankment. Composite displays of a variety of dam instrumentation data allows new methods of
Walker). Proceedings of the 7th British Dam Society interpretation to be developed which can give a better understanding of internal mechanisms.
London.
1992 Tedd TEDD P, HOLTON I R and CHARLES J A (1992). The Guides & surveys A computerised database containing information on dams which come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act
BRE dams database. Water Resources and Reservoir 1975 is being developed at the Building Research Establishment. The database provides a means of storage
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). and retrieval of basic information on British dams. The amount of information available on the dams varies
Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference considerably from only the dam name and owner to full details including information on construction, problems,
Stirling, pp 403-410. Thomas Telford, London. investigations and remedial works and a comprehensive list of references. Preliminary analyses of the data are
presented including age, height, type, problems and remedial works.
1992 Wright WRIGHT C E, COATS D J and CHARLES J A (1992). The Dam break studies, The Department of the Environment is responsible for reservoir safety legislation in Great Britain and sponsors a
reservoir safety research programme of the Department of Databases, Flood research programme to promote adequate, consistent and cost-effective reservoir safety standards and, in
the Environment. Water Resources and Reservoir estimation/hydrology, Guides particular, to provide panel engineers with an appropriate background for carrying out their duties under the
Engineering (eds N M Parr, J A Charles and S Walker). & surveys, Hazard & risk Reservoirs Act 1975. An outline description is given of the various projects in hydrology, hydraulics, structures
Proceedings of 7th British Dam Society Conference, management, Internal and risk carried out between 1983 and 1991 as part of the research programme. An assessment of the research
Stirling, pp 411-424. Thomas Telford, London. erosion/filters, Movement programme is being undertaken by Dr David Coats and following publication of the assessment the future
monitoring, Seepage & direction of the programme will be re-examined. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and
leakage, Spillway hydraulics, Reservoirs, October 1992, pp 39-48.)
Uplift in concrete dams,
Upstream slope protection,
Winds & waves
1992 Pircher PIRCHER W (1992). 1992 Geoffrey Binnie Lecture. 36000 Environment/social/planning, There is an increasing problem in gaining acceptance for dam projects. Large dams are attracting negative
large dams, and still more needed. Dams and Reservoirs, comments: their economic value is denied, their safety is questioned and their social and environmental effects
vol 2, no 3, October 1992, pp 5-16. are painted in the blackest terms. In contrast an objective view of dams and reservoirs in service around the
world offers a basically positive picture with regard to irrigation, hydropower, flood control and water supply.
Furthermore the massive increase in world population requires many more new reservoirs.
103
Proceedings of 8th BDS Conference. Exeter, 1994.

1994 Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference, Exeter
1994 Evans EVANS J D and WILSON A C (1994). The asphalt Colliford, Roadford Asphaltic concrete, Asphalt membranes have been successfully used to waterproof two embankment dams in south-west England.
membranes at Colliford and Roadford reservoirs. Movement monitoring, Colliford is 30 m high and constructed of sand waste from a china clay pit: Roadford is 40 m high and built of low
Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th Seepage & leakage grade rockfill. Drainage flows and settlement monitoring are described. In the ten years that have elapsed since
British Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 1-11. Thomas Colliford was completed and the four years since Roadford was completed nothing has occurred at either dam
Telford, London. to indicate that the asphalt membranes will not achieve the long life expected from this type of construction.
(See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 43-54.)
1994 Ferguson FERGUSON P A S and McFADYEAN D A (1994). Killamarsh*, Woodall* Discontinuance/ Neither Killamarsh reservoir nor Woodall reservoir is now required to serve its original function of supplying
Discontinuance/abandonment of Killamarsh and Woodall abandonment, water to the Chesterfield canal. Woodall was severely damaged by mining subsidence in the 1980s and
reservoirs under the Reservoirs Act 1975. Reservoir Environment/social/planning, subsequently has been kept empty. The removal of the reservoirs from the ambit of the Reservoirs Act 1975
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Mining subsidence, Overflow was achieved at Killamarsh by lowering the top water level by 1 m to reduce its capacity to below 25 000 cubic
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 12-22. Thomas works metres and at Woodall by providing a low level overflow to prevent storage of water in times of flood.
Telford, London. Environmental improvements were made where these were cost effective. Certificates of discontinuance have
been issued for the two reservoirs.
1994 Fry FRY J-J, BRUN P and ROYET P (1994). Internal erosion Bernier-Cordon (France), Lavaud- Catastrophic failures, Internal Some of the homogeneous embankment dams constructed in France during the first half of the twentieth
problems in some old embankment dams in France. Gelade (France), Matemale (France), erosion/filters, Seepage & century have suffered internal erosion and seepage problems. Two types of fill and foundation construction have
Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th Nepes (France), St Julien des Landes leakage been found to be particularly susceptible to internal erosion: firstly, weathered granite sand fill on fissured
British Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 23-34. (France), St Pardoux (France), Sapins granite foundations, and, secondly, silt fill on gravel foundations. Repairs generally consist in making the
Thomas Telford, London. (France), Vallagregue (France) upstream face of the dam watertight. Although problems have been quite common, there has only been one
failure: the 8 m high St Julien des Landes failed by piping along the culvert when the reservoir level had been
raised only 3 m during first filling.
1994 Kalaugher KALAUGHER P G and GRAINGER P (1994). Movement monitoring A photographic monitoring system provides the means of recording observations from successive visits to a
Photographic monitoring in the safety assessment of dam. An optical system has been devised to permit an immediate comparison between a 35 mm colour
dams and reservoirs. Reservoir Safety and the transparency taken earlier and the directly viewed scene. The scene is viewed through the camera optics by one
Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society eye while the previously taken colour transparency is viewed by the other eye and the two images are
Conference, Exeter, pp 35-41. Thomas Telford, London. stereoscopically fused. Differences in detail are immediately apparent. Where significant movements are
detected photography is repeated during the visit. Back at the office this photography can be compared to the
original and the changes measured by photogrammetry. The system has application for monitoring dams and
reservoir margins.
1994 Penman PENMAN A D M (1994). Examples of problems involving Carsington, Matahina (New Zealand), Earthquake damage, Internal Three case histories are described. The 85 m high Matahina dam has a slightly sloping rolled clay core
clay cores affecting dam safety. Reservoir Safety and the Yonki (Papua New Guinea) erosion/filters, Movement supported by rockfill shoulders. With the reservoir 5 m below top water level on first filling in 1967, the flow from
Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society monitoring, Pore pressure the main drains suddenly increased to 570 l/s and became discoloured. A large sinkhole was found at the right
Conference, Exeter, pp 42-51. Thomas Telford, London. (construction), Seepage & abutment. Twenty years later the dam was shaken by a magnitude 6.6 earthquake. At the 35 m high Carsington
leakage dam a major slip occurred in the upstream shoulder on 4 June 1984 as the embankment neared completion.
The construction of the 55 m high Yonki dam was temporarily halted with the embankment 4 m below final crest
level due to fears of incipient slope instability. Critical pore pressures rapidly dissipated and it was possible to
safely complete the embankment. (See discussion on Yonki dam in supplementary issue of Dams and
Reservoirs, 1995, pp 58-60.)
104

1994 Tedd TEDD P, CHARLES J A and HOLTON I R (1994). Balderhead, Banbury, Barkin House*, Databases, Diaphragm & Most embankment dams in Britain have a central clay core and the long term durability and performance of
Remedial works to clay cores of UK embankment dams. Barrow no 1, Blenheim Lake, slurry trench walls, Drainage, these internal cores is of major concern for reservoir safety. When deterioration occurs, it may be difficult and
Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th Burbage, Castle Howard Great Lake, Grouting, expensive to repair: furthermore, sudden deterioration could imperil the safety of the dam. Remedial works to
British Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 52-64. Church Wilne, Clubbiedean, Cod central clay cores are reviewed and classified using data from the BRE Dams database and their effectiveness
Thomas Telford, London. Beck, Coulter, Cowm, Cwmtillery, Daill and durability are examined. Remedial techniques for defective clay cores include replacement with clay,
Loch West, Doe Park, Doffcocker installation of diaphragm walls, sheet piling and grouting. Particular emphasis is given to the use of self-
Lodge, Drayton, Dubbs, Earlswood hardening slurry trench walls. Quality control is likely to be an increasingly important consideration for all
Common, Earnsdale, East Warwick, remedial methods.
Greenbooth, Grizedale, High Newton,
Island Barn, King George's, Little
Denny, Lliw Lower (1), Lluest Wen,
Loch an Add East, Loch an Add, Loch
na Bric West, Lockwood, Neuadd
Lower, Pebley, Pentwyn, Randieford,
Rhodeswood, Rivington Lower,
Roddlesworth Upper, Saddington,
Shon Sheffrey, Slade Lower, Torduff,
Walshaw Dean Lower, Walshaw Dean
Middle, West Warwick, Wideford,
Wilstone no 3, Withens Clough,
Woodburn
1994 Elder ELDER A J (1994). Environmental assessment of Ardingly, Blashford Lake, Testwood Environment/social/planning Environmental assessment forms a significant part of the design process and should demonstrate the benefits of
reservoir schemes. Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Lakes a well designed reservoir scheme. Assessment work on three schemes in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s is
Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference, described and for the most recent, the Testwood Lakes feasibility study, the formal environmental assessment is
Exeter, pp 65-73. Thomas Telford, London. outlined to demonstrate Environment Agency procedures in practice.
1994 Elder ELDER A J, FLETCHER M and RICE P R (1994). Monkswood Environment/social/planning, The 15 m high Monkswood dam was completed in 1896 and has had a long history of problems: the design
Environmental implications of constructing a concrete Slope stability slopes were flattened during construction and, since completion, there have been hillside slips and the
reservoir within a 100 year old dam. Reservoir Safety and downstream slope has suffered seepage and subsidence. The reservoir is situated within an 'Area of
the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society outstanding natural beauty' and adjacent to a 'Site of special scientific interest'. Construction of a 2 Ml capacity
Conference, Exeter, pp 74-79. (Discussion in concrete service reservoir partially buried within the downstream berm of this old embankment dam presented a
supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, pp 66-67.) challenging project with the need to satisfy both geotechnical and environmental constraints. Construction of the
concrete tank was completed in November 1992.
1994 Findlay FINDLAY J W (1994). Reservoir development in semi-arid Mangla (Pakistan), Tarbela (Pakistan), Environment/social/planning, There are many conflicting priorities in the development of reservoirs in semi-arid countries. Environmental
countries - a human ecology perspective. Reservoir Safety Warsak (Pakistan) Sedimentation impact may not be particularly significant when faced with extreme human need. The provision of a reliable
and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam source of stored water to support irrigated agriculture in an area where the population barely survives on
Society Conference, Exeter, pp 80-90. Thomas Telford, subsistence farming is worthy of greater consideration than the visual intrusion of a dam or the loss of a small
London. area through flooding. However, sedimentation, potential leakage and variable catchment runoff make many
initially promising sites unrealistic. There are no simple solutions to the problems of semi-arid agricultural areas
in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan and a study has shown the need to bring together engineers,
agronomists and sociologists at the initial stages of a reservoir project. The answer may lie in low cost detention
structures and developing ways of tapping water held in sediments behind such structures. (See discussion in
supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 67-69.)
1994 Golosov GOLOSOV V N and VINOGRADOVA N N (1994). Some Cheboksary (Russia), Gorki (Russia), Environment/social/planning, During the period 1937 to 1981, major dams were constructed on the Volga river forming a cascade of large
sedimentation and water quality problems of the Volga Ivan'kovo (Russia), Kuibyshev Sedimentation reservoirs with a combined volume of 150 cubic kilometres and a total area of twenty thousand square
River reservoirs. Reservoir Safety and the Environment. (Russia), Rybinsk (Russia), Saratov kilometres. Erosion rates and pollution problems are examined. Sedimentation in the Volga rivers is not very
Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference, (Russia), Uglich (Russia), Volgograd great due to relatively low erosion rates as well as high levels of redeposition within river basins. Pollutants are
Exeter, pp 91-99. Thomas Telford, London. (Russia) principally associated with the growth of the use of fertilizers and the fallout inputs of Chernobyl-derived
Caesium-137.
1994 Hendry HENDRY M (1994). Environmental assessment - Environment/social/planning Both the legal foundation on which an environmental assessment is based and also the planning context within
legislation and planning requirements within the European which decisions are made are described. Environmental assessment should form an integral part of the design
framework. Reservoir Safety and the Environment. process and should identify the main issues with which the planning authority will be concerned.
Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference,
Exeter, pp 100-108. Thomas Telford, London.
105

1994 Rofe ROFE B, HOSKINS C G and RICE P (1994). Maximising Environment/social/planning Although small reservoirs are rarely created for the sole benefit of wildlife interest, such reservoirs represent a
the ecological benefit of a new small reservoir. Reservoir potentially significant addition of wetland habitat in Britain and locally they can be a haven for wildlife in an
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British otherwise agricultural or environmentally barren area. The ecological benefit of a small reservoir can be
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 109-118. Thomas maximised by consideration of appropriate features at the feasibility stage when the design can be modified at
Telford, London. minimal cost. A critical factor is whether or not the water level will be varied rapidly and substantially.
1994 Sambrook SAMBROOK H and GILKES P (1994). Roadford Roadford Environment/social/planning, Roadford reservoir regulates flows to the River Wolf and is the centrepiece of a complex water resource
Reservoir - enhanced flows, fisheries and hydroelectric Reservoir operation development which secures the supply of water to Plymouth, north Devon and south-west Devon.
power generation. Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Environmental principles are being applied to reservoir operation and flow requirements to support fish have
Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference, been used as the basis for all augmentation releases to the River Wolf. Rules have been developed to promote
Exeter, pp 119-133. Thomas Telford, London. an environmentally acceptable strategy for hydroelectric power generation. In time, an optimal balance will be
obtained between resources and fisheries production. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and
Reservoirs, 1995, pp 63-66.)
1994 Stacey STACEY E (1994). Roadford Lake - leisure development. Roadford Environment/social/planning Facilities and activities for visitors have been introduced gradually at Roadford reservoir so that proper
Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th consideration could be given to landscape and wildlife. The reservoir is now a haven for wildlife and a regional
British Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 134-142. tourist attraction. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 63-66.)
Thomas Telford, London.
1994 Yener YENER A G and YENER H S (1994). Reservoir, Environment/social/planning Environmental reservoir engineering seeks to maximise the value of reservoirs while minimizing the problems
environment and private sector. Reservoir Safety and the associated with them. Environmental problems are diverse and can include relocation of people, water-related
Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society diseases, reservoir induced seismicity, and flora and fauna destruction. In the Turkish south-eastern Anatolian
Conference, Exeter, pp 143-148. Thomas Telford, project 22 major reservoirs, which will be filled by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, will be used for hydropower
London. and irrigation purposes. Currently one third of the project is complete. Turkey does not yet have adequate
experience to fully address all areas of the increasingly important interdisciplinary art and science of
environmental reservoir engineering. Collaboration between the public sector, local engineering firms and
international consulting engineers can provide enormous benefits for all parties.
1994 Gallacher GALLACHER D, MORRIS D, MANN R J and CHAN K L Tai Tam Tuk (Hong Kong) Drainage, Dynamic behaviour The 49 m high Tai Tam Tuk masonry faced mass concrete gravity dam was constructed in 1917 and in 1974 the
(1994). Concrete dams, stability and the role of internal & analysis, Pore pressure stability of the structure under extreme loads was questioned. Piezometers have been installed in the dam and
drainage: Tai Tam Tuk - a case study. Reservoir Safety (seepage), Uplift in concrete its foundation and in 1993 a trial drainage scheme was implemented. Pore pressures were reduced to some
and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam dams 25% of pre-drainage values. Static and pseudo dynamic analyses have demonstrated that very significant
Society Conference, Exeter, pp 149-160. Thomas Telford, improvements in stability can be achieved by drainage.
London.
1994 Horswill HORSWILL P, SNOWDEN H N and WEEKS R C (1994). Val de la Mare (Jersey) Concrete deterioration, The 30 m high Val de la Mare mass concrete gravity dam was completed in 1962. The dam was constructed in
Val de la Mare dam, Jersey: instrumentation, monitoring Geophysical investigation, twenty-six 6.7 m wide blocks in lifts 1.2 m high. In January 1971 it was noticed that hand-rails on the bridge were
and stability analysis of an ASR damaged dam. Reservoir Instrumentation, Pore no longer aligned and that there were damp patches on the downstream face of the dam. Damage was
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British pressure (seepage), Uplift in diagnosed as being caused by alkali-silica reactivity. Internal uplift pressures measured in the most damaged
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 161-172. Thomas concrete dams block were sufficiently high to warrant the installation of drainage and post-stressing tendons to restore the
Telford, London. factor of safety against instability.
1994 Phillips PHILLIPS P and SHANNON F (1994). Recent Wimbleball Concrete deterioration, The concrete surface of the 60 m high Wimbleball mass concrete buttress dam has suffered from spalling since
investigations at Wimbleball dam, Somerset. Reservoir Drainage, Grouting, Seepage its construction in 1974-77. In 1989 a visual assessment indicated that nearly all the visible parts of the dam
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British & leakage were affected, but there was almost no spalling below the normal water level on the upstream face. Spalling with
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 173-182. Thomas rust stains was caused by pyrites reaction and spalling without rust stains was due to frost or moisture
Telford, London. expansion of a very weak aggregate. It has been concluded that spalling of the mass concrete has no structural
importance and may decrease with time. Concrete surfaces have been protected to reduce the possibility of
reinforcement corrosion. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 78-82.)
1994 Reader READER R A, OWENS C L and KENNARD M F (1994). Abbeystead, Clywedog, Cruachan, Concrete deterioration, A well designed concrete or masonry dam with adequate specifications, construction control and subsequent
Introduction to the CIRIA engineering guide to concrete Errochty, Furens (France), Giorra, Drainage, Guides & surveys, surveillance, inspection and maintenance should continue as a safe structure. However, deterioration of the
and masonry dam structures in the UK. Reservoir Safety Haweswater, Macchu II (India), Instrumentation concrete and internal drainage can lead to reduced factors of safety because some of the original design
and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Malpasset (France), Shira, Sloy, Teton assumptions are no longer applicable. Consequently a gravity dam that is safe on first filling of the reservoir may
Society Conference, Exeter, pp 183-191. (USA), Vaiont (Italy), Vyrnwy, not remain in an adequately safe condition. The Guide gives comprehensive advice on matters related to the
Wimbleball safety of concrete and masonry dams and associated dam structures. The importance of observation and
regular surveillance by perceptive engineers is emphasised. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams
and Reservoirs, pp 82-84.)
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1994 Sandilands SANDILANDS N M, CAMERON A T and BRYCE W M Pitlochry Environment/social/planning, The 20 m high Pitlochry dam was completed in 1951 and design checks in 1990 indicated that the stability of the
(1994). Pitlochry dam - the use of post-tensioned ground Hazard & risk management, concrete gravity structure was not satisfactory for extreme loading conditions. A decision was taken to install
anchors to increase stability. Reservoir Safety and the Uplift in concrete dams post-tensioned ground anchors. Seismic loadings were assessed in accordance with 'An engineering guide to
Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society seismic risk to dams in the United Kingdom'. Piezometers were installed in boreholes adjacent to the north tower
Conference, Exeter, pp 192-199. Thomas Telford, and it was possible to estimate uplift pressures more reliably at this location. Anchor installation commenced in
London. (Discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and October 1993. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 73-77.)
Reservoirs p73 and pp 76-77.)
1994 Anderson ANDERSON CW, DWYER I J, NADARAJAH S, REED D Black Esk Flood estimation/ hydrology, Joint probability studies are exploring the use of multivariate extreme value analyses to review design inputs for
W and TAWN J A (1994). Maximum reservoir water levels. Wind & waves reservoir flood safety appraisal. The methodology involves the use of composite mathematical models of a
Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th catchment-reservoir system. Submodels describe precipitation form, snow melt, catchment runoff, reservoir
British Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 200-213. routing, wave generation and wave run-up. The sensitivity of the T-year maximum water level at an impounding
Thomas Telford, London. reservoir is explored with respect to reservoir size, operating policy and reservoir orientation. Estimation of the
degree of dependence between the environmental extremes is relevant in assessing T-year maximum reservoir
water levels, particularly for dams exposed to wave attack.
1994 Baker BAKER R and GARDINER K (1994). The construction and Brushes Clough* Overflow works, Spillway Brushes Clough embankment dam was completed in 1860. When in 1988 the inspecting engineer's report
performance of a wedge block spillway at Brushes Clough hydraulics recommended substantial remedial works and an increase in overflow capacity, it was decided to remove the
reservoir. Reservoir Safety and the Environment. reservoir from the ambit of the Reservoirs Act by lowering the crest level by 9 m and so reducing the reservoir
Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference, capacity to below 25 Ml. A new overflow was constructed across the new crest and down the 1 in 3 downstream
Exeter, pp 214-223. Thomas Telford. face of the embankment using wedge shaped precast concrete blocks. Wedge blocks use the hydrodynamics of
the flow to enhance their stability and provided a 30% cost saving compared with the original design based on
articulating reinforced concrete units each provided with a large shear key into the soft foundation to prevent
sliding.
1994 Claydon CLAYDON J R, WALKER R A and BULMER A J (1994). Dam break studies, Emergency plans should be in place in order to minimise the risk of casualties in the event of a dam failure.
Contingency planning for dam failure. Reservoir Safety Emergency plans, Hazard & Recognising the need for contingency plans, Yorkshire Water is undertaking a programme of work which should
and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam risk management be completed in 1996 and which includes preparation of inundation maps for 105 reservoirs, preparation of a
Society Conference, Exeter, pp 224-235. Thomas Telford, general contingency plan for a dam failure and preparation of a specific contingency plan for each dam. It has
London. been concluded that, if contingency plans are needed, effort spent on hazard ranking may not be worthwhile.
While a method exists to prepare inundation maps for dam failure with adequate accuracy and reasonable cost,
the integration of such maps into emergency procedures needs great care, taking into account many human and
organisational factors.
1994 Daniell DANIELL W E and TAYLOR C A (1994). The seismic Wimbleball Dynamic behaviour & The failure of an intake tower during an earthquake could cause the disruption of an important public utility and,
behaviour and design of reservoir intake towers. Reservoir analysis, Outlet & intake at worst, the catastrophic failure of a dam. Thus it is desirable that intake towers are designed for earthquakes
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British works by using rational analytical methods based on a sound understanding of their behaviour. The seismic response
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 236-246. Thomas of an intake tower will be either linear-elastic or non-linear and this response may be influenced by the dynamic
Telford, London. interaction of the tower with the surrounding reservoir, the foundation soil and any adjoining structures. Current
methods for the analysis and design of such towers are discussed and examples are given to illustrate aspects
of tower behaviour.
1994 Hay HAY J (1994). Implementing safety recommendations on Legislation Putting safety into practice under the Reservoirs Act 1975 has not been straightforward in some areas and
UK dams - a supervising engineer's view. Reservoir undertakers, enforcement authorities, inspecting engineers, and supervising engineers have interpreted their
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British duties and responsibilities in different ways. Some have been more active than others in seeking to ensure that
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 247-259. Thomas an inspecting engineer's recommendations in the interests of safety are implemented. The undertaker is
Telford, London. required to carry such measures into effect as soon as practicable under the supervision of a qualified civil
engineer, but in some instances implementation has been unduly delayed. The enforcement authority can
require the undertaker to carry the recommendation into effect within a specified time, but may choose not to do
so. Should the supervising engineer give advice to the enforcement authority and actively seek to ensure that
safety recommendations are carried out, bearing in mind that the Act only defines his relationship with the
undertaker?
1994 Hughes HUGHES A K and HOSKINS C G (1994). A practical South Fork (USA) Overtopping, Vegetation Overtopping has often been cited as the primary cause of the failure of embankment dams. The behaviour of
appraisal of the overtopping of embankment dams. embankment dams under overtopping conditions depends on many factors and their complex interaction, but in
Reservoir Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th many cases dams have been able to withstand flows without significant damage. Furthermore, it appears that
British Dam Society Conference, Extern, pp 260-270. instances of overtopping may be more frequent than envisaged with some dams overtopping annually. The
Thomas Telford, London. presence of a good development of vegetation with an extensive root structure will help to minimise erosion
damage and maintain the integrity of a dam. Simple works to improve the response to overtopping are described
and practical guidance is given on relevant hydrological, hydraulic, geotechnical and biological matters.
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1994 Robertson ROBERTSON C I, GRANSHAOB F and HINKS J L Foz Coa (Portugal) Seismic assessment
(1994). Analysis methodologies for rigorous and Earthquakes can pose a significant risk to the integrity of dams throughout the world. In areas of low seismicity
approximate seismic assessment of dams. Reservoir the risk is much smaller but the potential hazard is still sufficiently large that it should be considered and a
Safety and the Environment. Proceedings of 8th British guidance document to assist in the seismic assessment of dams in the United Kingdom has been published
Dam Society Conference, Exeter, pp 271-281. Thomas (Charles et al, 1991). However, there is little awareness of the merits of alternative analytical routes and the
Telford, London. degree of rigour required, and, furthermore, the assessment methodology is subject to debate. The technical
background for seismic analyses of dams is discussed and related to the practical example of a 3-D analysis of
a concrete arch-gravity dam. The effect of different modelling approaches is determined from follow-up studies
in two dimensions. Conclusions are drawn to assist practising engineers in determining appropriate
methodologies for the seismic assessment of dams. The effects of impounded water and foundation flexibility
should be incorporated in the modelling approach.
1994 Tarrant TARRANT F R, HOPKINS L A and BARTLETT J M Dam break studies, Hazard & Aware of their potential liabilities as dam owners, water companies have carried out dam break analyses to
(1994). Inundation mapping for dam failure - lessons from risk management provide inundation and damage maps forming the basis on which the emergency services produce contingency
UK experience. Reservoir Safety and the Environment. plans. The potential dam failure flood waves from over 35 studies and advice to five of the major water
Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society Conference, companies have been statistically analysed to establish relationships between reservoir parameters, types of
Exeter, pp 282-291. Thomas Telford, London. (Discussion failure, flood wave characteristics and extent of potential inundation and flood damage. The resulting
in supplementary volume of Dams and Reservoirs, pp 92- relationships give broad guidelines for other dam owners considering the potential hazards posed by their dams.
93.) The results presented in this paper are based on dam failure simulations using the computer program
DAMBRK.UK rather than real events and there is limited information on which to validate the results of the
program, although a few real events for which there is some information have shown a good correlation. (See
discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 92-94.)
1994 Taylor TAYLOR C A, DANIELL W E, MIR R A, SIMIC M S and Claerwen Seismic assessment, Engineers have become increasingly aware of the potentially damaging impact of a moderate magnitude
HINKS J L (1994). The seismic behaviour of gravity dams Earthquake damage earthquake occurring in a populous area of generally low seismicity. Methods for assessing the potential seismic
in areas of low seismicity. Reservoir Safety and the behaviour of typical British gravity dams are reviewed. The results of research in progress, including physical
Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society scale modelling and numerical analysis, are used to illustrate the basic mechanics of the dynamic behaviour of
Conference, Exeter, pp 292-305. Thomas Telford, gravity dams. Reference is made to a study of the 56m high Claerwen gravity dam in Wales, but the overall
London. (Discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and conclusions are applicable to most gravity dams. It is concluded that the maximum credible earthquake in the
Reservoirs, pp 87-90.) United Kingdom (Richter magnitude 6.0) might cause some cracking near the base of a concrete dam, but is
unlikely to cause catastrophic collapse.
1994 Thompson THOMPSON G and CLARK P B (1994). Rapid hazard Hazard & risk management The initial objective of a research study into the prioritisation of reservoirs according to their hazard potential was
ranking for large dams. Reservoir Safety and the to develop a quick and simple means to rank reservoirs to determine the order in which to carry out detailed
Environment. Proceedings of 8th British Dam Society hazard mapping. However, the procedure has a wider application. Several methods were considered for ranking
Conference, Exeter, pp 306-315. Thomas Telford, a population of dams/reservoirs according to the relative hazard that they pose. The hazard is a function of such
London. factors as reservoir volume, dam height, distance to and value of population centre, and drop in elevation from
reservoir to population centre. It should be noted that hazard potential is quite different from the risk of dam
failure. (See discussion in supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, 1995, pp 87-91.)
1994 Kennard KENNARD M F (1994). Four decades of development of Aldenham, Balderhead, Backwater, Instrumentation, Legislation, Some of the changes from the pre-war empirically designed puddle clay core dams to the current situation are
British embankment dams. 1994 Geoffrey Binnie Lecture. Carsington (1), Carsington (2), Chew Movement monitoring, Pore described in the areas of slope stability, internal and foundation seepage, construction control and
Supplementary issue of Dams and Reservoirs, pp 1-30. Valley Lake, Cow Green, Derwent pressure (construction), instrumentation. The key developments in reservoir safety legislation and practice are identified: the ICE
[Also Dams and Reservoirs, vol 5, no 2, June 1995, pp 3- (Durham), Draycote, Grafham Water, Reservoir drawdown, Committee report of 1966, the Reservoirs Act 1975, the implementation of the Act eleven years later, and the
14.] Kielder, Knockendon, Ladybower, Llyn Seepage & leakage, Slope Coxon report on the Carsington failure. The importance of published papers is stressed since it is vital that a
Celyn, Muirhead, Rutland Water, stability design engineer learns from past experience.
Selset, Shira Lower, Sutton Bingham,
Usk, William Girling
108
Proceedings of the 9th British Dam Society Conference. York, 1996.

1996 The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, York,
1996 Gardiner GARDINER K D (1996). The design of an auxiliary Dovestone Flood estimation/hydrology, The first use of Hydroplus tipping fusegates in the UK is described as a cost effective solution following flood
spillway at Dove Stone reservoir using tipping Spillway gates and barriers reassessment. During a PMF the embankment would be overtopped. The recommended solution was to provide
fusegates. The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of an auxiliary spillway with a 55m long weir. This was reduced to 9.8m by using tipping fusegates. Three gates
9th British Dam Society Conference, York, pp 1-10. were used. Physical model testing confirmed the existing overflow arrangements, bellmoth weir, dropshaft and
Thomas Telford, London. tunnel to be inadequate with the tunnel choking first. The long weir and fusegate solutions were then modelled.
The original fusegate solution showed that as the gates were removed the water profile immediately upstream
became irregular. Modifications were made. The paper illustrates the benefits of physical model testing.
1996 Harrison HARRISON P C and DRABBLE J (1996). Walshaw Walshaw Dean Lower, Walshaw Dean Overflow works, Overtopping, An extreme rainfall event (193mm in two hours) over the Walshaw Dean valley in the Pennines of West
Dean reservoirs - spillway improvements. The Middle, Walshaw Dean Upper Spillway hydraulics Yorkshire caused considerable damage to masonry byewash and spillway channels of the three reservoirs.
Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Flood study and physical hydraulic models showed significant shortcomings in the discharge capacity of all three
Society Conference, York, pp 11-19. Thomas Telford, spillway systems. The spillway of the lower reservoir was found to be capable of safely discharging only 25
London. cumecs whereas the PMF was 117 cumecs. The shortfall was remedied by the provision by a supplementary
spillway. Shortfalls at the other two reservoir spillways were remedied by new longer weirs of ogee profile. The
design and construction of the physical works are described in detail.
1996 McKenna McKENNA E (1996). Spillway capacity augmentation Baddinsgill, Carron Valley, Overflow works, Different approaches are described to augmenting spillway capacity of three Category A dams, so that the flood
on three UK dams. The Reservoir as an Asset. Glensherup Uplift/overturning in concrete surcharge resulting from a PMF, together with the appropriate concurrent wave surcharge is contained within the
Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, dams limits of the available freeboard. Carron dam is a composite concrete gravity/embankment dam with the overflow
York, pp 20-24. Thomas Telford, London. weir formed on the top of the central gravity section. Doubts about the stability of the gravity section and
hydrological analysis demonstrated that the overflow weir could not discharge the PMF at an acceptable flood
uplift and led to the use to pre-stressed rock anchors. To maximise the benefits of the work the full supply level
was raised by 0.45m. Model testing was undertaken to determine the correct stage/discharge curve. A
continuous wavewall was constructed over the full length of the dam. Modified overflow works to satisfy flood
requirements at Glensherup reservoir involved an extended weir and reduced overflow level. At Baddinsgill a
labyrinth weir on the line of the original spillway was found to be the best option.
1996 Morgan MORGAN L, WARRINGTON J M and HOWLETT P Winterburn Flood estimation/hydrology Winterburn reservoir was constructed in the 18th Century and feeds the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. It is a
(1996). The refurbishment of Winterburn Reservoir. Grade II listed structure situated in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. In 1990, it was confirmed that the existing
The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British spillway was incapable of passing the PMF through a masonry brick twin arch bridge. The various options
Dam Society Conference, York, pp 25-31. Thomas included raising the dam crest, raising the wave wall, providing an emergency spillway on the downstream face
Telford, London. and modifying the existing spillway to attenuate the PMF by increasing the discharge spillway capacity, but the
Grade II listed status required minimising the environmental impact of the works. Model testing demonstrated
that a compromise solution involving modest raising of the wavewall with reduction in the level of the spillway
beneath the bridge would allow the PMF to pass. Construction details are illustrated.
1996 Chevalier CHEVALIER S, CULSHAW S T and FAUQUEZ J P Dovestone Flood estimation/hydrology, Flood fuse gates can increase the active storage of a reservoir and increase the discharge capacity for extreme
(1996). The Hydroplus Fusegate System - four years Spillway gates and barriers events so that the design flood may pass without overtopping the existing dam. The Hydroplus system consists
on. The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th of one or more adjacent but independent fuse gate units resting on the spillway sill and held in place by gravity.
British Dam Society Conference, York, pp 32-40. The units are designed to rotate in succession when the reservoir reaches predetermined levels. The Hydroplus
Thomas Telford, London concept is concisely described with simple illustrations.
1996 Binnie BINNIE R B, MACDONALD I C and SWEENEY M C Great Northern - Whittle Dean Outlet & intake works, The Great Northern reservoir is one of the Whittle Dene Group of Reservoirs belonging to Northumbrian Water.
(1996). Great Northern reservoir works. The Reservoir Overflow works Extensive works which were carried out in 1990/91 included construction of a new intake and valve tower, crest
as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society regulation, wave wall construction, spillway modification and upstream protection works. The draw-off works
Conference, York, pp 41-46. Thomas Telford, London. were required to supply raw water to Whittle Dean treatment works. The principal design consideration was the
method of installing the pipeline and valve tower in the 8m high embankment without compromising its safety.
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1996 Williams WILLIAMS P J (1996). Construction of concrete face to Messochora (Greece) Concrete face, Concrete mix The 150m high rockfill dam was constructed during 1992-95 in the north-west of Greece to provide river
a rockfill dam: Messochora dam, Greece. Proceedings and cement regulation and hydropower. Lack of suitable local materials and seismic activity led to the construction a
of 9th British Dam Society Conference, York, pp 47-57. concrete face rockfill dam. The concrete face was constructed by slipforming with strips of up to 250m long. The
Thomas Telford, London. reinforced concrete face was designed with a varying thickness (t) using the formula t=0.3+0.003H where H is
reservoir head at TWL. The embankment was completed to full height prior to placement of the concrete slab,
necessitating protection of the 75mm drainage layer with a layer of sprayed concrete to prevent its unravelling
during winter.
1996 Findlay FINDLAY J W and KERR J W (1996). Embankment Kontagora, Isanlu, Egbe, Ekuku, Environment/social/planning Reservoirs as an asset in Nigeria are reviewed in relation to benefits to local, regional or national populations
dams in Nigeria. The Reservoir as an Asset. Kagara, Offa, Ruwan,Tagwai, Tiga, and to limited commercial or political interests. Environmental and social impact needs to be assessed as well
Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, (Nigeria) as the economic benefits. Sizing of reservoirs is seen as crucial. The benefits of river regulation, reliable supply
York, pp 58-72. Thomas Telford, London. for irrigation and drinking, mitigation of floods have to be set against loss of good agricultural land, displaced
communities, loss of silt nutrients, and poor fishing resulting in destruction of long-standing communities. The
technical issues of construction and maintenance of embankment dams in Nigeria are reviewed. Fill is
commonly laterite. Climatic conditions, particularly seasonal rainfall, influence the condition of the fill and when it
should be placed. Erosion of downstream slopes due to intense tropical rainfall presents the greatest risk of
degradation. A well designed dam requiring minimum maintenance is most likely to be successful in Nigeria.
1996 Penman PENMAN A D M (1996). Embankment dams in the Driekoppies (South Africa), La Environment/social/planning The background and benefits of a number of reservoir schemes in South Africa, Chile and Morocco are outlined.
developing world. The Reservoir as an Asset. Paloma, Cogoti (Chile), Mikkes Particular difficulties encountered to enable satisfactory construction are described. At Driekoppies dam in South
Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, (Morocco) Africa very loose alluvial sands were densified by lowering the water table and undertaking dynamic compaction.
York, pp 73-82. Thomas Telford, London. The reservoir site required relocation of 330 houses and 260 graves. In Chile, the Limari basin development is
described with mention of the effects of earthquakes on the Cogoti dam which sustained an instantaneous
settlement of 0.4m. Geotechnical details of the foundation are provided for the La Paloma dam. An example of
cavitation erosion under moderate but unfavourable conditions is given.
1996 GALLACHER D and RIDLEY J D (1996). Design, Kau Sai Chau (Hong Kong) Environment/social/planning The reservoir was built to supply irrigation for a golf course. An Environmental Impact Assessment of the
Construction and Environmental Aspects Kau Sai reservoir location, a tidal inlet, identified it as an important, diverse estuarine habitat due to the presence of
Chau Dam, Hong Kong. The Reservoir as an Asset. mangrove communities and played a key role in relocation and design changes. To minimise loss of mangrove
Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, communities the dam was located further upstream and part of the dam was built of rockfill to facilitate
York, pp 83-93. Thomas Telford, London. construction under wet season conditions to offset the delay to the project which was caused by objections to
the scheme.
1996 Holton HOLTON I R, TEDD P and CHARLES J A (1996). Walshaw Dean Lower Movement monitoring, Pore Detailed deformations observations made by BRE since 1990 are part of a study of the effects of reservoir
Walshaw Dean Lower - embankment behaviour during pressure (seepage), drawdown on embankment deformations. Walshaw Dean Lower was the only dam in the study with a deep
prolonged reservoir drawdown. The Reservoir as an Reservoir drawdown puddle clay filled cut-off trench. The dam has a long history of problems of leakage and settlement. Despite
Asset. Proceedings of 9th Conference of British Dam repeated drawdown cycles over nearly 90 years, crest settlement of approximately 8mm per year occurs when
Society, York, pp 94-104. Thomas Telford, London. there is a substantial reservoir drawdown. Little settlement was observed in the clay filled cut-off trench despite
large changes in earth pressure.
1996 Prentice PRENTICE J F, FLETCHER M and TEDD P (1996). Cow Green Instrumentation, Total stress Leakage and internal erosion problems with embankment dams are often associated with the interface between
Cow Green dam: interpretation of earth pressure the embankment and ancillary structures. The interface between a clay core and a more rigid structure whether
measurements 25 years after construction. The it is a culvert or abutment can lead to unfavourably low stresses and the possibility of hydraulic fracture. To
Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam assess the potential of hydraulic fracture at the interface of the rolled clay core and the concrete gravity dam at
Society Conference, York, pp 105-115. Thomas Cow Green, total pressure cells and piezometers were installed during construction. The continuing reduction in
Telford, London. measured earth pressure from the end of construction in 1970 raised concern that hydraulic fracture and
ultimately leakage could occur at the interface. The vibrating-wire earth pressure cells are described and their
reliability to give meaningful long term observations are assessed. Over 26 years of observations are presented.
Critical pressures tests to assess the earth pressure at which hydraulic fracture could occur indicated pressures
very much larger than the earth pressures measured by the pressure cells. No evidence of leakage has been
observed at the interface.
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1996 PHIRI I L (1996). Itezhi-tezhi dam: a warm spring Itezhi-tezhi (Zambia) Seepage & leakage The 65m high earth and rockfill dam with inclined central clay core was built to increase the generating capacity
phenomena. The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of the Kafue Gorge power plant in the early 1970s. It is founded partly on mudstone and granite. Initial
of 9th British Dam Society Conference, York, pp 116- impounding of the Itezhi-tezhi reservoir in 1976 resulted in the emergence of warm springs on the flood plain
121. Thomas Telford, London. downstream of the dam. Several signs of instability were observed in the flood plain from the dam up to 1.8km
downstream of the dam. Although numerous warm springs exist throughout Zambia and 20 have been identified
within a 150 km radius of the dam, none were found during the pre-construction site investigation. Extensive
investigations of the geology and hydrogeology included 130 boreholes, thermal scanning surveys, geophysical
surveys. It was found that a deep regional aquifer flow system is present in the area and artesian pressure
below the main section of the dam could affect stability. Uncontrolled leakage from the aquifers downstream
could also lead to erosion of the foundation in the long term. Pressure relief wells were installed on the flood
plain and at the toe of the dam and are operated when predefined water levels are reached.
1996 Sandilands SANDILANDS N M and SEATON M (1996). Torr Achilty Spillway gates & barriers Scottish Hydro-Electric operate over two hundred major hydraulic gates associated with its 84 dams.
Refurbishment of flood gates at Torr Achilty. The Refurbishment of the gates is a major task. The average age of the dams is 40 years and the policy is to
Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam refurbish the gates every 25 years. The paper describes the refurbishment of three roller flood gates of Torr
Society Conference, York, pp 122-127. Thomas Achilty, a 17.7m high concrete gravity dam built in 1955. The power station is built into the dam and comprises
Telford, London. 7.7MW Kaplan turbines. Isolation of the gates is achieved with stop log gates in grooves immediately upstream.
The gates were of bolted construction with mild steel cross beams. A high proportion of the bolts on the cross
beam were found to be heavily corroded. Improved new roller trains in stainless steel and low friction self
lubricating bushes were specified. The chains were heavily corroded and one chain had failed which would have
led to an operational failure. Other components including rocking paths and rubber seals were found to have
deteriorated. Due to the use of stainless steel and other high quality corrosion and other key components future
refurbishment will be cheaper and simpler.
1996 Atterwill ATTEWILL L J S (1996). Wala, Mujib and Tannur Wala, Mujib, Tannur (Jordan) Concrete mix and cement, The three proposed dams will be situated in the semi-arid areas to the south of Amman in Jordan and will be
dams, Jordan. The Reservoir as an Asset. Concrete temperature, used to support municipal, industrial and agricultural demands mostly to the south of the Dead Sea where water
Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, Dynamic behaviour & is required for development of chemical industries. Yields and requirements are outlined; the three dams will
York, pp 128-136. Thomas Telford, London. analysis, Roller compacted contribute 29.4 million cubic metres of additional water in a part of the country where water resources are
concrete, Sedimentation particularly scarce. Rainfall occurs as intense storms. As flows are so unreliable large storage volumes are
required and high sediment loads requires a large volume of dead storage. Only RCC and CFRD dams were
considered due to the scarcity of suitable core material. Seismic loading was assessed due to the presence of
the main Dead Sea Rift using 90 years of earthquake data. The dams were designed so that no significant
damage would occur in the event of an Operating Basis Earthquake and that an MCE would not cause
catastrophic failure. Concrete design, thermal analysis to prevent uncontrolled cracking and testing for RCC built
dams are outlined for a range of available materials.
1996 Airey AIREY M and PATTERSON R L (1996).Muela Dam: Muela (Lesotho) Concrete temperature Muela dam is a 55m high concrete double curvature arch dam and is part of the Lesotho Highlands Water
Design Aspects of Construction. The Reservoir as an Project which also involves the Katse dam and 80 km of tunnelling. The reservoir acts as a "back pressure" point
Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society between the transfer tunnel and the delivery tunnel. The dam design is discussed in the light of conditions on
Conference, York, pp 137-146. Thomas Telford, site and available materials. The foundation is a sound low permeability sandstone. Grouting was carried out in
London. accordance with the GIN (Grout Intensity Number) method. Concrete mix design is outlined with reference to
local materials, cement content was OPC 60% pfa 40%. Post cooling of the dam concrete was required prior to
construction joint grouting. Total cooling periods for a particular block varied between 3 and 5 months. Post
cooling criteria limit temperature differentials and should ensure crack free concrete.
1996 Feakes FEAKES G and WILLIAMS D N (1996). Meriden No 2 Meriden No 2, Service reservoirs, Concrete The reservoir was built in 1949 at a time of national steel shortage and therefore construction was primarily of
Reservoir - Renovation Works. The Reservoir as an deterioration mass concrete with reinforcement being used only in the cantilevered groins and tie beams supporting the barrel
Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society vaulted roof. Severe cracking of the columns, external and division walls, coupled with leakage in 1987 led to an
Conference, York, pp 147-156. Thomas Telford, investigation of the concrete deterioration and the earth pressures in the embankment supporting the concrete
London. walls. The potential for displacement of the external unreinforced concrete walls, particularly on rapid reservoir
drawdown was identified. ASR was a potential cause of ongoing deterioration. Renovation as opposed to rebuild
was chosen on cost and shorter construction time. It included construction of new reinforced concrete walls,
repairs to existing columns, plinths and buttresses. Details of design and construction with quality illustrations
are given.
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1996 Binnie BINNIE R B, MACDONALD I C and SWEENEY M C Balmore Treated Water, Blairlinnans Service reservoirs The design of service reservoirs has evolved considerably since the first phase of construction of the Loch
(1996). Evolution of service reservoir design and Treated Water Lomond scheme in the late 1969. A history of the development of the scheme is given. Advances in codes of
construction in the Loch Lomond water supply scheme. practice and new guidelines, new methods and materials have influenced design. Design standards have
The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British moved from allowable stress consideration to limit state analysis. A high degree of automation and data
Dam Society Conference, York, pp 157-168. Thomas acquisition has been incorporated into current designs.
Telford
1996 Gallacher GALLACHER D, MANN R J and CHAN K L (1968). Service reservoirs Service reservoirs in Hong Kong date from 1860 to the present time. Some 40 have a capacity larger than
Service reservoirs in Hong Kong. The Reservoir as an 25,000 m3 . The UK Reservoirs Act is broadly followed to maintain safety. Nearly all the reservoirs are of
Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society concrete construction. Designs up to 1980 are of mass concrete and later reservoirs are of reinforced concrete
Conference, York, pp 169-179. Thomas Telford design. Detailed designs are described. Problems associated with leakage and stability are discussed.
Deterioration of hot poured bituminous floor joints is widespread. Replacement with polysulphide has been
unsatisfactory and bituminous putty has been recommended. Remedial works to a number of dams are
described.
1996 Charles CHARLES J A and WRIGHT C E (1996). European Legislation The regulative frameworks for reservoir safety in European countries are examined in the context of possible
dam safety regulations from a British perspective. The European harmonisation of working practices and regulations. For countries with 50 or more dams a brief
Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam analysis has been made of type, age and size of dams. The criteria for applicability of national safety regulations
Society Conference, York, pp 180-191. Thomas shows a wide variation with most countries using a combination of dam height and reservoir volume, the UK
Telford, London. being an exception. For larger dams there may be additional requirements, eg in France there is a requirement
for emergency plans. The absence of direct control by central government in Great Britain contrasts with the
approach in some southern European countries where there are detailed technical standards. In Spain the
return period for the design flood is prescribed by law. Reservoir safety management is primarily the
responsibility of the owner or operator in all western European countries. It is concluded that harmonisation of
safety regulations would be difficult because of considerable differences and there do not appear to be any clear
benefits.
1996 Hay HAY J (1996). Reservoir inspections - time for change? Safety surveillance A clear concise account of reservoir safety regulations in Great Britain and their implications in practice is given
The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British in this excellent paper. The role of the Inspecting Engineers having sole responsibility for the inspection a
Dam Society Conference, York, pp 192-205. Thomas reservoir under the Act is discussed in relation to their experience and different approaches to safety. The role of
Telford, London. engineering guides and their effect on Panel Engineers recommendations is discussed. Shortage of panel
engineers, loss of reservoir staff, short termism, fee competition, loss of continuity and confidentiality point to the
need for further changes to the reservoir safety regime.
1996 Milne MILNE P (1996). Management of reservoir safety. The Emergency plans, Safety Management of Severn Trent Water's reservoirs is undertaken by the Reservoirs Section of Severn Trent
Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam surveillance Engineering. The duties of the Reservoirs Section are described together with outlines of various reporting
Society Conference, York, pp 206-215. Thomas forms. The day to day safety responsibilities lie with "in house" Supervising Engineers. The careful selection of
Telford, London. Inspecting Engineers is seen as essential to achieve economy and safety. Fee competition between engineers
has been sought. A Review Panel set up for the Carsington Reconstruction continues to be used. Emergency
procedures in the event of a dam failure are described.
1996 Gallacher GALLACHER D and LAMOND G N R (1996). Emergency plans, The Indonesian Dam Safety Project comprised three components - Institutional Strengthening and Training,
Development of National Dam Safety Assurance Legislation, Safety Dam Rehabilitation Programme and Basic Dam Safety Facilities Programme. Work began in 1995 and was due
programme in Indonesia. The Reservoir as an Asset. surveillance, for completion in 2000. Development and implementation of appropriate legislation and regulations was a key
Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Conference, component. Legislation for the safety of dams is with the Ministry of Public Works.
York, September, pp 216-220. Thomas Telford,
London.
1996 Wilkinson WILKINSON R (1996). The Reservoir as an asset to Carsington, Clywedog, Derwent, Environment/social/planning Severn Trent Water views its reservoirs as assets not only to the company but also to the whole of society.
Society. The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of Ogston, Vyrnwy Facilities are made available to the public. Carsington reservoir is given as one of many examples which attract
9th British Dam Society Conference, York, September, numerous visitors. A variety of recreational activities is provided at the reservoirs. Flood storage is given as
pp 221-224. Thomas Telford, London. another example of benefit. STW sees its role as custodian of large areas of countryside.
1996 Mangan MANGAN B J and HAYES T A (1996). River Liffey Pollaphuca, Golden Falls and Leixlip Dam break studies, Flood Three dams on the River Liffey, constructed between 1937 and 1949, were principally for hydro-electric
Reservoirs: 50 years protection and supplying Dublin (Eire) relief, Legislation generation but also supply 75% of Dublin's potable water and the reservoirs provide valuable amenity resources.
City. The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th Pollaphuca also acts as a flood relief reservoir. Its effect on flood relief during the intensive rain associated with
British Dam Society Conference, York, September, pp Hurricane Charlie is illustrated. Flood alleviation has led to some urban development on some flood plains.
225-235. Thomas Telford Construction, monitoring and safety standards are summarised for the three dams. Inundation studies in the
event of a breach of Pollaphuca would cause major flooding of Dublin with little attenuation of the dam breach
flood wave.
112

1996 Duder DUDER J N (1996). Reservoir Sedimentation - Some Sedimentation The causes, types and effects of reservoir sedimentation and the mitigation of those effects are described in this
aspects of reservoir asset management. Proceedings good summary paper. Examples are mainly drawn from a variety of reservoirs in New Zealand which having a
of 9th British Dam Society Conference, York, young and varied topography, exhibits a range of reservoir sedimentation characteristics. Volcanic catchments
September, pp 236-247. Thomas Telford provide a wide range of sediments with lightweight particles being transported continuously at low flows and
volcanic eruptions producing a full range of ash to lahars with mud suspended in mudflows. Reference to
prediction methods is made. Mitigation methods including catchment management, interception, dredging and
flushing are described. Downstream effects are only mentioned. Progressive reduction of reservoir storage is a
natural phenomenon.
1996 Swannell SWANNELL N G (1996). Barrow no 3 reservoir - a Barrow No 3 Seismic assessment, Guides Barrow No 3 is a fully bunded reservoir which suffered a succession of well recorded slips during construction
case history of simplified seismic safety evaluation. & surveys, Slope stability and filling between 1887 and 1926. Slips occurred on both inner and outer embankments. In view of its history of
The Reservoir as an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British slips a seismic safety evaluation was recommended in 1992. The case history demonstrated that the
Dams Society Conference, York, pp 248-257. Thomas requirements of the BRE Engineering Guide to the seismic risk to dams in the UK can be complied with in a
Telford, London. relatively straightforward manner. Studies and investigations to establish appropriate input data, the
methodology adopted and the evaluation of the results are presented. As part of the investigation the residual
strength of the Lower Lias clays was determined. It was concluded that there was negligible risk of breaching
under the safety evaluation earthquake.
1996 Claydon CLAYDON J R and REILLY N (1996). Remedial works Redmires Lower, Redmires Middle, Seismic assessment, Flood Investigation and remedial works to six 19th century puddle clay core Pennine dams to meet current
at Rivelin and Redmires reservoirs. The Reservoir as Redmires Upper, Rivelin Depositing estimation/hydrology recommendations in the 1974 Flood Studies Report and in the BRE seismic risk guide are described.
an Asset. Proceedings of 9th British Dam Society Pond, Rivelin Lower, Rivelin Upper Geotechnical investigations involved trial pits, boreholes and dynamic probing. The tops of the cores were found
Conference, York, September, pp 258-274. Thomas to be below normal TWL. All but one dam was considered to be Category III in the BRE guide and therefore a
Telford, London. quasi-static method was considered adequate. Soil test data and the seismic analyses are presented. The ICE
Guide to Floods and Reservoir Safety (ICE 1989) was under review at the time. Reservoir conditions for a PMF
event are presented. Recent experience has shown the need for regular maintenance either to compensate for
deterioration such as settlement or to meet the requirements of increasing safety criteria eg. flood resistance or
seismic resistance. It is to be hoped that the development of safety criteria in these areas has reached a limit!
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Proceedings of 10th BDS Conference. Bangor, 1998.

1998 The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, Bangor
1998 Charles CHARLES J A, TEDD P and SKINNER H D (1998). The Hazard & risk management Reservoirs are considered to be a low risk/high consequence scenario. Increasingly it is expected that some
role of risk analysis in the safety management of form of risk analysis should be carried out for activities which impose risks on the public. Quantitative risk
embankment dams. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st analysis is discussed. It is questioned whether QRA as used in process industries involving large numbers of
century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society fault and event trees is appropriate for assessment of reservoir safety. QRA generally involves the following
Conference, Bangor, pp 1-12. Thomas Telford, London stages: identification of potential hazards, estimation of the probability of occurrence of hazards, estimation of
the consequences of hazards and comparison of results of analysis with acceptability criteria. Potential causes
of embankment failure are discussed. Historical level of risk of dam failures is presented on a FN curve. It is
suggested that an acceptable probability for a breach with consequential uncontrolled release of water is of the
order of 1x10-5 per year. The risk of internal erosion is more difficult to assess. The objective of QRA is not
merely to analyse and assess risks, but rather to reduce risk and improve safety through structural
improvements to dams and ancillary works, improved surveillance and improved emergency management
procedures.
1998 Sandilands SANDILANDS N M, NOBLE M and FINDLAY J W (1998). Pitlochry Hazard & risk management The asset management approach adopted by Scottish Hydro-Electric for their ageing dams between 35 and 65
Risk assessment strategies for dam based hydro years old is described. The type and nature of the assets including 84 dams are outlined. Application of the
schemes. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is described. FMECA is a logical and structured method of
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, assessing failure scenarios for elements within a system. The method is based on BS5760:Part 5. Criticality is
Bangor, pp13-26. Thomas Telford, London. defined in this context as a function of consequence, probability and detectability. Pilot risk assessment studies
are presented. Flood gates were seen as a particular risk.
1998 Sandilands SANDILANDS N M and NOBLE M (1998). A programme Hazard & risk management, Scottish Hydro-Electric have a total of 28 flood gates at 14 dams. These together with pipelines have been
of risk assessments for flood gates on hydro electric Spillway gates & barriers identified as higher risk than other hydro civil works. The paper describes the application of Failure Mode, Effect
reservoirs. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) to flood gates. The system allows for the flood gates to be broken down into all
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, their component parts. The qualitative method that allows targets to be set and provides guidance on where
Bangor, pp 27-38. Thomas Telford, London. major refurbishment is needed. Detailed description of the method is given including an example of a data
collection sheet, a consequences of failure matrix and a detectability matrix. From the analysis, a gate
refurbishment programme has been prepared.
1998 Lewin LEWIN J (1998). Hazard and reliability of hydraulic Washi (Japan), Folsom (USA), Hazard & risk management, Some failure events of spillway gates and bottom outlets are reviewed for overseas dams. Reliability
equipment for dams. The prospect for reservoirs in the Tarbela (Pakistan), Barasona (Spain), Spillway gates & barriers assessments based on fault trees have been carried out on barrages. Probabilistic failure criteria are suggested
21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Mavcice (Slovenia) for spillway gate installations and bottom outlets. Methods of risk analysis are discussed, including HAZOP,
Conference, Bangor, pp 39-51. Thomas Telford, London. FMECA. Silt and lack of use are cited as main causes of failures of bottom outlets. Common causes of gate
failures include loss of electrical supply, fire, explosion, earthquake and failure of control systems. The
probabilistic reliability derived from a fault tree analysis can be expressed as failure per demand. A failure rate of
10-4 per gate per demand for a gate not opening is quoted as providing adequate assurance under certain
conditions.
1998 Ballard BALLARD G M and LEWIN J (1998). Should reservoir Hazard & risk management, A possible framework for the seismic analysis of spillway gates on dams is presented. Although the performance
control systems and structures be designed to withstand Seismic assessment of dams subjected to a seismic event is good some failures have occurred. There is little published data on the
the dynamic effects of earthquakes? The prospect for seismic damage suffered by spillway gates but new spillway gates are now required to withstand earthquake
reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th British acceleration. Seismic hazard, system response and analysis including various uncertainties are discussed
Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 52-65. Thomas within the proposed framework. The systems analysis is most developed, the starting point of which is the event
Telford, London. tree which in turn provides the starting point for the fault tree. An example of an event tree is given with detailed
explanation. Examples of fault trees for the event " failure of the spillway gates to initiate as designed within one
hour" are presented with detailed description.
1988 Sims SIMS G P and PARR N M (1998). The review of the Legislation The review was undertaken by the Reservoirs Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers. A joint consultation
Reservoirs Act 1975. The prospect for reservoirs in the paper was issued in October 1995 and a draft Deregulation Order was prepared. This has four major
21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society considerations: (1) The Institution of Civil Engineers would take over the administration of the Act.(2) Remove
Conference, Bangor, pp 66-69. Thomas Telford, London. from the ambit of the Act those reservoirs that can no longer hold 25,000m3 due to sedimentation. (3) Remove
the requirement for continuous supervision of low hazard reservoirs where the Inspecting Engineer indicates
there is no risk to public safety.(4) Transfer of all the enforcement duties in England and Wales to the
Environment Agency.
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1998 Tedd TEDD P, DUTTON D P M and HOLTON I R (1998). Brent Internal erosion & filters, Brent dam is a 9m high puddle clay core dam built in 1835 to supply water to the Regents canal. The most
Investigating internal erosion at Brent dam. The prospect Instrumentation notable historical event was its partial failure in 1841 involving loss of life. Erosion of material through the
for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th brickwork forming the draw-off culvert raised concerns that voids were being formed in the core by internal
British Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 70-78. erosion. Investigations to determine the extent and cause of the eroded material included ground penetrating
Thomas Telford, London. radar, the measurement of rate of eroded material and piezometer installation. No conclusive information was
found.
1998 Thomas THOMAS A (1998). Observation analysis at Llyn Brenig. Llyn Brenig Instrumentation Llyn Brenig dam, a rockfill dam with a sloping rolled clay core, was completed in 1976. A good concise
The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. description of the construction is given. A large number of instruments were installed into the dam during
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, construction including various survey stations for surface movements, internal deformation instruments,
Bangor, pp 79-91. Thomas Telford, London. piezometers of various types and total earth pressure cells. The paper describes a review of the observations
and a rationalisation of which instruments needed to be read in the longer term. A number of instruments
ceased to operate in the longer term. A detailed account of the performance and value of each instrument is
given. Observations per year were reduced from 1414 to 904 in 1997 following the review.
1998 Swannell SWANNELL N G (1998). The Lower Lias Clay at Barrow Barrow no 3 Slope stability Barrow No 3 is a fully bunded reservoir with embankments constructed of Lower Lias Clay. Although
No 3 Reservoir. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st construction began in 1887 final filling was delayed some 49 years due to a succession of slips. A seismic
century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society safety evaluation was undertaken in 1992 (Swannell, 1992). The particular history of repeated slips led to a
Conference, Bangor, pp 92-107. Thomas Telford, London. comprehensive geotechnical investigation to determine the relevant geotechnical data required for a pseudo-
static stability analyses for the seismic evaluation. A detailed account of the investigation is given including: i) a
desk study of the Lower Lias Clay, ii) back analyses of historical slope failures of the embankment and iii)
ground investigation and laboratory testing. The residual strength failure envelope of the Lower Lias Clay at
Barrow was found to be non-linear.
1998 Robertshaw ROBERTSHAW A C, ATKINSON M S and TEDD P Walshaw Dean Upper Internal erosion & filters, Some 90 years after the completion of the embankment of Walshaw Dean Upper dam a hole approximately 1
(1998). Investigation of a possible sinkhole at Walshaw Instrumentation, Total stress, metre cube appeared on the upstream slope near the crest of the dam. As internal erosion of the clay core and
Dean Upper dam. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st Pore pressure (seepage) the clay filled cut-off trench had occurred at the two dams immediately downstream that were of similar
century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society construction, there was concern that the hole at the upper dam had been caused by internal erosion. A
Conference, Bangor, pp 108-121. Thomas Telford, summary of the problems with the lower dams is given together with details of construction. An investigation to
London determine the cause of the possible sinkhole included cone penetration tests in the core and cut-off, followed by
continuous sampling by cable percussion and the installation of piezometers and BRE mini push-in earth
pressure cells. The investigations were completed with a shallow trial pit 2.5m at the location of the hole. The
investigation did not determine the cause of the hole and there was no indication of internal erosion.
1998 Hughes HUGHES A K (1998). Kentmere - past, present and future Kentmere Grouting, Seepage & An interesting detailed account of the construction, and history of problems and remedial works is given of this
mining subsidence. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st leakage, Outlet & intake 19th century puddle clay core dam. Remedial works and modifications had been carried out since construction
century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society works and numerous incidents have occurred. The byewash failed shortly after construction. Subsidence of the
Conference, Bangor, pp 122-134. Thomas Telford, upstream slope around the valve shaft due to internal erosion is reported. Many of the problems have been
London. associated with the drawoff culvert and its valves and pipework. The most recent works undertaken in 1996
included grouting of the foundation and shoulders of the dam.
1998 Dornstadter DORNSTADTER J and AUFLEGER M (1998). Distributed Seepage & leakage, The use of temperature as a natural tracer to determine the location of leakage through dams has been used
temperature sensing in dams. The prospect for reservoirs Concrete temperature, since 1955. A new development is described in the application of distributed temperature sensing using fibre
in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Tracers optic cables. The cables can be installed into the dam during construction and in some refurbishment works.
Society Conference, Bangor, pp 135-140. Thomas Modern fibre optic temperature sensing methods allow measurements along a cable up to 40km long to be
Telford, London. made with an accuracy of 0.2oC. Two examples are given; one in the refurbishment of a hydro supply channel
and the other to measure concrete curing temperatures.
1998 Davison DAVISON I (1998). Bewl Water spillway investigation. The Bewl Water Overflow works, Concrete Investigations have shown that severe cracking of the precast concrete blocks forming the crest of the spillway
prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of deterioration shaft is due to Alkali Silica Reaction. The problem was noticed in 1996 some 20 years after construction. The
10th British Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 141- process of ASR and the resulting swelling effect are described. Detailed laboratory results are presented. The
150. Thomas Telford, London. offending aggregate was chert. Options for repair are discussed. Although the scale of the repairs is not large,
the cost is high principally due to the difficult access.
1998 Mirtskhulava MIRTSKHULAVA D, NONIEV I, EBANOIDZE J and Enguri (Georgia) Instrumentation Construction of the 271 m high concrete arch dam began in 1971 and reservoir was full in 1987. The extensive
KOBASNIDZE T (1988). Enguri Dam: horizontal and geodetic monitoring system provided horizontal and vertical movement of the dam with varying reservoir levels
vertical displacement, retrospective analysis. The prospect over a ten year operational period. The measurements shows the base of the dam to be moving towards the
for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th valley resulting in tension zone in the rock foundation under the upstream face.
British Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 151-161.
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1998 Rowland ROWLAND A (1988). Water storage for the Middle Level Environment/social/planning The options for the construction of a reservoir as an additional resource for water management and irrigation
Cambridge Fens. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society supplies for the Middle Level of the Great Level Cambridgeshire Fens is being investigated. Water usage,
Conference, Bangor, pp 162-170. Thomas Telford, current demands and recent restrictions on summer abstractions from drainage ditches following the 1976
London. drought are described. Three of the options short listed are bunded non-impounding reservoirs. The site
selection has concentrated on areas where solid geological deposits are likely to be close to the surface. An
environmental appraisal of each site addressed concerns of winter abstraction and the landscape implications of
a bunded reservoir and potential damage to sites of archaeological importance. An economic analysis is
presented. It is concluded that engineers have often undersold and undervalued the environmental benefits of
reservoirs and this has made their promotion much more difficult.
1998 Pepper PEPPER A T, PETTIFER D, and FITZSIMONS J (1988). Hothfield, Adlington, Garstang, Flood storage reservoirs The differences between function and design of flood storage reservoirs and those used for supply purposes are
Challenges and opportunities for flood storage reservoirs. Weldon, Barnwell, New Mill discussed eg the flood storage reservoir may remain empty for several years in succession, it can experience
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, rapid fluctuations from full to empty in a number of hours. Various hydrographs are presented; for maximum
Bangor, pp 171 -182. Thomas Telford, London. useful storage, for fixed orifice type of control. Examples of various types of adjustable controls to achieve
constant outflow for on-line reservoirs are given. Off-line flood storage is discussed with the example of a
fuseplug system at one scheme in Hungary. Environmental impact of storage reservoirs needs greater
consideration since the creation of the Environment Agency than in past decades where schemes often have
been purely functional.
1998 Macdonald MACDONALD A and McINALLY G A (1998). Reservoirs Stanely Flood storage reservoirs Major flood events between 1993 and 1996 in Scotland have focused attention on the use of existing reservoirs
and flood control: a Northern perspective. The prospect to reduce the impact of flood flows by varying operational use. Three schemes are included in the study. One
for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th scheme examines the change of use of a water supply reservoir to flood storage which raises the issue of
British Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 183-197. maintaining a low level in the reservoir with consequent drying out of the core.
1988 Lamont LAMONT D R , LEEMING J R and BRUMBY M (1998). Environment/social/planning, The requirements for converting colliery tailings lagoons arising from the coal mining industry to environmentally
Essential engineering criteria for the abandonment of Legislation, Guides & surveys friendly diverse water features as an alternative to overcapping are reviewed. The alternative use has been
tailings lagoons as environmental wet land features. driven partly by the shortage of suitable material for capping. Engineering safety concerns are considered. Tip
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, and lagoon construction were produced following the lessons learned from the Aberfan disaster. The legislation
Bangor, pp 198 - 211. Thomas Telford, London. affecting tips is outlined. Engineering factors influencing the stability of abandonment are principally related to
the body of water on the tip. Design criteria to ensure long term stability of tips. which were agreed between HM
Inspectorate of Mines on behalf of HSE and RJB Mining, are reproduced in the paper.
1988 Attewill ATTEWILL L J S, WHITE W R, TARIQ S M and BILGI A Tarbela (Pakistan) Sedimentation Tarbela dam impounds the river Indus. It was completed in 1974 for irrigation and hydropower. With an annual
(1998). Sediment management studies of Tarbela Dam, sediment inflow into the reservoir of 200 million tonnes hydropower will cease within a decade. Unless remedial
Pakistan. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society action is taken the reservoir will be mainly sediment by 2030. The paper presents computational sediment
Conference, Bangor, pp 212 -225. Thomas Telford, modelling studies undertaken to simulate the sedimentation process and the effects of mitigation options. The
London. study comprised the collection and critical review of hydrological and sediment data. The objectives were to
achieve total security of the tunnel intakes and a long term target live storage of 7000 million cubic metres. It
was concluded that appropriate flushing will ensure that a substantial live reservoir volume will be sustained and
construction of a dyke in the reservoir basin would prevent sediment reaching the intake tunnels.
1988 Atkinson ATKINSON E (1988). Reservoir operation to control Tarbela (Pakistan) Sedimentation It has been estimated that approximately 1% of the total storage capacity in the world's reservoirs is lost each
sedimentation: techniques for assessment. The prospect year to sedimentation. Sediments can block draw-offs and damage tunnels and turbines. Flushing has proved to
for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th be an effective method to recover storage volume at some reservoirs. Another technique, termed sluicing, is to
British Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 226 - 241. lower the reservoir level to enable sediment to be passed through the dam during floods. The paper presents
Thomas Telford, London. methods to assess the effect of reservoir operation on sedimentation control. The constraints to successful
flushing include incomplete drawdown, insufficient flushing flows for a sediment balance, insufficient width of
channel formed by flushing and side slopes too steep.
1998 Dyke DYKE T and WILLIAMS P J (1998). Rehabilitation of Holmestyes Seepage & leakage, Outlet & The history of leakage and remedial works to Holmestyes dam is presented. The dam was engineered by
Holmestyes Reservoir. The prospect for reservoirs in the intake works, Tracers, George Leather who also engineered Bilberry dam which failed in 1852. Holmestyes has a puddle clay core but
21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Grouting an upstream blanket was added to prevent leakage through the dam. There have been leakages on many
Conference, Bangor, pp 242-254. Thomas Telford, occasions into the valve shaft located just upstream of the core. Extensive grouting in 1997 around the valve
London. shaft is described. A build-up of silt of approximately 2m depth which had occurred above the scour pipe inlet
led to the construction of a modified intake to prevent silt from entering the inlet. The paper is a well illustrated
account with clear construction drawings.
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1998 St John St JOHN T, NICHOLLS R A and SENIOR K W (1998). Barrow no 3 Grouting, Puddle clay The 2000m long bunded puddle clay core dam has had a long history of instability and leakage during
Grouting the puddle clay core at Barrow No 3 Reservoir, construction and operation. The grouting of 370m length of narrow puddle clay core using tube-a-manchette was
Bristol. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. undertaken in 1996 to stop leakage which was appearing on the downstream face. Details of grouting
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, procedures, including hole spacing, grout mix, equipment and grout takes, are given. A visual display of grout
Bangor, pp 255-264. Thomas Telford, London take is given showing the large variability. Borehole permeability tests were carried out subsequent to grouting
with limited data being presented. A maximum permeability of 3 x 10-8m/s was measured. The remedial grouting
stopped the leakage.
1998 Millmore MILLMORE J P, STABLES J F and SHANNON F E Luxhay Instrumentation, Seepage & Leakage from this 19m high puddle clay core dam was first observed in 1969, some 64 years after construction.
(1998). The rehabilitation of Luxhay dam, Somerset. The leakage, Diaphragm & slurry Leakage progressively became larger with the phreatic surface close to the surface of the downstream
prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. Proceedings of trench walls embankment and running water appeared at the toe in 1994 when the reservoir was full. Leakage stopped
10th British Dam Society Conference, Bangor, pp 265- abruptly when the reservoir was drawn down by only 1m indicating leakage across the top of the core. A single
275. Thomas Telford, London. phase cement-bentonite slurry trench wall was installed to a depth of 4m. Details of wall construction and
properties of the cement bentonite. Concerns about the relative brittleness of the cement -bentonite to the
puddle clay are described.
1998 Barr BARR K M H, BERRY C W and BARKER P J (1998). The Broadwood Loch Diaphragm & slurry trench Broadwood Loch is a 6m high flood storage reservoir formed from an earth embankment. The requirement to
use of a composite HDPE membrane/bentonite-cement walls, Flood storage have a permanent water feature and therefore the need to prevent complete summer drawdown led to the
slurry trench cut-off at Broadwood Loch, Cumbernauld. reservoirs, Geomembranes, requirement for an effective foundation cut-off in the alluvial deposits. Although various cut-off methods were
The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. New materials considered the contractors experience in landfill and pollution containment led to the use of single phase
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, cement-bentonite slurry wall with a 2mm thick HDPE membrane. Details of design, construction method and
Bangor, pp 276-291. Thomas Telford, London. quality control of the slurry mix are given. Installation of the membrane and the membrane interlocks are
described. Particular attention was paid to the interface of the cut-off and the embankment above. This is the
first known application of a slurry trench foundation cut-off using a HDPE membrane.
1998 Wilson WILSON A C and ROBERTSHAW A C (1998). Winscar Winscar Asphaltic concrete, Grouting The paper provides an excellent summary of the construction of embankment dams with upstream asphaltic
dam: investigations and repairs to asphaltic concrete concrete in the UK. The particular membrane construction with two layers of dense asphaltic concrete (DAC) is
membrane. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st described in detail. Problems shortly after first filling included leakage through the membrane above the culvert
century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society and through the left abutment. Blisters and cracks have been reported on a number of occasions and a total of
Conference, Bangor, pp 292-302. Thomas Telford, 47 were investigated and repaired in 1996. During these investigations it was found that debonding had
London. occurred between the two layers of DAC. It was concluded that provided the present thickness of DAC remains
in place on the upstream face the membrane will be able to resist wave impact for many years and that if the
upper layer is discounted, the lower layer provides a reasonable degree of security against leakage for many
years.
1998 Hughes HUGHES R A N (1998). Raising Llysyfran and Brianne Llyn Brianne, Llysyfran Heightening Both reservoirs were originally constructed for river regulation to support abstraction further downstream and
dams. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. were designed to allow for future raising. Llysyfran is a mass concrete dam constructed in 1972 and was raised
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, 1.69m using anchored precast concrete blocks on the spillway crest. The parapet wall was strengthened to
Bangor, pp 303-314. Thomas Telford, London. resist higher flood surcharge loads and forces created by wave action. Llyn Brianne is a 90m high rolled clay
core rockfill dam also completed in 1972. The extension to the core was formed using a 1m wide mass concrete
wall extending over the full length of the dam.
1998 Long LONG P G de Lande and SCOTT C W (1998). The Rufford Lake Mining subsidence, Mining subsidence over many years under Rufford Lake, a Category C reservoir, has resulted in reduction of
restoration of Rufford Lake. The prospect for reservoirs in Environment/social/planning, freeboard of the 4m high dam and restoration works on a number of occasions. Recent subsidence resulted in
the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Flood estimation/hydrology the dam not meeting the required flood standards and a reduction in lake level to reinstate the freeboard had left
Conference, Bangor, pp 315-328. Thomas Telford, a large area of the lake dry. Flood calculations and spillway modifications are presented. Reprofiling of the main
London. spillway was carried out using monoslabs similar to those existing to achieve a grassed appearance.
Overtopping resulted in disruption of the monoslabs and the construction of textured concrete paving.
1998 Hughes HUGHES A K and BEECH C J (1998). Ireland colliery Ireland Colliery Mining subsidence, Overflow During reclamation of the former Ireland Colliery, a lake was created by deep mining subsidence and was
reservoir: a reservoir created by deep mining subsidence. works, Flood identified as a Category C large raised reservoir because of the volume of water which had become impounded
The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. estimation/hydrology, behind a former railway embankment. An AR Panel Engineer was appointed to assist in the design and
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, Upstream slope protection construction of the new reservoir. Inspection, determination of the flood flow, the design and construction of the
Bangor, pp 329-341. Thomas Telford, London. new works and performance of the new reservoir are described. The stability and water tightness of the old
railway embankment needed to be established. This included assessing the condition of a buried bridge and
culverts within the embankment. These were excavated and replaced with new structures. Soil parameters for
permeability and strength are presented.
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1998 Gallacher GALLACHER D, DOAKE R M and HAY-SMITH D (1998). Megget Upstream slope protection, Damage has occurred at an unacceptable frequency to the rip-rap protection on the upstream face of the 56m
Remedial works to the upstream face protection, Megget Wind & waves high Megget Dam since first filing in 1983. Independent wind-wave investigations have demonstrated that wave
Reservoir. The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. heights exceeded the designed wave height. Value planning studies for five alternative schemes including
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, flattening the existing slope, provision of blockwork, and floating breakwater to ensure minimum long term
Bangor, pp 342-358. Thomas Telford, London maintenance in the long term indicated that bituminous grouting was the preferred option. Its satisfactory
performance was proved by site trials. Pattern grouting of the existing face was adopted to obtain the benefits of
void filling while mitigating the detrimental effects of grouting by providing drainage areas. Design methods are
given to calculate the grouting pattern. The grouting trials are described in detail. Resistance to uplift was
increased by grouting by a factor of at least 10 to 20. The construction arrangements for the first stage to grout
the upper zone of the embankment are given together with various performance tests.
1998 Scuro SCURO A M and VASCHETTI G L (1998). A drained Bovilla (Albania), Pracana (Portugal), New materials A valuable summary of the use of geomembranes to control leakage on dams is given for European dams.
synthetic geomembrane system for rehabilitation and Chambon, Illsee (Switzerland), Sa Different materials have included butyl rubber, PVC, bituminous membranes and impregnated geotextiles, but
construction of dams. The prospect for reservoirs in the Forada (Italy) PVC is most commonly used. The advantages of a drained system are outlined in which the liner is an
21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society independent layer fixed to the upstream face of the dam by mechanical means. This allows any leakage through
Conference, Bangor, pp 359 - 372. Thomas Telford, the membrane to drain and prevents membrane lift-off due to excess pressure when the reservoir is drawn
London down. Construction details of its use on deteriorating concrete gravity dams are given and in particular the
anchorage system which also facilitates drainage. The system has been used on the rehabilitation of
embankment dams with asphaltic concrete membrane and as the only waterproofing element on a 91m high
embankment dam where the membrane was covered by concrete slabs. It has also been used on RCC dams
and has been installed underwater.
1988 Gallacher GALLACHER D and MANN R J (1998). Stabilisation of Tai Tai Tam Tuk (Hong Kong) Drainage, Dynamic behaviour The stability of the masonry faced mass concrete 49m high dam was found to be inadequate under extreme
Tam Tik Dam, Hong Kong. The prospect for reservoirs in & analysis, Instrumentation, earthquake conditions using contemporary design standards. A study of pore pressures in the dam and its
the 21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Uplift/overturning in concrete foundations indicated that significant improvement in stability could be achieved by internal drainage. The
Conference, Bangor, pp 373 -387. Thomas Telford, dams detailed installation of the piezometers and observations are presented. The results of stability analyses for both
London Operational Basis and Safety Evaluation earthquake using a two-dimensional pseudo-dynamic analysis are
presented for various sections. Factors of safety for overturning, sliding and tensile stress are presented for
before and after drainage installation. The improved stability is dependent on effective drainage being
maintained to control pore water at the dam/foundation interface and in the lower part of the dam.
1998 Sims SIMS G P and TEDD P (1998). The ICOLD Committee on Guides & surveys The work of the ICOLD committee followed on from the publication of Bulletin 93 Age of Dams and Appurtenant
Rehabilitation of Dams. The prospect for reservoirs in the Works. The requirement for rehabilitation is discussed in terms of safety and economic loss eg loss of hydro-
21st century. Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society power or irrigation. The distinctions between maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading are made. The structure
Conference, Bangor, pp 388 - 397. Thomas Telford, of the proposed bulletin is outlined. Examples of rehabilitation techniques are given including dealing with ASR
London. in concrete dams, internal erosion and problems with gates and other discharge equipment. Research needs
are outlined.
1998 Taylor TAYLOR C A and DANIELL W E (1998). Recent Dynamic behaviour & analysis Standard finite element packages with appropriate concrete material models can be configured to handle the
developments in the seismic analysis of concrete dams. non-linear behaviour of a dam, its reservoir and foundation. Work is focusing on how standard non-linear
The prospect for reservoirs in the 21st century. analysis tools can be used both to improve understanding of the fundamental seismic behaviour of dams and to
Proceedings of 10th British Dam Society Conference, play a valid part in seismic safety assessment. Research has concentrated on dams typical of the UK in terms of
Bangor, pp 398-411. Thomas Telford, London. size and earthquake loading characteristics. Meaningful dynamic analysis must reflect the principal mechanical
aspects of the problem. The following are discussed: input motion, structural response, material behaviour, fluid
structure interaction and foundation-structure interaction.
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Proceedings of 11th BDS Conference. Bath, 2000.

Dams 2000 - Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, University of Bath
2000 MacDonald MACDONALD D E and SCOTT C W (2000). Design Flood estimation, hydrology, Design flood estimation methods that are routinely used for reservoir catchments in the UK are discussed in the
floods for UK reservoirs - a personal view of current light of the publication of the Flood Estimation Handbook. The application of FSR rainfall-runoff to derive flood
issues. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam events, that are required to assess whether the existing freeboard and outflow arrangements of a particular dam
Society Conference, Bath, pp 1-11. Thomas Telford, meet the flood and wave surcharge standards recommended in the ICE guide on Flood and Reservoir Safety,
London. has significantly increased the magnitude of the design flood resulting in numerous enlargements and
improvements to spillways. The paper discusses the FSR rainfall run-off method, catchment characteristics,
design storm precipitation and percentage run-off. It is concluded that to improve the quality of reservoir flood
estimates there is a need to move away from parameters derived from catchment characteristics.
2000 MacDonald MACDONALD D E and SCOTT C W (2000). Revised Adlington, Angram, Brent, Egnant, Flood estimation/ hydrology FEH is understood to provide an advance on the corresponding rainfall estimation methods provided by the 1975
design storm rainfall estimates obtained from the Flood Llysyfran, Neuadd Lower, Olton, FSR. This advance is partly due to improved data analysis and mapping techniques and partly due to the larger
Estimation Handbook (FEH). Dams 2000. Proceedings of Ravensthorpe, Slade Lower, Stocks rainfall database available. A comparison of 10,000 year rainfall from FEH and FSR at ten reservoir catchments
11th British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 12-13. shows that the FEH values are significantly larger than the FSR values. A high degree of uncertainty with one of
the methods is indicated.
2000 Dempster DEMPSTER K J, MACDONALD A and COWAN L A Cluanie, Dundreggan, Loyne Dam break studies, Outlet Inundation studies on all 76 reservoirs belonging to Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) are being carried out as
(2000). Reservoir inundation studies: a concrete dam and intake works, Spillway part of the development of risk based dam safety and asset management systems. Concrete dams predominate.
owner's perspective. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th gates and barriers, Hazard & At 16 of the reservoirs, large flood gates form a dominate feature of the dam structure. Consideration was given
British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 14-27. Thomas risk management to the flows which could be generated by dam failure, gate failure or malfunction, bottom outlet failure and
Telford, London. various extreme flood events. The majority of the reservoirs are in multi-reservoir cascade systems with the
downstream dam being required to pass considerable floods. A pilot study of the Glenmoriston catchment
involving three dams is described in detail. Dam breach is discussed in relation to the application of computer
modelling package DAMBRKUK by considering inflow conditions, cascade conditions, valley roughness, time of
breach formation, spillway capacity and breach dimensions. Several breach configurations were considered from
single monolith failure to entire dam failure. The studies meet SSE's objectives of knowing and understanding the
hazards associated with their dams and reservoirs as part of the dam safety programme.
2000 Rowland ROWLAND A (2000). Bohernabreena Reservoirs, Dublin: Bohernabreena (Ireland) Flood estimation/hydrology The upper and lower Bohernabreena dams were completed in 1887. In 1974 flood studies identified the
the impact of Hurricane Charlie, Dams 2000. Proceedings capacities of both spillways to be inadequate for the required PMF as Category A reservoirs. In 1986, an off
of 11th British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 28-35. shoot from hurricane Charlie passed over Ireland and nearly 200mm of rainfall fell in 24 hours causing damage to
Thomas Telford, London. both spillways. Flood routings and flood rise for different flood events are presented. Spillway choking at the
restricted bridge section and possible scouring at the toe of the dam of the Upper dam are discussed. Although
the weir length of both spillways is theoretically adequate for the design flood, throttling of the flow within the
discharge channel severely restricts the discharge capacity. Model testing of proposed modifications to the
spillways to take the PMF is described.
2000 Tarrant TARRANT F R and ROWLAND A (2000). Prediction of Dam break studies Based on the results of over 150 dam break analyses using the dam break program DAMBRK, as modified in the
downstream destruction following dam failure: no quick UK, an attempt has been made to relate the extent of damage to dam height, reservoir volume and valley slope.
solution. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam The most significant parameter affecting extent of damage is dam height but the scatter is considerable.
Society Conference, Bath, pp 36-41. Thomas Telford, However, the parameter of valley shape needs to be considered for each individual reservoir when estimating the
London. potential extent of downstream damage. The results of the research confirms that the extent of damage and
inundation downstream can only be made by a full dambreak assessment. The use of simple formulae or set
distances in determining a hazard classification for a major dam is not appropriate.
2000 Morris MORRIS M W (2000). CADAM: A European Concerted Dam break studies Ten European countries have been involved in a project to review dambreak modelling codes and practice from
Action Project on Dambreak Modelling. Dams 2000. first principles through to application in order to identify best practice. Topics included analysis and modelling of
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, flood wave propagation, breaching of embankments and dambreak sediment effects. Both breach models and
Bath, pp 42-53. Thomas Telford, London. flood routing models were considered. It was found in a dam break study that breach formation prediction, debris
and sediment effects and modeller assumptions contribute greatly to potential prediction errors.
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2000 Ackers ACKERS J C (2000). Early siphon spillways. Dams 2000. Laggan, Dunalastair, Brent Siphon spillways This valuable paper gives an account of the origins and early use of siphon spillways in Britain and overseas
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, (USA, India and Hong Kong). The basic principles of siphon operation are summarised. The retrofitting of siphons
Bath, pp 54-63. Thomas Telford, London. at Brent reservoir originally constructed in 1835, is illustrated. Useful references to early use and testing are
given. Siphons remain an effective method of discharging flood water from reservoirs with only a small rise in
flood level. Probably the greatest discouragement to the use of siphons arises from the combined effects of
standards of acceptable risk, flood severity, hydrological uncertainty and advances in hydrological science, which
have generally conspired to increase the required design discharges for reservoir spillways over the years.
2000 Ackers ACKERS J C and SCOTT C W (2000). Dam innovation - a Adlington, Arley, Barbrook, Cae Llwyd, Outlet & intake works, Case histories describing unusual features at a number of dams including flood gates, tipping flood gates, metal
selection of innovative features and curiosities. Dams Fontburn, Pendinas, Rivington Upper, Overflow works, Upstream wave walls and protection. At Fontburn embankment dam, completed in 1903, an auxiliary spillway with tipping
2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Rivington Lower, Ty Mawr, slope protection, spillway fusegates was constructed in 1958 to meet flood requirements. Reference is made to the larger tipping fuse
Conference, Bath, pp 64-71. Thomas Telford, London. Worthington, Yeoman Hay gates gates at Greenfield and Yeoman Hey. Galvanised sheeting, 3 feet high, had been used as wave protection at
Cae Llwyd which lasted from construction in 1883 until 1983 when it was replaced with a concrete wall following
flood reassessment. At Ty Mawr, completed in 1907, another metal wave wall 3 feet high was replaced in 1983
with a concrete wall to meet new flood requirements. At one of the dams forming Pendinas reservoir, a steel
highway crash barrier had been used to support additional riprap of the upper part of the inner slope. At Barbrook
reservoir fires use to be lit at the foot of the valve tower to prevent draw-off pipes from freezing.
2000 Carter CARTER I C, DICKSON S C and HILL M J (2000). Green Withens Outlet & intake works Leaking valves and pipework at 19th century earth dams are a common problem and little attention seems to
Refurbishment of the scour facilities at Green Withens have been given by the designers for future refurbishment or replacement of deteriorating components which can
reservoir. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam present major difficulties if the operators need to maintain water supplies. A detailed account of the investigation
Society Conference, Bath, pp 72-80. Thomas Telford, and options for refurbishment of the leaking valves at Green Withens dam is given. At Green Withens, the
London. problem is due to the encasement of the valves inside 10m of concrete and brick infill. The work involved partial
removal of the valve as health and safety regulations precluded work inside the pipe. Removal of the gate found
the gate seal face to be uneven and would not seal against a flat surface. Although skimming the face reduced
the leakage, the problem was assumed to lay in the worn pitted sealing ring which could not be repaired without
emptying the reservoir. The use of Value Management Workshops involving all interested parties is described.
2000 Townshend TOWNSHEND P D (2000). Towards total acceptance of Belfast (South Africa) Spillway gates & barriers Dam raising alternatives using various options of gated spillways are assessed. The merits of fully mechanical,
fully automated spillway gates. Dams 2000. Proceedings semi-mechanical, fusible and fully automatic gates are discussed. The paper promotes fully automated spillway
of 11th British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 81-94. gates and describes two types of fully automatic spillway gates; Fluid Dynamics Systems (FDS) crest gates and
Thomas Telford, London. TOPS gates. The operation of the two types of gate is clearly illustrated. By 2000, more than 10 sites in Southern
Africa have used FDS crest gates for 10 years and TOPS gates were being installed in Southern Africa and
Australia.
2000 Noble NOBLE M and LEWIN J (2000). Three cases of gate Dundreggan, Teddington Weir, Spillway gates & barriers At Dundreggan dam, vibration of one of the radial gates occurred at low openings. An unusual gate lip design
vibration. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Torrumbarry (Australia) resulted in fatigue cracks at stress concentrations in the web of vertical beams stiffening the gate skin plate
Society Conference, Bath, pp 95-107. Thomas Telford, assembly. Detailed illustration of flow between the sill beam and gate lip at low openings that caused the
London. vibration is given. Alterations and repairs of the gate lip and stiffener beams are described. Severe vibration of
the new radial gates at Teddington Weir occurred during flow under the gates due to intermittent flow
reattachment at the timber block seals. The gates can be operated in the overflow mode when they act as weirs
or as conventional undershoot radial gates. The modification to the sill to produce a sharp cut off at the point of
discharge to avoid gate vibration due to flow reattachment is shown. The third example of vibration of gates is
associated with the new weir at Torrumbarry on Australia's Murray river. Vibration occurred over a limited range
of partial gate opening caused by periodic shedding of eddies at the lip of the gates.
2000 May MAY P E and HALLOWES G R (2000). Deterioration of Spillway gates & barriers A detailed description of the radial spillway gate at an overseas dam is given showing the location of the steel
pre-tensioned bars retaining radial spillway gates leading box trunnion beams that is secured by pretensioned reinforcing bars to the concrete piers of the spillway
to failure and loss of tension - a case study. Dams 2000. monolith. The gates are 15m wide and 15m high. An investigation showed that a number of the 29m long 26mm
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, diameter reinforcing bars had failed or lost their tension. Lack of provision for replacement of the bars made
Bath, pp 108-119. Thomas Telford, London. remedial works difficult. The bars were replaced with steel strands similar to those used in ground anchors which
had double protection against corrosion.
2000 Gosden GOSDEN J D and BROWN A J (2000). A guide to the Guides & surveys, A useful introduction to A Guide to the Reservoirs Act, 1975 which was published by the Institution of Civil
Reservoirs Act 1975. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th Legislation, Engineers in 2000. The background, purpose and preparation of the Guide are described. The contents are
British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 120-131. outlined including background to the history and administration of the Reservoirs Act, a description of all
Thomas Telford, London. Statutory Instruments and guidance relating to reservoir safety. To facilitate the identification of relevant sections
of the Act and the associated Statutory Instruments six flow charts have been developed, one of which is
presented in the paper. Common questions on the application of the Act which required considerable discussion
to achieve a consensus of opinion are described in the paper.
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2000 Charles CHARLES J A (2000). Reservoir safety and quality Hazard & risk management, In the context of reservoir safety, quality should be taken to mean delivering the required high level of safety
management. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Safety surveillance without excessive cost. The publication of the series of Engineering guides, including A guide to the Reservoirs
Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 132-147. Thomas Act 1975 should encourage a more formal application of relevant quality management principles to reservoir
Telford, London. safety. It is concluded that to attempt to make reservoir safety fit an existing quality management methodology
based on customer satisfaction should be avoided. Total quality management is defined and discussed in the
context of reservoir safety. Difficulties in the application of total quality management to the health service illustrate
some of the difficulties that are encountered in reservoir safety. The relevance of quality management to
undertakers, enforcement authorities and panel engineers in enhancing reservoir safety is discussed.
2000 Hughes HUGHES A K, HEWLETT H W M and ELLIOT C (2000). Hazard & risk management The work undertaken for the CIRIA Report C542 "Risk Management for UK Reservoirs" is described. The
Risk management for UK reservoirs. Dams 2000. application of the methodology, and its relationship with current reservoir legislation and various guidance
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, documents is discussed. Specific benefits of the application of risk assessment procedures to reservoir safety
Bath, pp148-158. Thomas Telford, London. includes: prioritising the implementation of safety recommendations and remedial works, identifying possible
failure modes requiring detailed investigation and analysis, preparation of emergency plans for dam operation
and interaction with the emergency services. The semi-quantitative approach, Failure Modes, Effect and
Criticality Analysis (FMECA), is adopted. The FMECA approach involves the use of a Location, Cause, Indicator
(LCI) diagram which shows various elements within a dam and how they may contribute to possible failure.
Analyses of incidents, impact assessment and emergency planning are discussed.
2000 Gosden GOSDEN J D and BROWN A J (2000). Safety issues at Bury Hill Lake, Epsom Pond, Lower Seepage & leakage, Internal Experience with safety issues on small reservoirs in southern England that are registered under the Reservoir Act
small reservoirs. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Pond, Philimore Lake erosion/filters, Legislation but in general do not pose a significant threat to public safety are reviewed. The dams are often old and therefore
Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 159-172. Thomas not constructed to modern standards. Over 50% of the 60 dams considered have long standing seepages and
Telford, London. 20% have been overtopped. The distributions of small and large reservoirs in the UK in terms of height, capacity
and flood risk are presented. The majority of the small reservoirs have a Flood Risk Category of C or D and
therefore pose negligible risk of loss of life. Many small reservoirs are owned by private individuals to whom the
cost of maintenance can be a major burden. Typical problems include woodland on the crest and downstream
slope, no effective drawoff facilities for emptying the reservoir. Repair techniques for leaking small dams usually
involved construction of a toe drain or filter at the downstream end of the seepage. A number of case histories of
repairs to small dams are presented.
2000 Good GOOD M W (2000). Emerging concepts in risk Hazard & risk management, The paper describes the use of the Project Risk Advisory concept in response to the demand for fresh ideas in
management: some innovative suggestions and solutions the financing of projects and the mitigation of associated risks. The roles of the Project Risk Advisor are - Risk
for the dam industry. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th Identification and Analysis, Risk Allocation Consulting, Financial Engineering, and Financial Advisory and
British Dam Society Conference, pp 173-180. Thomas Sourcing of Risk Capital. The issue of who buys insurance for a contract is discussed. The project risk advisor
Telford, London. has the task of assisting the parties in balancing risk and reward. It is concluded that a role has been defined in
which the residual risks inherent in dams projects can be transparently allocated into financial vehicles with the
objective of making projects more economically viable.
2000 Tedd TEDD P, SKINNER H D and CHARLES J A (2000). Databases The formation of a national dams database commenced in 1987 and it contains information on the stock of dams
Developments in the British national dams database. whose reservoirs come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act 1975. Objectives of the database included
Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society provision of a register of dams whose reservoirs come within the ambit of the Reservoirs Act and to assemble
Conference, pp 181-189. Thomas Telford, London. data on dam failures and incidents to allow some form of risk assessment to be carried out. The paper presents
information on the population of dams in terms of location, dam type, ownership category and Flood category. A
severity classification system for incidents and remedial works is presented. The distribution of problem/incident
type as a function of date recorded shows the predominance of leakage and internal erosion, whereas remedial
works to overflow works are greater than those related to internal erosion. (As of 2007 the database has been
transferred to the Environment Agency. ed)
2000 Clifton CLIFTON S (2000). Environmental assessment of Environment/social/planning The paper reviews the effect of environmental impact on the successful planning application to construct a
reservoirs as a means of reducing the disbenefit/benefit reservoir. Successful planning applications in the UK have become increasingly rare partly because of the
ratio. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society environmental impact of the reservoir. The growth in UK and European environmental legislation is reflected in
Conference, pp 190-198. Thomas Telford, London. national and local planning policy. It is likely that any reservoir that comes within the Act will require a formal
Environmental Statement. The characteristic environmental impacts of reservoirs are summarised in terms of
disbenefits and potential benefits. However, many areas now occupied by reservoirs are protected through
statutory designations such as AONB and SSSI. In most cases, they came into being after construction of the
reservoir. Where mitigation measures are not possible the benefits need to be promoted.
2000 Gosschalk GOSSCHALK E M and RAO K V (2000). Environmental Aswan High (Egypt), Sardar Sarovar Environment/social/planning Environmental objections to the construction of new reservoirs have increased significantly since the 1950s,
implications - benefits and dis-benefits of new reservoir (India), Three Gorges (China) largely because many schemes were built without sufficient understanding of the environment and the loss of
projects. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society homes and livelihood of local inhabitants. The aspirations of the World Commission on Dams to resolve the
Conference, pp 199-211. Thomas Telford, London. controversy over the adverse impacts and benefits are described. Three reservoir schemes are described where
there have been effective objections.
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2000 Staniforth STANIFORTH R I (2000). The potential for future dam Environment/social/planning The benefits of dams and associated environmental impacts of dams are reviewed and areas of compromise are
construction in the United Kingdom: appreciating the considered. The need to reconcile the aspirations of promoters and detractors if both environmental and public
benefits and accommodating the impacts. Proceedings of interests are to be satisfied is discussed. Benefits covered include catchment regulation, river quality
11th British Dam Society Conference, pp 212-225. management, sustaining navigation, availability of strategic storage, hydropower, provision of amenities.
2000 Turpin TURPIN T J (2000). Environmental impacts of dams: the Cabn Coch, Chew Valley Lake, Pen-y- Environment/social/planning A brief historical background of reservoir construction and the development of environmental objections on more
changing approach to mitigation. Dams 2000. Gareg recent schemes are described. The creative design approach which is currently adopted in England and Wales
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, pp where land is scarce and population density is high, can offer useful guidance to designers of new reservoirs
226-239. Thomas Telford, London. overseas where enhancement of habitat and amenity will be an increasing requirement. Three case studies are
presented to illustrate mitigation measures that have been undertaken to offset environmental and other impacts
of reservoir construction. The planning of and opposition to the Elan valley reservoirs to supply Birmingham in
the late 1800s are summarised. The second case history is that of Chew Valley Lake completed in 1956 to
supply Bristol which involved "injurious effects on amenities, natural history and beauty of the area." However, by
1972 the lake was designated as a SSSI and later a Special Protection Area for birds under the EC Birds
Directive. The third case history is that of the Axe Valley where because of environmental objections and
objection from the NRA, the reservoir was not built.
2000 Thomas THOMAS C, KEMM H and McMULLAN M (2000). Environment/social/planning The identification of the possible environmental impacts consequent upon development of a reservoir normally
Environmental evaluation of reservoir sites. Dams 2000. follows the guidelines set out in European and national legislation, including the requirements of the Town and
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999. The range of
Bath, pp 240-250. Thomas Telford, London. environmental assessment issues such as water quality, land use and agriculture and the natural environment
are listed. A ranked matrix approach and scoring system is described to aid comparison of the environmental
impacts from a large number of sites. A case study is given to evaluate the technical and environmental issues
associated with seven potential reservoir sites in order to reduce the options to two preferred sites.
2000 Halcro- HALCRO-JOHNSTON J and JACKSON E A (2000). A few Akhangaran, Chimkurgan Flood estimation/hydrology, The safety of the large dams of high hazard in the catchment of the two main rivers of central Asia is causing
Johnston problems with Central Asia's large dams. Dams 2000. (Uzbekistan), Bugan, Chardara Seismic assessment, international concern in the context of measures to save the Aral Sea. Based on the safety assessment of ten
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, (Kazakhstan), Kayrakkum, Nurek Emergency plans, Outlet & dams, the paper describes particular features that reflect Soviet design and construction practice, assesses some
Bath, pp 251-261. Thomas Telford, London. (Tajikistan), Kopetdag, Hauzhan intake works, of the changes in operating conditions for the dams and categorises perceived deficiencies in safety standards.
(Turkmenistan), Toktogul, Uchkutgan The ten dams include Nurek, a 300m high rockfill embankment. Features assessed included spillways, low level
(Kyrgyzistan) outlets, embankment construction, slope protection, power outlets, and hydro-mechanical equipment. Few of the
dams have conventional spillways with flood management depending on using part of the storage capacity to
attenuate peak discharges. The only analytical work undertaken was the routing of the original design flood
hydrographs through the reservoirs. Management of sediment and seismic assessment is discussed. The
authors have recommended emergency risk mitigation measures.
2000 Jackson JACKSON E A and HINKS J L (2000). Dam safety in Kirov, Papan, Orto Tokoi, Karabura, Flood estimation/hydrology, As part of the World Bank programme for safety assessment and rehabilitation of dams in central Asia, work was
Kyrgyz Republic. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Ala Archa, Spartak, Bazar Kurgan Seismic assessment, Outlet carried out to achieve an acceptable level of safety for irrigation dams in Kyrgyzstan. A brief background to the
Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 262-271. Thomas (Kyrgyzstan) & intake works, Hazard & risk country is given. About 80% of the discharge in rivers derives from glacier melt water and snow melt, it is a
Telford, London. management seismically active region having experienced a 8.2 magnitude event in 1911 and there is the additional hazard to
reservoirs of glacial lake outbursts. Information is given on seven dams, one of them is a hollow gravity dam
which was unique in the Soviet Union and there are two gravel dams with central grouted core zones. The
assessment of the dams included seismic performance, spillways, flood flows and drawdown capability. Seismic
behaviour is a matter of concern where soils are susceptible to liquefaction.
2000 Molyneux MOLYNEUX J D (2000). Monitoring and planning mudflow Slope stability, Hazard & risk Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991 causing lahars and mudflows due to the very heavy rain falling on volcanic ash
control works following Mt Pinatubo eruption. Philippines. management filled rivers surrounding the mountain. The eruption and the hazard posed by lahars long after the eruption are
Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society described. A study initiated by the Philippine government, involved monitoring and development of works to
Conference, Bath, pp 272-283. Thomas Telford, London. control sediment. The hydrology is dominated by tropical cyclones with daily rainfalls of 400mm causing floods
and landslides. Post eruption measures to contain the sediment engorged river and trap the silt included
construction of a series of dikes some of which were overtopped and washed away. The detailed design of a final
outer Mega dike, with an average height of 8m, which encloses an area of 80 km2 is described including
geotechnical parameters of the lahar fill and stability analysis.
2000 Gallacher GALLACHER D (2000). Leakage investigation and West Dam High Island reservoir, Seepage & leakage, West dam of High Island reservoir is a 69m high rockfill dam with a central asphaltic core completed in 1979.
remedial works, West Dam High Island reservoir, Hong (Hong Kong). Asphaltic concrete, Tracers, Flows into an internal drainage gallery downstream of the core indicated a rapid increase in leakage from the
Kong. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Grouting right abutment. A comprehensive borehole investigation including CCTV surveys and dye traces is described.
Society Conference, Bath, pp 285-297. Thomas Telford, The successful tube-a-manchette remedial grouting included superfine cement and chemical grouts with low
London. viscosity. Details of grout takes and borehole positions are shown. The most likely cause of leakage was the
failure of a bituminous filling to the joint in the mass concrete base slab below the asphaltic concrete core.
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2000 Scuero SCUERO A M, VASCHETTI G L and WILKES J A (2000). Lost Creek (USA) Concrete deterioration, Methods have been developed to install PVC geomembranes on the deteriorating upstream faces of concrete
New technologies to optimise remedial works in dams: Geomembranes dams faces when the reservoir has not been emptied. Lost Creek concrete arch dam in the USA, constructed in
underwater installation of waterproofing revetments. Dams 1924, had lost more than 30cm of concrete due to spalling on the downstream side arising from joints and high
2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society permeability concrete. Various methods to remediate the dam included downstream drainage and shotcrete
Conference, Bath, pp 298-310. Thomas Telford, London. reinforcement, RCC buttress, upstream chemical sealant, upstream shotcrete and upstream geomembrane
mechanically anchored. An assessment of cost, expected life, environmental impact and ability to install the
geomembrane system with the reservoir partially full led to the installation of the membrane. The installation
methods are described.
2000 Casey CASEY B and LOWERY M (2000). Grouting of Erne reservoir embankments 1,2,and Grouting, Internal Three homogeneous embankments with a total length of 1.1km and a maximum height of 9m were completed in
embankments at Cathaleen's Fall generating station on 3 (Ireland) erosion/filters, Seepage & 1949 to provide edge containment to a balancing reservoir for the river Erne hydro-electric scheme. The
the river Erne. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British leakage, Tracers embankments are formed of a glacial till with a shallow concrete filled core trench through which there was
Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 311-322. Thomas extensive grouting of the underlying jointed limestone. Over the life of the embankments grouting has been
Telford, London. undertaken on a number of occasions to reduce the possibility of internal erosion. Construction details and
embankment fill characteristics are given. Monitoring of springs and leakages with time and the effects of
grouting are presented. Observation of the behaviour of fluorescene dye and an emulsion paint facilitated the
identification of inlet regions of leaks. The emergence of grout beyond the downstream toe of the embankments
indicated that the residual overburden material provided the primary paths for leakage and potential internal
erosion.
2000 Pasteur PASTEUR C C (2000). Reconstruction of Lednock Dam Lednock Concrete deterioration, Lednock dam is a mass concrete buttress dam completed in 1957 and is the first in the UK to use pfa as cement
crest. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Concrete mix and cement replacement in the main body of the dam. Deterioration of the top 0.8m of the dam which did not use pfa has
Society Conference, Bath, pp 323-330. Thomas Telford, been caused by water ingress and frost action. Localised repairs had been carried out over a number of years. A
London. detailed testing programme undertaken to assess the durability of the concrete established it had adequate
strength but low and very variable cement content and therefore deterioration by frost was likely to continue. To
avoid future expensive piecemeal repairs, the entire 225m long crest excluding the spillway was reconstructed.
Design involved consideration of flood and seismic hazard. Details of the demolition and reconstruction are given
including of the concrete mix design which used blastfurnace slag.
2000 Hay HAY J, LOVENBURY H T and TYE D C (2000). The future Barcombe Reservoir operation, Slope The paper examines the difficulties in balancing the cost of repairs to an apparently safe 35 year old 4.5m high
of Barcombe Reservoir. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th stability, Legislation dam of a non-impounding reservoir against the asset value of the reservoir that is experiencing operational and
British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 331-344. water quality problems. The reservoir offers a balancing and contingency supply facility. However, water quality
Thomas Telford, London. due to algal growth limits its operational use. Management of the water quality is discussed. Details of
construction, ground conditions, embankment slips and large settlements associated with upstream embankment
instability are given. An investigation to assess the stability of the embankment encountered artesian water and
concluded stability was marginal at some locations such that remedial works were required. A general discussion
on stability of existing embankment dams which have not shown signs of instability is given. Various options
ranging from abandoning the reservoir to major remedial works are reviewed. It is concluded that the
implementation of a mandatory recommendation in the interests of safety under the Reservoirs Act may not be
straightforward at small reservoirs where the asset value of the reservoir is declining.
2000 French FRENCH D J, WOOLGAR M J and SAYNOR P (2000). Abberton Slope stability, Puddle clay, Geotechnical investigations have been undertaken to assess the present condition of Abberton dam prior to
Geotechnical investigations at Abberton Dam, Essex. Heightening consideration of options for raising the reservoir. The 16m high puddle clay core embankment dam suffered a
Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society major upstream slope stability failure towards the end of construction in 1937, nine days before the famous
Conference, Bath. pp 345-359. Thomas Telford, London. failure of Chingford dam. Rapid construction using "modern" earth moving equipment resulting in slow dissipation
of pore pressures was a contributory factor in both failures. Photographs of the earth moving equipment and the
failure are presented. Details of the construction, foundation, failure and reconstruction with much flatter slopes
are given. Detailed geotechnical investigations were undertaken between 1995 and 1997 to assess the feasibility
of raising the embankment. Continuous sampling using the Goudsche Machinefabriek system was used in the
core and puddle clay cut-off to a depth of 18m. Plots of undrained shear strength shows considerable scatter
depending on the test method. From the recent investigations it is concluded that the dam is in good condition.
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2000 Vaughan VAUGHAN P R, CHALMERS R W, MACKAY M (2000). Ladybower Slope stability, Puddle clay, The dam is the highest puddle clay core dam built in the UK and has been raised on a number of occasions to
Ladybower dam: analysis and prediction of settlement due Movement monitoring compensate for continuing settlements and to allow for increase in flood requirements to pass a PMF. Detailed
to long term operation. Dams 2000, Proceedings of 11th description of embankment construction, foundation and geotechnical properties of the core and fill are given.
British Dam Society Conference, Bath, pp 360-376. Records of crest settlement are presented. More active operation of the reservoir has shown the dam to be
Thomas Telford, London. susceptible to reservoir drawdown settlements and that settlements due to creep and consolidation account for
only a small proportion of the settlement. Raising the dam to compensate for future settlement led to a detailed
analysis of the settlement at Ladybower. The observations are compared with those at embankment dams in the
BRE study of drawdown settlements. Establishment of a settlement drawdown ratio allowed prediction of future
long term settlement provided the operation of the reservoir is known.
2000 Penman PENMAN A D M , HOSKINS C, TEDD P and Monkswood Diaphragm wall, Drainage, A case history of long term leakage through a puddle clay core dam when the reservoir level is close to TWL and
HARRISON G (2000). Monkswood reservoir - the leaking Seepage & leakage, Slope the associated investigations and remedial works are summarised. The dam, its foundation and construction in
Bath water. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam stability 1896 are described. A leak was found in 1931 and attempts made to cure it using grouting and sheet piles had
Society Conference, Bath, pp 377-387. Thomas Telford, limited success. The 1945 investigations showed that the amount of leakage was influenced by reservoir level
London. when it was within 3m of TWL and greatly increased when within 20cm. Geotechnical properties of the puddle
clay are given, the upper part having been injected with grout. Analysis of the stability of the embankment to
explain the leak though the core is presented. Monkswood is typical of many puddle clay core embankment dams
that have leaked only when the reservoir approaches TWL. Construction of a single phase cement-bentonite
slurry cut-off wall within the core in 1998 appears to have solved the leakage problems. The compatibility of the
relatively stiff cement-bentonite with the puddle clay is outlined in the paper.
2000 Andrews ANDREWS M E and DORNSTADTER J (2000). Rotton Park Instrumentation, Seepage & Seepage has been observed near the right abutment of the 10m high dam for a number of years. The seepage is
Investigations into seepage at Rotton Park reservoir using leakage, Tracers associated with shallow slope failures in several places and active internal erosion from the slope is taking place.
temperature distribution measurement. Dams 2000. The source of the leakage has been investigated by a network of piezometers. Analysis of the piezometric data
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, showed that the reservoir was contributing to the seepage but the steep hydraulic gradient across the dam
Bath, pp 388-401. Thomas Telford, London. implied the existence of an effective core and that leakage through the core was unlikely. Data suggested flow
through the south abutment consisting of permeable glaciofluvial material. To confirm the source of the observed
seepage ground temperature measurements were made. The GTC Kappelmeyer method of temperature
measurements using probes inserted into the embankment immediately downstream of the possible core
confirmed the absence of leakage through the dam.
2000 Over OVER V G and SWETTENHAM F K (2000). Leakage Guide Geophysical investigation, Guide reservoir is formed by three puddle clay core embankments designed by Bateman and raised by 0.9m in
investigations at Guide reservoir near Blackburn, Instrumentation, Seepage & 1854. In the summer of 1997 water was observed flowing across the toe area and a seepage path between the
Lancashire. Dams 2000. Proceedings of 11th British Dam leakage original dam and raised crest was initially suspected to be the cause of the water. The paper describes the
Society Conference, Bath, pp 402-416. Thomas Telford, foundation and construction of the dam including its raising. To investigate the source of the leakage a resistivity
London. survey was undertaken. The basics of resistivity measurements are described with respect to identifying zones of
seepage including the relationship between resistivity and "fractional volume of water." Various resistivity profiles
along the dam are presented. There were no signs of a low resistivity consistent with wet material at the base of
the raised section but an anomaly at 7.5m below crest level was identified and its extent was dependent on
reservoir level. It is suggested that drilling a borehole through the core halved its effective width which resulted in
hydraulic fracture of the core on rapid refilling.
2000 Broad BROAD R (2000). Construction of a cement-bentonite Pebley Diaphragm & slurry trench This late 18th century dam was built to supply water to the Chesterfield canal. It has had a history of long term
slurry trench cut-off at Pebley dam. Dams 2000. walls, Mining subsidence, leakage associated with mining subsidence and more recently when the reservoir level is close to TWL. The top
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, Slope stability, Seepage & berm of the dam became saturated and the stability of the dam was considered to be at risk. Leakage ceased
Bath, pp 417-424. Thomas Telford, London. leakage when the reservoir level fell to 0.35m below the overflow. A slump was found in the upstream pitching. The paper
concentrates on the specification and construction of a single phase slurry trench wall to stop the leakage. An
interesting detail at the top of the dam using an HDPE membrane is given.
2000 Tedd TEDD P and JEFFERIS S A (2000). Slurry trench cut-off Balderhead, Blashford Lakes, Diaphragm & slurry trench Since the repair of Balderhead dam in 1965, both diaphragm wall techniques and single phase slurry wall
walls to repair embankment dams in the UK. Dams 2000. Blenheim Lake, Broadwood Loch, walls methods have been used to repair leaking embankment dams. Historical developments and recent developments
Proceedings of 11th British Dam Society Conference, pp Cadney Carrs, Cod Beck, Doffcocker in the UK are described. Case histories of the use of both techniques are given. The specification for the required
425-438. Thomas Telford, London. Lodge, Earlswood Common, set properties of the single phase materials and concerns about their performance in terms of stiffness and
Elvington, Kielder, Little Testwood erodibility are discussed. Since 1981 only the single phase method has been used, largely because of cost
Lakes, Lluest Wen, Luxhay,
Monkswood, Ormsgill Lower, Pebley,
Withens Clough
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Proceedings of 12th BDS Conference. Dublin, 2002.

2002, Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, Dublin
2002 Fleming FLEMING E (2002). Some aspects of early Irish dam Dungannon Park, Pleasure lake Outlet & intake works Design, construction and performance of some early dams built before 1870 in Ireland are described. Detailed
construction. Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings Luttrellestown House, Lough Island sections through a number of old dams are given. The number is small as the Industrial Revolution of the 19th
of 12th British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 3-14. Reavy, Upper and Middle Woodburn, Century largely by-passed the country except for East Ulster. The oldest dams were for ornamental lakes. Both
Thomas Telford, London. Lower Vartry Smeaton and Jessop were involved in canal construction. Failures of canal embankments through peat since 1797
and as late as 1989 are described. Details of Lough Island Reavy dam and its problems, the first large dam to be
designed by Bateman, are presented. The incident of a split pipe at Lower Vartry on first filling and the problems
arising from the lack of an upstream control. The incident is described in Binnie's book Rainfall Reservoirs and
Water Supply published in 1913 to illustrate " the possibility of leaks along the line of a culvert built under a made
embankment and the folly of placing the valves at the outer end of the pipe".
2002 O'Keefe O'KEEFE J D (2002).The contribution to society of Irish Ardnacrusha, Carrigadrohid, Environment/social/planning, The history of dam construction for hydropower between 1925 and 1974 is summarised. The social and political
Hydro-electric dams. Reservoirs in a changing world. Cathleen's Falls, Cliff, Golden Falls, Internal erosion/filters impact of the major hydro-electric schemes (Shannon, Liffey, Erne, Lee and Clady, and the Turlough Hill Pumped
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, Inniscarra, Leixlip, Lough Erne, Storage) on the developing economy are outlined. Hydro generation accounted for 40% of electricity output in the
Dublin, pp 15-30. Thomas Telford, London. Pollaphuca, Turlough Hill. (Ireland) 1960s but had declined to 3% by 2000. Development of the Shannon river beginning in 1925, which involved three
concrete dams and more than 50 km of earth embankments, provided a boost to the largely agricultural economy.
Impact on fishing, navigation, flood alleviation and recreational benefits are discussed.
2002 Bridle BRIDLE R C, HOLOHAN J, GILLESPIE D, SMITH D A, Fullerton Pollan (Ireland) Grouting, Concrete A comprehensive description of the design, construction and performance of the 22.5m high dam completed 1997
FAWCETT S, MCINERNEY S, CARTER I C and EVANS temperature, Concrete mix is given. It has a central concrete gravity section which includes the spillway, flanked by rockfill clay core
R (2002). Design, construction and performance of and cement, embankments. An environmental impact assessment was undertaken with particular concerns about the salmon
Fullerton Pollan dam and reservoir, Co Donegal, Ireland. Environment/social/planning fishery. Fish lifts were incorporated into the dam. The rock foundation was grouted using the GIN (Grouting
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th Intensity Number). The concrete mix designs are given. GGBS cement replacement was used in the hearting
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 31-48. concrete to minimise thermal cracking. The embankment section shows the complex arrangements of the core,
Thomas Telford, London. filters and rockfill types. Geotechnical properties are given.
2002 McCulloch McCULLOCH C S (2002). Challenging values of dam Environment/social/planning The work of the World Commission on Dams reflects the sociological and environmental problems arising from the
builders. Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of construction of dam. The paper analyses 15 interviews with senior dam practitioners to discover the nature of the
12th British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 49-60. arguments used to justify dam construction.
2002 Jones JONES P E, ACKERS J C, and CHAUDHURY A (2002). Ghazi barrage (Pakistan) Environment/social/planning The Ghazi-Barotha hydropower project in Pakistan, due for completion in 2003, includes three reservoirs. One
Ghazi-Barotha hydropower project: social issues and reservoir which has been created by a gated barrage on the river Indus 7m downstream of Tarbela dam which will
engineering design. Reservoirs in a changing world. divert water into a 52km long power channel and provide additional operating head. The project demonstrates the
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, capacity of engineers and social scientists to work together to avoid severe social impacts. The Resettlement
Dublin, pp 61-72. Thomas Telford, London. Action Plan based on World Bank Operational Directives was regarded as a standard for "world best practice" and
was developed long before the work on the World Commission on Dams. Construction details of the Ghazi barrage,
the power channel and the power complex are given. Major social impacts are identified and mitigation measures
are described.
2002 Airey AIREY M (2002). RCC Construction at Tannur dam. Tannur (Jordan) Concrete mix and cement, The 60m high, RCC ( roller compacted concrete), Tannur dam was constructed between 1999 and 2001 to capture
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th Concrete temperature, Roller flash floods arising in a desert catchment some 150km south of Amman, Jordan. The paper concentrates on the
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 73-83. compacted concrete mix design of the concrete including cement replacement and aggregate selection to achieve the required
Thomas Telford, London. workability, strength and minimal heat of hydration. Laboratory and full scale trials are reported. The use and
advantages of the slope layer method of placing the concrete instead of the more conventional horizontal layer
system are described. The outer faces of the dam were formed using grout enriched RCC instead of the usual slip-
formed vibrated concrete. It was also used against the steep rock faces of the abutments.
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2002 Dempster DEMPSTER K J, MORISON A C, GALLOCHER S C and Glascarnoch, Lairg, Loichel, Monar, Seismic assessment, Hazard Initial work in the seismic assessment of the 90 dams belonging to Scottish and Southern Energy involved ranking
BU S (2002). Seismic assessment of Scottish dams. Mullardoch, Nant, Pitlochry, Sloy, & risk management all the dams and the selection of key dams for which a subjective seismic vulnerability index was developed to
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th complement the UK "seismic risk classification". Key dams were intended to be among those where seismic loading
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 87-99. was likely to be most critical but also to be representative of a group of other dams of similar design. Analyses on
Thomas Telford, London. gravity dams were carried out using both the traditional rigid block gravity method with pseudo-static seismic
loading and a 2-dimensional dynamic analysis using EAGD-SLIDE. Results are presented for Mullardoch and Nant
dams. Analyses for buttress, arch and embankment dams are also presented. The results of analyses indicate that
none of the dams have a significant risk of catastrophic failure under a 1:10,000 year design loading.
2002 Daniell DANIELL W E and TAYLOR C A (2002). Assessing the Glascarnoch Seismic assessment, Outlet & The seismic assessment of the 24.5m high reinforced concrete intake tower at Glascarnoch dam in Scotland
seismic performance of UK intake/outlet towers. intake works included a seismic "walkdown" inspection, ambient vibration tests and finite element analyses. The purpose of the
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th inspection was to identify vulnerable features in the operation and structure of the tower. Ambient vibration tests on
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 100-111. the tower were used to measure its modal properties which were then used to validate the finite element analysis.
Thomas Telford, London. The results of a preliminary elastic seismic analysis of the model using synthetic accelerograms indicated a non-
linear response and the requirement for further detailed analysis. The study showed that intake towers may be
vulnerable to damage from large earthquakes in the region.
2002 Scott SCOTT C W and BOMMER J J (2002). Seismic hazard in Seismic assessment, Hazard The literature on the seismicity of the UK is reviewed, in particular "An engineering guide to the seismic risk to
the UK – another look. Reservoirs in a changing world. & risk management dams in the United Kingdom" and "An application note to the guide". Options for assessing the seismic hazard to
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, critical structures are discussed. The deterministic and probabilistic approach to hazard assessment are outlined.
Dublin, pp 112-125. Thomas Telford, London. Comments on the seismic hazard maps in the published guidance and on the uncertainty of attenuation
relationships. The discussion highlights the uncertainties of prediction of ground motion characteristics for very rare
events.
2002 Rigby RIGBY P, WALTHALL S and GARDINER K D (2002). A Arnfield, Belmont, Hurst, Seismic assessment, Hazard Following publication of "An engineering guide to the seismic risk to dams in the United Kingdom" in 1991
methodology for seismic investigation and analysis of Rhodeswood, Rooden North, Rooden & risk management recommendations for seismic risk assessments were made by Inspecting Engineers under the Reservoirs Act
dams in the UK. Reservoirs in a changing world. South 1975. With potential assessments of 160 reservoirs, United Utilities undertook a pilot study on five dams with soil
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, parameters available from archive information. These provided pessimistic results when used in seismic analyses.
Dublin, pp 126-140. Thomas Telford, London. Initially it was concluded that archive information may be over conservative, the peak horizontal ground
acceleration of 0.25g used in the seismic analysis was probably too high, the predicted damage to ancillary
structures was over conservative and unlikely to lead to failure of the dam. The paper discusses the design of
ground investigations and laboratory testing needed to obtain realistic parameters and the development of a
methodology to determine the level of investigation required for dams in different seismic categories. The results of
analyses of the dams and a decision tree to determine whether a site specific ground investigation is required are
given.
2002 O'Mahony O'MANOHY B and HAUGH B (2002). Stability Leixlip (Ireland) Uplift/overturning in concrete Leixlip dam is a 23m high mass concrete dam constructed in 1952 on the river Liffey 20km upstream of Dublin. It is
reassessment an remedial works at Leixlip dam. dams, Post tensioning/ rock founded on stratified limestone interbedded with layers of weak gouge material which has raised concerns about its
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th anchors stability. Following a review of the stability of the dam in 1984 it was concluded that due to unfavourable orientation
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 143-154. of bedding planes and the presence of weak layers, the occurrence of tensile stresses could facilitate the ingress of
Thomas Telford, London. water to the weak layers with further weakening. To prevent this and to improve stability of the dam, 26
prestressed rock anchors were installed in 1990. Further testing of the gouge material undertaken in 1991/96 and
stability reassessment against sliding in 1997/98 indicated marginal factors of safety resulting in additional anchors
being installed in 1998/99. Details of the anchor installation are given.
2002 Bettzieche BETTZIECHE V and HEITEFUSS C (2002). Rehabilitation Fuerwigge, Gloer, Ennepe, Dreilager, Uplift/overturning in concrete Masonry dams built in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century to the "Inze" design did not have
of old masonry dams at full reservoir level - a comparison Brucher, Fuelbecke, Jubach, Hasper dams, Drainage inspection/drainage galleries. The problems of uplift due to inadequate drainage and its effect on dam stability were
of successful rehabilitation projects. Reservoirs in a (Germany) realised in the early 1980s. The finite element method has been used to show the effect on the pore pressures by
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society introducing drainage. Construction of drainage galleries using drill and blast methods and a full face boring
Conference, Dublin, pp 155-166. Thomas Telford, machine are illustrated. A comparison of construction methods and costs is given that includes the use of concrete
London. diaphragm walls to seal the dam.
2002 Heitefuss HEITEFUSS C and KNY H J (2002). Underwater work as Ennepe, Moehne, Verse (Germany) Outlet & intake works Rehabilitation and replacement of drawoff valves involving use of temporary seals (described as an emergency
a means for the rehabilitation of large hydraulic structures gate) and divers without emptying the reservoir are described at three dams belonging to the Ruhr River
under full operation and unrestricted water supply. Association in Germany. Detailed sections showing the works at the three dams are given. At the Moehne dam
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th which is a 40m high masonry dam of Intze design, the intake tunnel through the Intze wedge had to be reinforced
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 167-178. with a steel lining prior to placing the temporary valve at the upstream end of the tunnel and the refurbishment
Thomas Telford, London. works on the valves. At the 52m high Verse embankment dam, a new intake arrangement was constructed using
divers to house a temporary valve prior to replacement of a guard valve.
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2002 Padgett PADGETT I E and MORRISON K F (2002). Sluiceway Kotri barrage (Pakistan) Spillway gates and barriers The 910m wide Kotri barrage was constructed on the river Indus in 1959 with 44 gates. Throughout the 1980s,
isolation for gate replacement at Kotri Barrage in Pakistan. concerns were expressed about the rate of loss of metal thickness in the gates due to corrosion and erosive action
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th of of the silt laden Indus waters. By 1989, it was recommended that the gates should be replaced. As the barrage
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 181-192. had been designed without means to isolate individual sluiceways, a concept was developed comprising a floating
Thomas Telford, London. bulkhead gate which could be located between the upstream barrage piers. The paper describes the details of the
floating bulkhead and its operation.
2002 Lewin LEWIN J and LAVERY S (2002). Maintaining the Thames Thames barrier, Dartford barrier, Spillway gates and barriers The origin and nature of the Thames tidal defences are described. Their current reliability and their ability to cope
tidal defences in a century of climate change. Reservoirs Barking Creek with rising sea levels, higher storm surges and greater frequency of operation of movable tidal defence equipment
in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam is assessed. London and the Thames Estuary corridor are protected from tidal flooding by nine major barriers and
Society Conference, Dublin, pp 193-208. Thomas Telford, an additional 33 floodgates downstream of the Thames Barrier. Brief descriptions are given of some of these,
London. including the design and operation criteria of the Thames Barrier. Information on barrier closure is given together
with the reliability of the barrier. The effects of climate change on the predicted increased frequency of closure and
on the performance of the barrier are assessed.
2002 Townshend TOWNSHEND P D and LUND K A (2002). Flood control Avis (Namibia) Overflow works, Spillway Two 3.5m high by 11m long automatic spillway gates were fitted to the Avis earth embankment dam. It was
using the automatic tops spillway gates: a case study of gates & barriers necessary to limit the maximum discharge during the 1 in 100 years flood event to almost half the peak inflow to
the Avis dam, Namibia. Proceedings of 12th British Dam prevent flooding in Windhoek. The gates are automatic and self actuating. A description of the gates, design, model
Society Conference, Dublin, pp 209-217. Thomas Telford, testing and installation is given.
London.
2002 Enston ENSTON R P and LATHAM D C F (2002). The release of Cadney Carrs, Covenham Outlet & intake works The majority of seized valves are caused by lack of use resulting in scale and sediment deposits accumulating
large diameter draw-off and control valves. Reservoirs in a between the internal moving parts and the internal static components. A new method to release seized large
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society diameter draw-off valves in-situ by the injection of grease without dismantling is described. The method, which can
Conference, Dublin, pp 218-223. Thomas Telford, be applied to any type and size of valve, involves drilling a small hole in the bonnet of the valve that can be used to
London. insert a fibre optic endoscope via a special adaptor to facilitate visual inspection. Following visual assessment of
wear, deposit build up and actual position of the valve, a WRAS approved lubricant is injected via the adaptor. The
method and successful release of four valves at two dams are described.
2002 Hughes HUGHES R A N and KELLY P (2002). Remedial works at Brent Outlet & intake works, Brent dam is a 9m high puddle clay core dam originally built in 1835 which partially collapsed in 1841. Two culverts
Brent Reservoir to address leaking sluice gates. Overflow works, Siphon pass through the dam which are controlled by cast iron sluice gates at their upstream end. In 2001, severe vibration
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th spillways of the lifting mechanism occurred during operation of one of the gates and was found to be due to substantial
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 224-235. leakage through the top and bottom seals. The two sluices are an integral part of the overflow works which also
Thomas Telford, London. includes four fixed weirs, siphon spillways and emergency overflow over the crest. Details of inspections, lining of
the culverts with glass fibre reinforced plastic sewer units and installation of new penstocks on the downstream side
of the culverts are given. Despite the desire to undertake the work without emptying the reservoir for environmental
and amenity reasons, it had to be emptied for safety reasons.
2002 Briscoe BRISCOE A, GEORGE A A, CARTER I C and GRUNDY Piethorne Outlet & intake works The outlet culvert (tunnel) and pipework refurbishment undertaken at the 22m high puddle clay core Piethorne dam
P (2002). Refurbishment of outlet tunnel and associated constructed in 1858/63 are described. The masonry lined outlet culvert which provides access for some 20m
pipework at Piethorne Reservoir. Reservoirs in a changing upstream of the core, was in a poor structural condition at the 1998 inspection despite the use of brick pillars and
world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society bulkheads to stabilise it in the 1960s. The works included filling the culvert with foam concrete over its entire length,
Conference, Dublin, pp 236-246. Thomas Telford, lining the 140 year old pipework with polyethylene liner, refurbishment of valves on the drawoff pipe and provision
London. of hydraulically actuated control (Knife) guard valves on the upstream end of the lined pipes to replace the old
sliding batter valves.
2002 Woolf WOOLF D R S and HACKER J N (2002). Langsett Langsett Spillway hydraulics The three main methods for assessing the flow in open channel spillways are analytical calculations, physical
Reservoir: a combined analytical and CFD study of a modelling and numerical simulation. The paper compares the methods giving their limitations and advantages. It
reservoir side-spillway. Reservoirs in a changing world. describes in detail the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) which is a numerical technique that solves the full
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, 3-D equations of fluid flow. The CFD model offers benefits of reduced timescales and costs, storage compared to a
Dublin, pp 247-261. Thomas Telford, London. physical model. The principal benefit is that it provides data for flow quantities at all points in the flow domain. The
three methods have been applied to the spillway at Langsett reservoir.
2002 Woolf WOOLF D R S and SCHOLEFIELD I (2002). Langsett Langsett Spillway hydraulics This is a companion paper to that written by Woolf and Hacker in this conference. A computational fluid dynamics
Reservoir: numerical simulation of hydraulic structures. (CFD) model was used to investigate options to increase the spillway capacity at Langsett reservoir following the
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th publication of the Flood Estimation Handbook. The study provided confidence in the numerical technique by
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 262-273. comparing numerical predictions with observations and measurements taken from a physical model. The CFD data
Thomas Telford, London. determined the effect of modifications to the spillway on its hydraulic performance, quantified the effect of surface
roughness and turbulence levels on the flow, and assessed the spillway performance under possible future larger
flood events.
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2002 MacDonald MacDONALD D E and MOLYNEUX J D (2002). Upper and Lower Bohernabreena Flood estimation/hydrology, The Bohernabreena reservoirs are situated upstream of Dublin and have therefore been placed in Category A
Rehabilitation of the Upper and Lower Bohernabreena (Ireland) Spillway hydraulics flood risk and are therefore required to take the PMF discharge. However, due to constrictions formed by the crest
spillways. Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of road bridges across the spillway chutes, the actual capacities are only of the order of a 100 year return period.
12th British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 274-285. Both dams are formed by typical puddle clay core embankments, constructed between 1885 and 1887. The paper
Thomas Telford, London. describes the catchment area and the design flood studies taking into account the Flood Estimation Handbook
published in 1999. To achieve the necessary level of protection it was decided to remove the bridge constrictions,
and widen and deepen the spillway chutes to increase spillway capacity. Construction flood studies are also
presented.
2002 Hinks HINKS J L and DEDJA Y (2002). Rehabilitation of 14 Albanian dams Flood estimation/hydrology, A brief history of the construction of irrigation dams and a description of the geography of Albania are given. The
irrigation dams in Albania. Reservoirs in a changing world. Spillway hydraulics, Slope large scale construction of irrigation schemes began in 1930 so that, by 1990, there were more than 400,000
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, stability, Seismic assessment hectares, representing 60% of all arable land, covered by such schemes. Some 629 dams are under the
Dublin, pp 289-301. Thomas Telford, London. responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, typically between 15 and 30m high and of homogeneous
earthfill construction. As part of the "Second Irrigation and drainage rehabilitation project" 33 dams were inspected
between 2000 and 2001 and nearly all were found to require some remedial works. The categorisation of dams
according to height and capacity which were used for overflow sill design were considered too low to meet modern
standards. Hydrology, seismic assessment and slope stability assessment are discussed. A simple prioritisation
system to undertake work on the least safe dams was developed which involved the consequence of failure, and
the hydrological risk and geotechnical risk of failure for a 100 year return period.
2002 Long LONG M, LYNDON I and CONATY E (2002). River Fort Henry (Ireland) Slope stability, Reservoir An 80m long section of the 3.5km long, 7m high section of the Fort Henry embankment failed due to rapid
Shannon hydro-electric scheme: failure of upstream slope drawdown drawdown of only 1m of the impounding reservoir in 1979. The homogeneous embankment of a uniform graded
of Fort Henry Embankment: Analysis. Reservoirs in a till, overlay 1m of soft silt and 1m of loose silty sand on top of stiff glacial till. The results of a detailed site
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society investigation and laboratory testing involving cone penetration tests, Swedish weight soundings, pore pressure
Conference, Dublin, pp 302-313. Thomas Telford, measurements and piston sampling of the failed area are presented. Various slope stability analyses of the failure
London. are presented. Back analysis using total stress limit state analyses yielded unrealistically high factors of safety.
Both simple stability chart based effective stress stability analyses and more sophisticated finite element analyses
were able to model the actual slide realistically. The objective of the work was to assess drawdown procedures in
terms of magnitude and rate to prevent future failures.
2002 Casey CASEY B, LONG M and FITZGIBBON T (2002). River Fort Henry (Ireland) Slope stability, Reservoir This is a companion paper on the Fort Henry 1979 slip to that written by Long et al in this conference. Details of the
Shannon hydroelectric scheme: Fort Henry Embankment: drawdown river Shannon hydro-electric scheme are described together with records of the many upstream embankment
upstream slope failure and remedial work. Reservoirs in a failures that occurred mainly during construction and filling. A construction section of the Fort Henry embankment is
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society given. The slip occurred when the water level in the reservoir was the lowest it had been for 25 years but this was
Conference, Dublin, pp 314-323. Thomas Telford, less than 1m below normal operating level. Sections and photographs of the non-circular slip are given. Remedial
London. works involved placing an underwater berm and reinstating the original profile with well graded gravel and cobble
material. The operating procedures were reviewed and established a minimum operating reservoir level.
2002 Conaty CONATY E and LONG M (2002). Long term behaviour of Portumna (Ireland) Movement monitoring Monitoring of the settlement of the Portumna flood protection banks on the river Shannon has been carried out
Portumna embankments. Reservoirs in a changing world. since construction in 1929. The embankments have a maximum height of 3m but are typically 1.2m high and
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, overlie peat, marl and 4.5 m of soft clay. They have settled continuously since construction and have been raised
Dublin, pp 323-336. Thomas Telford, London. typically on a 5 year cycle. The paper provides details of the site investigation methods and the geotechnical
parameters used to predict the long term settlement of the embankments. It has been show that sample
disturbance effects play a significant role in obtaining parameters for calculations. Settlement calculations are
presented including the use of the finite element software SAGE-CRISP.
2002 Vaughan VAUGHAN P R, KOVACEVIC N and RIDLEY A M (2002). Cow Green, Woodhead, Rhodeswood, Slope stability The stability of abutment and reservoir slopes is assessed in the context of increased rainfall creating higher
The influence of climate and climate change on the Vajont (Italy) seepage pressures. First time slides inland are rare other than those caused by the works of man. A more
stability of abutment and reservoir slopes. Reservoirs in a common risk is associated with the reactivation of old landslides which may date from immediately post-glacial
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society times. The reactivation and stability of existing landslides is discussed. Factors, principally brittle behaviour of soil,
Conference, Dublin, pp 337-352. Thomas Telford, affecting the velocity of movement of slides are discussed. It is suggested that climate change could be linked to
London. ground water level change and increase risk of sliding. The risk of sliding can be related to rainfall trends in a
manner similar to the determination of design floods.
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2002 Vaughan VAUGHAN P R, KOVACEVIC N and RIDLEY A M (2002). Aldenham, Draycote, Foxcote, Slope stability Seepage pressures in the downstream slopes of embankment dams with effective clay cores are largely controlled
The influence of climate and climate change on the Hanningfield by surface climate (infiltration and evapo-transpiration), run-off and by the permeability of the fill. The mechanisms
stability of embankment dam slopes. Reservoirs in a by which climate controls seepage and pore pressures in embankment slopes are described. Ground water profiles
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society are presented depending on relative magnitudes of infiltration, evapo-transpiration, and fill permeability. It is shown
Conference, Dublin, pp 353-366. Thomas Telford, that where high permeability fills exist, typical of most older puddle clay core dams, a substantial increase in the
London. infiltration would be required to produce a significant increase in downstream seepage pressure. Therefore, it is
concluded that the influence of climate change on the stability of embankment slopes is likely to be small.
2002 Tedd TEDD P, CHARLES J A and ROBERTSHAW A C (2002). Ardsley, Brownhill, Challacombe, Movement monitoring, Long term studies over 15 years of the effects of reservoir drawdown on the settlement of a number of puddle clay
Settlement of old embankment dams and reservoir Cwmwernderi, Digley, Holmestyes, Reservoir drawdown dams are presented. It has been shown that significant crest settlement occurs when a major reservoir drawdown
drawdown. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Ladybower, March Haigh, Ogden, occurs and only a small proportion is recovered on reservoir refilling. Two settlement indices have been presented
Conference, Dublin, pp 367-377. Thomas Telford, Ramsden (Holmfirth), Walshaw Dean to assist in the interpretation of settlement measurements and as a means of comparing the settlement behaviour
London. Lower, Widdop, Yateholme, of different dams. One index aims to quantify settlements associated with long term steady state loading and the
second allows comparison of settlements due to changes in reservoir level. The indices can be used to estimate
the magnitude and rate of movement that is likely to result from mechanisms associated with steady state loading
and reservoir drawdown which do not indicate a threat to embankment stability and, hence, reservoir safety.
2002 Charles CHARLES J A (2002). Internal erosion in European Balderhead, Greenbooth, Lluest Wen, Internal erosion & filters A European Working Group was formed in 1993 to examine the hazards posed by internal erosion on the ageing
embankment dams. Reservoirs in a changing world. Warmwithens*, Winscar, Withens population of embankment dams. A selected group of 47 case histories of internal erosion incidents throughout
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, Clough, Peruca (Croatia), St Aignan, Europe have been studied and features in an embankment dam that are critical in rendering it vulnerable to internal
Dublin, pp 378-393. Thomas Telford, London. Sapins (France), Sorpe (Germany), erosion have been identified. Case histories are analysed under the following headings; severity, cause, symptoms
Uljua (Finland) and remedial works. It has been shown that internal erosion is not confined to a particular soil type. In almost half
the cases the incident has been associated with a structure passing through the embankment. An extensive
reference list to the case histories is provided.
2002 Dutton DUTTON D P M (2002). The use of temperature Clattercote, Drayton, Wilstone Geophysical investigations, During the last two years ground temperature measurements have been used to investigate seepage and leakage
measurements for detection of leakage Seepage & leakage at six British Waterways dams and nine canal embankments. Leakage has been identified at 11 of the sites. The
in embankment dams – British Waterways experience. technique relies on the differing seasonal temperatures within the ground and surface waters and the effect that
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th water, percolating through the ground, has on its temperature. The method and theory of the technique are outlined
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 394-402. briefly. Three detailed case histories are presented. Ground investigations have confirmed the findings of the
Thomas Telford, London. thermal leakage investigations.
2002 Parks PARKS C D and WALTHALL S (2002). The successful Heapey (Anglezarke reservoir) Grouting, Seepage & leakage Heapey is a puddle clay core dam built in 1870 that has suffered a history of leakage. An emergency drawdown
grouting of Heapey embankment, Anglezarke reservoir. was instigated when a significant leakage occurred in the right downstream mitre during reservoir refilling in 1997
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th after a dry summer. It was known that leakage only occurred when the reservoir level was above 0.8m below TWL.
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 403-411. A phased grouting operation to seal the leak is described with details of leakage rates plotted against reservoir
Thomas Telford, London. level before and after the grouting operations. The importance of a phased approach to grouting is emphasised.
2002 Carter CARTER I C, CLAYDON J R and HILL M J (2002). Winscar Asphaltic concrete, Leakage has been a problem at the 54m high rockfill dam with an upstream asphaltic concrete membrane from
Improving the watertightness of Winscar Reservoir. Geomembranes, Grouting, when it was first filled in the late 1970. Foundation grouting and repairs to the membrane reduced the leakage
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th Seepage & leakage, Tracers dramatically. Increasing leakage in 2000 led to the appearance of a large spring at the downstream toe of the dam.
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 415-430. Details of leakage monitoring are given. Numerous defects were identified in the asphaltic membrane but none
Thomas Telford, London. appeared to be through the full-depth. Although replacement of part of the lining with a new asphaltic membrane
was considered, the installation of a Carpi PVC membrane on top of the existing asphalt was adopted. The
performance requirements and installation of the liner are described in detail together with the leak detection
system beneath the membrane that uses temperature measurements from fibre-optic cables. Details of the grout
curtain reinforcement are given.
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2002 Haugh HAUGH B (2002). Turlough Hill - Upper reservoir: Turhough Hill (Ireland) Asphaltic concrete, Grouting, A detailed description of the upstream asphaltic concrete lined rockfill dam completed in 1973 as part of the
condition of the lining after 30 years. Reservoirs in a Seepage & leakage Turlough Hill pumped storage scheme is given. The paper lists the development of faults from shortly after
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society construction which involved blisters as a result of moisture retained in small balls of matted asbestos to the
Conference, Dublin, pp 431-443. Thomas Telford, development of cracks in the lining and increasing leakage after 1995. The majority of cracks are in the top 10m of
London. the slope which is affected by the daily drawdowns and along the vertical laying joints. They also occur on the side
which is most exposed to ultra violet light. Investigations of the lining indicated that the cracks derived mainly from
ageing and brittleness of the bitumen in the asphaltic concrete. Various options considered for repair included
applying a PVC lining as at Winscar. However, the method adopted involved monitoring the cracks by the owners
staff and repairing them by placing nylon reinforced mesh over the crack and brushing two coats of bitumen based
sealing material over the area. This has been effective in reducing leakage without the need for specialist
contractors in to undertake work.
2002 Hopkins HOPKINS J K, TEDD P and BRAY C (2002). Colliford and Colliford, Roadford, Marchlyn, Sulby, Asphaltic concrete, The use of upstream asphaltic concrete membranes as the watertight element on embankment dams has been
Roadford dams: performance of the asphaltic concrete Winscar, Dungonnell, Turlough Hill Movement monitoring, limited to six dams in the UK. A description of the membrane construction and upstream toe/drainage detail, and
membranes and the embankments. Reservoirs in a (Ireland) Seepage & leakage the performance of Colliford and Roadford dams is given and compared with other dams built in the UK and
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Ireland. Further details are given on Turlough Hill in Ireland and Winscar in papers by Haugh and Carter et al, in
Conference, Dublin, pp 444-455. Thomas Telford, this conference. Details of drainage flows and settlement measurements are given for Colliford and Roadford. The
London. records of settlement, using electrolevels, of the membrane close to the cut-off structure at Roadford where a stiffer
sandwaste had been placed to minimise differential settlement are presented for 10 years since construction.
Minor repairs and replacement of the protective seal coat have been required at Colliford. Regular maintenance to
the seal coat particularly in the zone of frequent drawdown appears necessary.
2002 Dempster DEMPSTER K J and LANNEN N (2002). Breachlaich dam Breachlaich Concrete deterioration, Breaclaich dam is a 26m high reinforced concrete faced rockfill embankment completed in 1960. Areas of the
- upstream face joint bandage sealant and wavewall Seepage & leakage concrete panels joints were progressively deteriorating and leakage monitoring confirmed the upward trend on
refurbishment works. Reservoirs in a changing world. occasions exceeding the predetermined maximum established under the Reservoirs Act. The paper lists the
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th problems and remedial works to the upstream face since construction starting with a rapid increase in leakage
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 456-468. shortly after construction caused by cracked concrete panels around the scour culvert due to differential settlement
Thomas Telford, London. and insufficient flexibility.
2002 Penman PENMAN ADM (2002). Tailings dam incidents and new El Cobre (Chile), Stava, Stava (Italy). Waste impoundment, A brief description of the construction of tailings dams is given. Despite adequate geotechnical knowledge to design
methods. Reservoirs in a changing world. Reservoirs in a Virginia (South Africa), Baia Mare Catastrophic failures and build safe dams, tailings dams have failed throughout the world at an average rate of 1.7 per year for the past
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society (Romania) 30 years. Often failures are due to lack of attention to detail. Tailings can cause much greater damage than water
Conference, Dublin, pp 471-483. Thomas Telford, because of its greater density. Often tailings are chemically contaminated. Earthquakes have caused a number of
London. failures, such as the Mochikoshi impoundment in Japan following the Iso-Oshima earthquake in 1978 and the El
Cobre in Chile in 1965. Summaries of some well known failures are given; Stava (Italy, 1985) caused 269 deaths,
Merriespruit (South Africa, 1994) caused 17 deaths and Baia Mare (Romania, 2000) led to a toxic plume containing
cyanide that could be measured in the Danube 2000km from the spill source. New methods of disposing of tailings
are described, including thickened tailings which involves de-watering until the material becomes non-segregating.
Paste, wet cake, dry cake and stack tailings are also described and referenced.
2002 Morris MORRIS M W (2002). The IMPACT Project – continuing Dam break studies The CADAM project (Concerted Action on Dambreak Modelling), a European Commission funded project, which
European research on dambreak processes and the ended in 2000. The project promoted the comparison of dambreak and breach modelling performance and practice
failure of flood embankments. Reservoirs in a changing across Europe. The IMPACT project (Investigation of Extreme Flood Processes and Uncertainty) focuses research
world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society on the topics of Breach Formation, Flood Routing and Sediment Movement with the aims of understanding the
Conference, Dublin, pp 484-493. Thomas Telford, fundamental processes and the development and validation of improved modelling tools. The work includes:
London. breach formation field work involving a controlled failure of 6m high embankments to identify and monitor key
processes, breach formation laboratory work, numerical model development and comparison of field and laboratory
data, and breach location. Some findings of the project are reported in the 2004 Canterbury Conference
Proceedings.
2002 Charles CHARLES J A (2002). A historical perspective on Bilberry (1), Brent, Coedty, Dale Dyke Catastrophic failures, The events that eventually led to reservoir safety legislation being enacted in 1930 and 1975 in the UK are
reservoir safety legislation in the United Kingdom. (1), Eigiau*, Skelmorlie* Legislation summarised. Following the failure of Bilberry and Dale Dyke in the middle of the 19th century legislation was
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th proposed in the Waterworks Bill of 1866 but the Bill ran out of time and there were changes in government. These
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 494-509. two well documented failures involved major loss of life. The events that led to the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions)
Thomas Telford, London. Act 1930 following the failure Skelmorie, and Eigiau and Coedty dams are described. Edward Sandeman's letter to
the Times expressing concern about the lack of legislation is reproduced. The main features of the 1930 and 1975
legislation are summarised.
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2002 Hartford HARTFORD D N D and STEWART R A (2002). Risk Hazard & risk management Based on the guidance provided by the UK Health and Safety Executive, some thoughts on dam safety decisions
assessment and the safety case in dam safety decisions. are discussed. The conceptual proposal incorporates relevant experience from other high hazard industries that are
Reservoirs in a changing world. Reservoirs in a changing beneficial to society but have the potential to cause multiple fatalities in single events. The essential elements of
world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society the safety case are embodied in the BC Hydro's Dam Safety Management System. A process for characterising the
Conference, Dublin, pp 510-519. Thomas Telford, acceptability of the performance of the dam for extreme floods and the need for dam safety improvements is
London. illustrated.
2002 McQuaid McQUAID J (2002). Risk assessment - its development Hazard & risk management The evolution of risk assessment as an underpinning feature of the UK approach to industrial safety regulation is
and relevant considerations for dam safety. Reservoirs in summarised. Developments in risk assessment occurred due to the Canvey Island incident and the Flixborough
a changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam disaster resulting in the Advisory Committee on Major Hazards which provided stimulus to the practice of risk
Society Conference, Dublin, pp 520-533. Thomas Telford, assessment. The effect of non-scientific or non-engineering input into risk assessments is discussed. Other topics
London. discussed include regulating higher hazards, the need for transparency and explanation.
2002 Hall HALL J W, LE MASURIER J W, BAKER E A, DAVIS J P Hazard & risk management, The aim of the work described in the paper has been to develop new decision support techniques to enable
and TAYLOR C A (2002). Multi-attribute performance performance-based management of complex civil engineering infrastructure systems such as dams. A methodology
monitoring for reservoir systems. Reservoirs in a changing for measuring the performance of complex dam systems is described. The system is represented hierarchically so
world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society that high level business decisions and more detailed operational decisions can be supported by the same
Conference, Dublin, pp 534-550. Thomas Telford, methodology. The method has been implemented in a case study for Scottish and Southern Energy. Performance
London. of each sub-system is captured by a set of performance indicators but no examples are given.
2002 Tarrant TARRANT F, ACKERS J and GRAHAM-SMITH N (2002). Fedderate, Loch Mhic Gille-bhride, Dam break studies, Hazard & Reservoir risk assessments have been carried out for the 75 dams and reservoirs belonging to the North of
Reservoir risk assessments in the north of Scotland. Loch Ordie, Loch Smalag risk management Scotland Water Authority using the guidance given in the CIRIA Report "Risk management for UK reservoirs"
Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings of 12th published in 2000. The purpose of the work was to prioritise the development of integrated contingency plans for
British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 551-562. the communities downstream of the reservoirs. The risk appraisals may be divided into three stages; impact
Thomas Telford, London. assessments resulting in an "impact score", FMECA (failure modes, effects and criticality analysis) selection and
FMECA assessment. Under impact assessment the paper discusses dam failure flood prediction, flood prediction
downstream of the dam, flood prediction for cascades of reservoirs and downstream impact assessment to obtain
the combined impact score. The paper essentially summarises the CIRIA method.
2002 Attewill ATTEWILL L J S and SPASIC-GRIL L (2002). Lake Sarez Lake Sarez (Tajikistan) Dam break studies, Hazard & Lake Sarez was created after an earthquake induced landslide formed a natural dam, 650m high across the
risk mitigation project. Reservoirs in a changing world. risk management, Murgab river in Tajikistan in 1911. The impact of failure would be catastrophic and a major disaster for the Aral Sea
Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society Conference, Earthquake damage basin and central Asia. The paper describes the studies and investigations into the dam's vulnerability to internal
Dublin, pp 563-574. Thomas Telford, London. erosion, erosion by overtopping waves and the threat posed by lake shore instability, earthquakes and floods. With
a freeboard of 40m, neither an incoming flood nor the displacement from a landslide falling into the lake is likely to
cause overtopping. The only conceivable mechanism that can cause overtopping is a landslide generated wave.
Risk mitigation methods which include both monitoring and an early warning system, and structural measures are
described along with their justification. Structural measures considered involve increasing the freeboard by lowering
the lake, converting the dam into an engineered structure and construction of a downstream storage dam.
2002 Stewart STEWART J (2002). Where to keep your dam Hazard & risk management The merits of an electronic documentation storage system for reservoirs are described and are illustrated by a case
documents? Reservoirs in a changing world. Proceedings study.
of 12th British Dam Society Conference, Dublin, pp 575-
580. Thomas Telford, London.
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2002 Moffat MOFFAT A I B (2002). The characteristics of UK puddle Abberton, Abercribban, Aldenham, Puddle clay The development of the puddle clay core embankment dams in the UK during the 19th century is summarised. This
clay cores – a review. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Alwen no 2, Banbury, Barden Upper, type of dam referred to as the "Pennine" type accounts for approximately 60% of UK embankment dams and is
Society Conference, Dublin, pp 581-601. Thomas Telford, Barrow Compensation, Barrow no 2, characterised by a relatively narrow core of puddle clay which was also continued into the foundation in earlier
London. Barrow no 3, Bilberry, Blackmoorfoot, dams. Design principles and weaknesses of the construction are outlined. The specification for preparation and
Blaennant Ddu, Blaen-y-cwm, Brent, placing of puddle clay is described. The paper provides a valuable review of the nature and geotechnical properties
Burnhope, Cant Clough, Carno Lower, of puddle clay at many dams. These include index properties, undrained shear strength, permeability and
Challacombe, Cheddar, Clydach, Cod compressibility. A limited amount of information is presented on the dispersivity of puddle clay. It is concluded that
Beck, Coulter, Cullaloe, Cwmwernderi, the geotechnical properties of puddle clays, while relatively consistent at the time of placing, subsequently cover a
Cyfartho Lake, Dale Dyke, Glencorse, considerable range of values for all key parameters, notably permeability. Further work is identified including a
Gorpley, Grassholme, Grimwith, programme to make data on puddle clay and long-term performance of puddle cores and cut-offs more readily
Hallington West, Harperrig, Hury, accessible.
Kennick, Kentmere Head, King
George V, King George VI,
Knockendon, Ladybower,
Lambieletham, Lockwood, Lliw Lower,
Luxhay, March Ghyll, Monkswood,
Muirhead, Oakdale Lower, Queen
Mary, Ramsden (Holmfirth), Rivelin
Upper, Rotton Park, Selset, Staines
South, Sutton Bingham, Tamar Lake,
Toddbrook, Torside, Usk, Walshaw
Dean Lower, Walshaw Dean Upper,
William Girling
2002 Brown BROWN A J and GOSDEN J D (2002). A review of Hazard & risk management The paper reports on the early stages of a research contract that includes consideration of whether an integrated
systems used to assess dam safety. Reservoirs in a system of assessing possible threats to a dam's integrity could be devised in which standards for reservoir spillway
changing world. Proceedings of 12th British Dam Society capacity are determined in association with other features of dam design, condition and operation. Various systems
Conference, Dublin, pp 602-618. Thomas Telford, to assess dam safety that are currently in use world-wide are reviewed. The paper states that "An integrated
London. system would preferably satisfy the following key requirements. a) provide guidance on the probability of failure
from external threats compared to internal threats, b) indicate an answer to the issue "Is the dam safe enough?" c)
identify for high hazard dams, areas where more detailed analysis is required. The paper concludes by proposing
the requirements for a system that would be appropriate for use as an aid to judgement by a Panel Engineer when
carrying out a 10 year inspection under the Reservoirs Act.
132
Proceedings of 13th BDS Conference. Canterbury, 2004.

2004 Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury
2004 Binnie BINNIE C J A (2004). The benefits of dams to society. Environment/social/planning The historical development and benefits of dams are described. The paper includes brief descriptions of mill
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. dams for water power, ornamental lakes, canal dams, domestic water supply reservoirs, hydropower, flood
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, protection from river flooding, sea defences, irrigation, recreation and environmental enhancement.
Canterbury, pp 3-14. Thomas Telford, London.
2004 Lovell LOVELL G A (2004). Lake Hood - Creating waves in the Lake Hood (New Zealand) Environment/social/planning Lake Hood, the largest artificial recreational lake in New Zealand, was principally developed for water sports
community. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. activities. Planning, development, funding and public relations are discussed. The construction of the lake above
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, the water table over an existing highly pervious flood plain led to field trials and the development of a soil
Canterbury, pp 15-25. Thomas Telford, London. bentonite liner. Comparison of seepage from field trials and a flow model called MODFLOW are provided.
2004 Collier COLLIER U (2004). Balancing the costs and benefits of Environment/social/planning The environmental impacts of dams on fresh water ecosystems which are suffering a serious decline are
dams: an environmental perspective. Long-term benefits highlighted. In the last 30 years, freshwater species have declined with 54% of the 195 indicator species
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British showing a population decline. The monetary value of biodiversity is difficult to quantify. The paper explores how
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 26-33. Thomas the benefits promised by dam schemes can be gained without excessive, unacceptable environmental costs.
Telford, London. Examples from Zambia and Switzerland are used to show how mitigation measures can reduce the impacts of
some dams while maintaining the economic benefits. The decision making framework of the World Commission
on Dams is promoted as the way forward.
2004 Bird BIRD J (2004). Follow up to the WCD Report - where has Environment/social/planning The World Commission on Dams report, published in 2000, received a wide range of reactions from outright
it gone? Long-term benefits and performance of dams. rejection to its immediate implementation as if it were law. Responses to the report are described from" the
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, report made dams look like villains, to be avoided unless there is no other way out" to " vindicates much of
Canterbury, pp 34-48. Thomas Telford, London. what dam critics have long argued" . The paper outlines the momentum being built by national follow-up
processes and the actions taken by an increasing number of inter-governmental, bilateral and private
organisations. Minimising the financial, environmental, social and reputational risks associated with dam projects
is at the centre of these initiatives. Key concepts such as options assessment, public acceptance, benefit
sharing and environmental flows are beginning to enter the mainstream of planning processes.
2004 McCulloch MCCULLOCH C S (2004). Political ecology of dams in Hury, Blackton, Grassholme, Selset, Environment/social/planning A historical account of the construction of six dams built in Upper Teesdale to supply industrial consumers on
Teesdale. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Dine Holm, Balderhead, Cow Green, Teeside is outlined. Political influences on the decisions to build these reservoirs are explored to discover the
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, Kielder. reasons for ignoring alternatives. Should preference have been given to provision of water storage by the
Canterbury, pp 49-66. Thomas Telford, London. solution of pumped storage off-river close to the point of use? By asking who benefits and who pays
economically, socially and environmentally, this historical analysis presents a wide perspective on the social and
environmental impacts of reservoirs with implications for future choices. Reference is made to Kielder Water
Scheme and the value of megadams. A well researched paper.
2004 Nilsson NILSSON A and EKSTROM I (2004). Raising of the Ajaure (Sweden) New materials, Movement The Ajaure dam is a 46m high embankment dam competed in 1967 with a moraine core with schist and gneiss
Ajaure embankment dam by extending the moraine core monitoring, Slope stability, rockfill shoulders. Stability concerns led to berms being placed on the downstream side in 1989 and 1993. The
with a geomembrane. Long-term benefits and Heightening paper deals with two problems. Large horizontal displacements had occurred since construction giving a total of
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam 500m to 2001 and showed no sign of slowing. Movements were dependent on reservoir operation. There was
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 69-80. Thomas also a requirement to raise the core to meet a new design flood. Due to a shortage of moraine material, the core
Telford, London. was raised using a 1.5mm thick geomembrane (flexible polypropylene) in a bentonite enriched sand (BES) layer.
Design and construction details of the BES and geomembrane are given.
2004 Robertshaw ROBERTSHAW A C and MACDONALD A (2004). Design Elvington Cut-off trenches, Diaphragm The three balancing and settling reservoirs, completed in 1995, are bunded earth embankments that use 2.5
and performance of Elvington balancing and settling & slurry trench walls, mm thick HDPE (high density polyethylene) as the internal watertight liner. Details of the embankment design
lagoons. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Geomembranes and geotechnical properties of the fill are given. The factor of safety has been calculated for various conditions
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, including rapid drawdown with a badly damage liner. A cement bentonite cut-off trench, 0.6m wide, was
Canterbury, pp 81-93. Thomas Telford, London. constructed below formation level for each reservoir to reduce seepage beneath the embankments and to
isolate the foundation and underdrainage system from groundwater in the surrounding ground. Specification and
performance problems with the cut-off material are discussed. The performance problems on this site led to the
National Specification being written. Liner design, specification and construction are described in detail. This is
first use of HDPE on such a large scale for a reservoir in the UK. It has performed well in service.
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2004 Turley TURLEY M and GAUTLIER J-L (2004). Twenty five years L'Ortolo (Corsica), La Gauba, Geomembranes Thin bituminous geomembranes have been used as the upstream watertight element on earth and rockfill dams
experience using bituminous geomembranes as upstream Ospedale (France) since 1978. Initially they were used on ponds and small dams. The membrane is a prefabricated geocomposite
waterproofing for structures. Long-term benefits and and consists of a bitumen impregnated geotextile, reinforced with glass fleece typically 4.8mm thick; a detailed
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam specification is given. A gravel material impregnated with bitumen is required to provided stability and improve
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 94-101. Thomas the profile of the embankment, over which is laid a drainage layer. The surface of the geomembrane is protected
Telford, London. with concrete blocks or slabs. Two recent case histories of construction are provided for a 38m and a 43m high
dams.
2004 Scuero SCUERO A M and VASCHETTI G L (2004). Winscar, Beli Iskar (Bulgaria), Geomembranes An overview of the use and performance of geomembranes on dams is given. 75 have been used during
Watertightness and safety of dams using geomembranes. Platanovryssi (Greece), Porce construction of embankment dams whereas only one has been used during construction of a concrete dam but
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. (Columbia), Strawberry (USA), 34 were used for remedial works to concrete dams. Some significant case histories on concrete gravity dams,
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, masonry dams, embankment dams and RCC dams are presented. One recent trend is the further use of drained
Canterbury, pp 102-116. Thomas Telford, London. geomembranes. There has been a marked increase in the use of geomembranes on RCC dams, a total of 27,
most of which have been included during construction. Another recent development has been the adoption of
leak detection systems based on fibre-optic cables.
2004 Bieberstein BIEBERSTEIN A, LEGUIT N, QUEISSER J and SMITH R Overtopping, New materials The use of open stone asphalt (OSA) to protect the downstream slopes of embankments against erosion due to
(2004). Downstream slope protection with open stone overtopping is discussed in relation to reservoirs, river embankments and coastal defences. The design and
asphalt. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. construction of this well known method is described with reference to its erosion resistance, type of aggregate
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, used for adequate adhesion, the recent use of cellulose fibres to decrease mastic viscosity and coating
Canterbury, pp 117-129. Thomas Telford, London. thickness. An analytical design for an overtopped revetment is presented. Model investigations involving a tilting
flume and half dam model have been used to assess the performance of the OSA protection.
2004 Attewill ATTEWILL L, SPASIC-GRIL L and PENMAN J (2004). Hazard & risk management Under the Dam Safety and Reservoir Conservation Programme 32 major dams were inspected and studied.
Sri Lanka dam safety and reservoir conservation Investigations included seismicity, instrumentation, stability, spillway adequacy, water quality, sedimentation and
programme. Long-term benefits and performance of catchment land use. Institutional issues included a review of dam safety legislation, establishment of a data
dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society management centre and training for local engineers. The study showed that modern dams have been built to
Conference, Canterbury, pp 133-145. Thomas Telford, current world standards, the vast majority of dams have not had an overall safety review and many are showing
London. signs of ageing or have other deficiencies. 22 of the 32 dams were gated with most requiring remedial work.
There were significant operation and maintenance shortcomings due to inadequate budgets and management
failures. A portfolio risk assessment is presented.
2004 Vuola VUOLA P, KUUSINIEMI R and MAIJALA T (2004). Uljua (Finland) Hazard & risk management, Most of Finland's 480 dams which are covered by legislation were built since 1945; 50 of these are state owned.
Condition assessment of Government-owned dams in Internal erosion/filters Dam safety legislation was introduced in 1984. A Dam Safety Code was last updated in 1997. General
Finland. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. descriptions of repairs and condition assessment are given. The internal erosion incidents at the Uljua dams are
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, mentioned. Internal erosion and subsurface drainage play the major role in the condition assessment.
2004 Hughes HUGHES A K and GARDINER K D (2004). Portfolio risk Hazard & risk management Portfolio risk assessment (PRA) is a logical, auditable method of systematically assessing a stock of dams in
assessment in the UK: a perspective. Long-term benefits their current condition and prioritising the works required to be done and other measures to improve reservoir
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British safety. A number of PRA studies carried out for dam owners have shown that the process promotes a
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 154-162. strengthening of the management of reservoir safety. Various methods are discussed as to how PRA should be
Thomas Telford, London. used to prioritise the remedial works. The conflict between recommendations made "in the interests of safety"
and a "low ranking" in the PRA is raised. A PRA can provide a persuasive argument to shareholders and the
regulator that increased spending on reservoir safety is justified.
2004 Silva SILVA E R, AFONSO R J and ALMEDIDA J M (2004). 38 Portuguese dams Hazard & risk management, Following extreme flood events in 1995-96 resulting in overtopping of some small dams and incidents at large
Hydraulic and operational safety evaluation of some Flood estimation/hydrology, dams, the Portuguese undertook a dam safety assessment of 38 of its 180 large dams (based on ICOLD
existing Portuguese large dams. Long-term benefits and Legislation, Overtopping definition). All the dams had been designed before the 1990 Portuguese dam safety regulations were mandatory
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam and comprised most of the oldest large dams built for irrigation. Details of the dams are summarised together
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 163-174. Thomas with consequences of a breach in terms of lives lost and damage to infrastructure and homes. Hydrological
Telford, London. studies are presented and generally showed a greater peak inflow based on current regulations compared with
the original design such that 30% had inadequate spillways. Most of the dams studied were owned by irrigation
associations and had difficulty in funding recommended rehabilitation works.
2004 Ballard BALLARD G M and LEWIN J (2004). Reliability principles Hazard & risk management, Reliability analysis of spillway gate installations has been increasingly used in risk assessment of dams. Spillway
for spillways gates and bottom outlets. Long-term benefits Spillway gates and barriers, gate installations are safety critical structures and therefore should achieve an accepted reliability standard. A
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Outlet & intake works common approach to attaining reliability is the provision of redundant equipment but common cause failures and
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 175-186. the need to prevent them is less frequently considered. Well proven equipment, single failure criterion, fail safe
Thomas Telford, London. design, redundancy, common cause failures, revealed faults and testing are discussed under design. Guidance
on ergonomic design for operation is given.
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2004 Bartsch BARTSCH M (2004). FMECA of the Ajaure dam - a Ajaure (Sweden) Hazard & risk management The use of risk analysis to assess dam safety has been applied to two embankment dams. A study focused on
methodology study. Long-term benefits and performance the development of the application of FMEA/FMECA. The paper focuses on the 50m high rockfill Ajaure dam
of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society completed in 1967 which has progressive horizontal downstream movement and inadequate spillway. The initial
Conference, Canterbury, pp 187-196. Thomas Telford, step of the FMECA of the Ajaure reservoir was to create a system model and divide it into five subsystems;
London. water retaining structures, discharge facilities, spillway gate control, reservoir and immediate downstream area.
The component failure modes, their root causes and effects were analysed and documented using fault trees
and pathway diagrams.
2004 Bettzieche BETTZIECHE V (2004). Agent based dam monitoring. Instrumentation/monitoring An automatic computer based management system is described to assess monitoring data form dams. The
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. systems conceptual design is based upon the collaborative analysis of measured data associated with
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, intelligent agents adopting the part of experts generally involved in dam monitoring.
2004 Sawyer SAWYER J and ATTEWILL L (2004). Armenia dam safety Marmarik (Armenia) Flood estimation/hydrology, The Armenia dam safety project involved technical investigation of 64 dams ranging in height from 1.5m to
project. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Dam break studies, Hazard & 83m. Work included inspections, geotechnical investigations, hydrological, flood routing and dambreak studies.
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, risk management Stability analyses, seismic hazard assessment and seismic analyses were undertaken. A comparison of peak
Canterbury, pp 207-219. Thomas Telford, London. inflow methods of analysis is given. Four potential landslides were identified within the Marmarik reservoir area
that may influence dam safety. A large number of defects were due in part to the break-up of the Soviet Union.
The method in the CIRIA Report C542 was adapted to obtain a risk index for each dam which was used to
prioritise rehabilitation works. Dam safety plans were prepared for each dam; they included instrumentation,
monitoring regimes, maintenance and emergency planning.
2004 Hinks HINKS J L and CHARLES J A (2004). Reservoir Hazard & risk management A comprehensible background to risk analysis is given. A methodology for the quantification of each major risk
management, risk and safety considerations. Long-term class is described with the aim of calculating a probability of failure for each dam. The methodology described
benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th has similarities to the CIRIA Report No C542 but which seeks to quantify likelihood as an annual probability and
British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 220-231. consequences in terms of cost. Advantages of the method are that risk can be expressed in cost per year and
Thomas Telford, London. represents a premium that would be payable in a perfect market to insure the dam, a portfolio of dams can be
ranked according to risk and account can be taken of all undesirable consequences. A major disadvantage is
allocating a monetary value to loss of human life. Consequences of failure including loss of life, housing and
commercial property, agriculture and infrastructure are discussed in terms of cost.
2004 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, BEEUWSAERT L, TAYLOR J and Hazard & risk management, The introduction of "An engineering guide to seismic risk to dams in the United Kingdom" in 1991 resulted in
GARDINER K D (2004). Development of a probabilistic Slope stability United Utilities undertaking investigations and analyses at a large proportion of their embankment dams to
methodology for stability and seismic assessments of UK assess slope stability. A large database of geotechnical information has been obtained and this has allowed a
embankment dams. Long-term benefits and performance probabilistic approach to be undertaken in parallel with deterministic analyses. Probabilistic slope stability
of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society analyses allows for the consideration of variability in the input parameters and it quantifies the probability of
Conference, Canterbury, pp 232-246. Thomas Telford, failure of the slope. The deterministic and probabilistic approaches are compared with reference to soil
London. parameters from 10 dams. A hybrid deterministic/probabilistic approach is being evaluated.
2004 Marini MARINI P P, BALDONI P, FARINA F, CORTEZZI F and Ridracoli (Italy) Instrumentation/monitoring, To address concerns of local inhabitants and the authorities about the safety of Ridracoli arch gravity dam,
MASERA A (2004). Ridracoli dam: surveillance and safety Hazard & risk management following seismic events in 2003 downstream of the dam, the operator of the dam made information available
evaluation reported on internet page. Long-term benefits on the Internet. This includes hydrology, static and seismic analyses and results of surveillance activities. Nearly
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British a third of the extensive monitoring at the 103m high dam is automatically recorded and a knowledge based
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 247-255. support system is used to obtain on-line evaluation, explanation and interpretation of the dam's behaviour and to
Thomas Telford, London. identify surveillance activities to manage anomalous trends. A decision support system named MISTRAL is used
to analyse the structural behaviour of the dam using data collected hourly from 40 instruments. Details of the
seismic monitoring are given. Examples of the internet pages are given which are visited approximately 45 times
each day.
2004 Hope HOPE I M and HUGHES A K (2004). Reservoirs Act 1975 Legislation The Water Act 2003 has established that the Environment Agency will take over the role of Enforcement
- progress on the implementation of the Environment Authority for the Reservoirs Act 1975 from the 140 Local Authorities from October 2004. The paper reviews the
Agency as Enforcement Authority. Long-term benefits and role of the Agency as Enforcement Authority and discusses electronic document transfer, Reservoir
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Enforcement and Surveillance System (RESS), flood plans and an incident reporting system. The transfer of
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 256-267. Thomas enforcement for reservoir safety in England and Wales to one body will result in a systematic consistent
Telford, London. approach to achieving compliance with the Reservoirs Act 1975.
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2004 Brown BROWN A J and GOSDEN J D (2004). Developments in Hazard & risk management Three UK government funded projects on reservoir safety are summarised. A prototype integrated system of
management of reservoir safety in UK. Long-term quantitative risk assessment has been developed for rapid screening level assessment, suitable as part of the
benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th 10 yearly inspections undertaken under the Reservoirs Act. It allows threats such as internal erosion to be
British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 268-281. evaluated in a similar format to external threats. The second project describes the feasibility and possible format
Thomas Telford, London. of an incident reporting and investigation system, which will facilitate learning from near failures. This has now
been developed and is operated by the Environment Agency. The objective of the third project "Early detection
of internal erosion", was to develop techniques for the early detection of progressive internal erosion of
embankment dams. Deterioration rate, mechanisms and monitoring frequency are discussed.
2004 Brown BROWN A J and ASPINALL W P (2004). Use of expert Hazard & risk management, Expert opinion elicitation is a technique that provides quantitative estimates of parameters which cannot be
opinion elicitation to quantify the internal erosion process Internal erosion/filters quantified through direct measurement or other sampling techniques. The technique was used to improve
in dams. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. methods of early detection of progressive internal erosion in UK embankment dams. A comparison between
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, expert judgement and elicitation of expert opinions is made in view of the need to quantify the level of safety
Canterbury, pp 282-297. Thomas Telford, London. resulting from the development of risk based methods for assessment of engineered systems. Information is
provided on prevalence of leakage from the elicitation and serious progressive deteriorating internal erosion
from questionnaire responses. It is concluded from the study that expert elicitation could provide a method of
quantifying those variables that cannot be determined by direct measurement.
2004 Fry FRY J-J, VOGEL A, COURIVAUD J-R and BLAIS J-P Incident/failure databases Following on from earlier published information on dam failures by ICOLD in 1974 "Lessons learnt from dam
(2004). Dam accident data base DADB - The web based incidents" and 1995 " Bulletin 99, Dam Failures, statistical analysis", a web based database has been produced.
data collection of ICOLD. Long-term benefits and It contains all information about dam failures that is necessary to evaluate and assess failure modes and
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam hazards. The structure of a database is described. The database contains about 900 events and includes data
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 298-304. Thomas on large and small dams, and tailings dams . A number of historic failures are mentioned.
Telford, London.
2004 Reilly REILLY N (2004). Comparison of some European Earthquake damage, Guides Seismic guidance documents from five European countries are compared as part of the work by the seismic
guidelines for the seismic assessment of dams. Long-term & surveys European Working Group. The seismicity of the countries varies from very low to high. The general approach in
benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th the documents is similar but there is a divergence on the degree of risk to be accepted for similar categories of
British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 305-312. dam. This is particularly true of the Maximum Credible Earthquake where despite accepting the ICOLD
Thomas Telford, London. definition, some countries use a probabilistic approach with a relatively low return period.
2004 Morris MORRIS M W and HASSAN M (2004). European Dam break studies Dambreak studies require an ability to predict conditions that may result through failure or partial failure of a
research on dambreak and extreme flood processes. dam. The 3 year long IMPACT Project focussed on five areas relating to dambreak; breach formation, flood
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. propagation, sediment movement, geophysical investigation and assessment of modelling uncertainty. The
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, paper outlines the study areas but focuses on breach formation. Five field tests are described in which 4 to 6m
Canterbury, pp 315-326. Thomas Telford, London. high embankments are breach by overtopping or piping. The most striking observation based upon field and
laboratory field test data was the clear relationship between breach formation process and the embankment
material properties, affecting breach growth by factors of more than ten. Many existing predictive breach model
ignore such information and predict the failure process on geometry, limited soil property information and
hydraulic loading conditions.
2004 Ackers ACKERS J. HOLLINRACK P and HARDING R (2004). A Flood storage reservoirs, The town of Banbury is to be protected against flooding by providing an on-line storage reservoir formed by a
passive flow-control device for Banbury flood storage Spillway hydraulics 2.9 km long, 5m high embankment on the River Cherwell upstream of the town. Recent flood damage exceeded
reservoir. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. £12.5M. The paper describes the development the flow-control structures which are based on a double-baffle
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, orifice device capable of maintaining discharges within a target range over a wide range of levels in the flood
Canterbury, pp 327-338. Thomas Telford, London. storage reservoir. A requirement for the control of discharges to be automatic and independent of power supply
led to the consideration of baffle distributor devices used in irrigation systems, in particular the 'Neyrpic module'.
Model studies were undertaken to optimise the design in terms of baffle type and flow states. A passive flow-
control device, based on a Crump weir profile and twin baffles was developed.
2004 Midttomme MIDTTOMME G H (2004). Challenges on dam safety in Nervatn, Sisovatn (Norway) Flood estimation/hydrology, The key parameter in assessing the likely effect of climate change on dam safety in Norway is the design flood.
changed climate in Norway. Long-term benefits and Catastrophic failures In the most probable scenario there will be more extreme of weather with larger and more frequent floods. The
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam current approach to climate change is to evaluate actual changes in a data series used for flood estimation.
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 339-347. Thomas
Telford, London.
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2004 Boakes BOAKES G P, STEPHENSON A, LOWES J B, MORISON Weedon FSR Flood storage reservoirs, The outflow from the flood storage reservoir constructed on the upper River Nene is controlled by a 6.5 tonne,
A C and USBORNE A T (2004). Weedon flood storage Outlet & intake works, stainless steel Hydro-Brake Flow Control device located in the dam inlet structure. The hydrobrake is a self-
scheme - the biggest Hydro-Brake® in the world. Long- Spillway hydraulics activating passive flow control device with no moving parts and requiring no external sources of power to
term benefits and performance of dams.Proceedings of operate it. It is designed to control maximum outflows and has the facility to control outflows between 8 and 12
13th British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 348- m3/s. The project includes a 450m long, 6.8m high clay embankment with a culvert on the line of the original
359. Thomas Telford, London. river channel to carry the controlled output. A 150m long concrete block spillway carries excess flood flows over
the embankment. The flood storage reservoir reduces the peak flow through Weedon Bec from 26m3/s to 10m3/s
for a 50 year flood event. Details of design and construction are given.
2004 Bradley BRADLEY W T, JONES M E and MORISON A C (2004). Palmers Dam (Harbertonford FSR) Environment/social/planning, More than 30 flood storage reservoirs have been recently constructed or are under development, representing
Integrating design with the environment to maximise Flood storage reservoirs, the major area of dam building in the UK. The Harbertonford flood storage scheme near Totnes in Devon was a
benefits from a flood storage dam: successful Outlet & intake works combination of in-village channel lowering and upstream flood storage formed by Palmers dam. The background
implementation at Harbertonford. Long-term benefits and to flooding in the village and design and construction of the scheme are outlined. Environmental enhancement
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam and impact were major considerations in the design. The scheme was developed using an integrated team of
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 360-370. Thomas professionals of relevant disciplines together with proactive public and stakeholder consultation to maximise
Telford, London. benefits to the community, ecology and landscape.
2004 Attewill ATTEWILL L and FAGANELLO E 92204). Raciborz flood Raciborz (Poland) Flood storage reservoirs, The river Odra which rises in the Czech Republic suffered an extreme flood in 1997 with a return period
reservoir. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Flood estimation/hydrology, estimated to be between 250 and 1000 years. It was responsible for the loss of 50 lives and extensive damage
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, Environment/social/planning in southern Poland. Studies for a flood storage reservoir upstream of Raciborz included hydrological studies,
Canterbury, pp 371-384. Thomas Telford, London. hydrodynamic modelling of 220km length of the river channel where most damage had occurred, flood damage
studies both with and without the proposed reservoir, environmental impact assessments and resettlement
plans, and dam design. The reservoir will be formed by a homogeneous earth embankment 22.5km long with a
maximum height of 10m and a cut-off through the underlying gravels and sands. Public opinion is hostile to the
scheme as 240 families require to be resettled. The effectiveness of the reservoir will depend on careful
operation in which flood warning and conjunctive use of reservoirs on the Nysa tributary.
2004 Konow KONOW T (2004). Monitoring of dams in operation - a tool Instrumentation/monitoring, Guidelines for monitoring and instrumentation to assess long-term behaviour of Norwegian dams was revised in
for emergencies and for evaluation of long-term safety. Emergency plans, Guides & 2003. A guideline on emergency action planning was published in 1997. The Norwegian legal framework is
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. surveys outlined. The regulations define 3 consequence classes based on housing units affected and the requirements
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, for instrumentation are based on that classification. The content of the guide is summarised. It includes limit
Canterbury, pp 387-395. Thomas Telford, London. values to initiate actions in case of emergency. Dam break warning systems for two river basins have been
established.
2004 Watts WATTS K S, KILBY A and CHARLES J A. (2004). Long- King George VI, Queen Mother, Instrumentation/monitoring, The state of stress in clay cores in embankment dams is of importance as it provides a measure of the core's
term stress measurements in the in the clay cores of Staines South, Wraysbury Total stress, Internal vulnerability to hydraulic fracture leading to leakage and possibly internal erosion. It can be postulated that
storage reservoir embankments. Long-term benefits and erosion/filters hydraulic fracture can occur if the water pressure from the reservoir exceeds the minimum total stress acting on
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam a transverse plane within the body of the dam. Long term measurements of stresses over many years in puddle
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 396-407. Thomas clay and rolled clay cores in four dams west of London using push-in spade shaped pressure cells and BRE
Telford, London. miniature pressure cells are presented. The instrumentation and installation techniques are described. It has
been shown that under static conditions with reservoir full, earth pressures within the clay cores are generally
significantly above the pressure due to reservoir head. However, as at other dams, stresses are at or close to
reservoir pressure in the narrow clay cut-off trenches.
2004 Tamburini TAMBURINI A, MORTARA G, MERCALLI L and Lago della Rossa (Italy) Hazard & risk management, One of the consequences of recent lower snowfall and higher summer temperatures in high mountain regions
LUCIGNANI L (2004). Glacial risk and reservoir Wind & waves has been the formation of epiglacial lakes. The formation of a supraglacial lake on the Croce Rossa glacier
management: the Lago dell Rossa reservoir example caused concern that it could trigger sudden collapse of the lower portion of the glacier into the Lago della Rossa
(Valli di Lanzo, Western Alps Italy). Long-term benefits reservoir resulting in overtopping and damage to the dam. The paper describes investigations to assess the
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British stability and movement of the glacier including an aerial photogrammetric survey, GPS assisted georadar
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 408-420. surveys and a physical model to assess the effect of waves caused by up to 0.5 million cubic metres of ice
Thomas Telford, London. collapsing from the glacier into the reservoir.
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2004 Bruggemann BRUGGEMANN D A and GOSDEN J D (2004). The Thika (Kenya) Instrumentation/monitoring, The 70m high Thika embankment dam is constructed of a residual soil rich in halloysite. This comprehensive
performance of Thika dam, Kenya. Long-term benefits Movement monitoring, Pore paper describes the foundation geology, the embankment design, foundation treatment and soil properties of
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British pressure (construction) the fill. The properties of the halloysitic rich soil differ significantly from other clays from temperate regions.
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 421-432. Extensive instrumentation was installed to monitor performance including vibrating wire piezometers, total
Thomas Telford, London. pressure cells, inclinometers and settlement gauges. Higher than expected pore pressures during construction
led to additional drainage being installed in the downstream shoulder. Post construction crest settlement and
drawdown settlement indices were at the low end of the range published for UK dams. Observed seepage was
larger than assumed in design possibly because of an under-estimate of foundation bulk permeability
determined from point values. Pore pressure response data suggested a satisfactory factor of safety during
reservoir drawdown.
2004 Williams WILLIAMS P J (2004) Masjed-e-Soleiman dam Masjed-e-Soleiman (Iran) Instrumentation/monitoring, The 187m high clay core rockfill dam constructed in Iran on the river Karun between 1996 and 2001 was
instrumentation. Long-term benefits and performance of Movement monitoring, Pore extensively instrumented to monitor performance during construction, impounding and in the long term. A
dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society pressure (construction) significant proportion of the instrumentation failed during construction due to a combination of incorrect
Conference, Canterbury, pp 433-444. Thomas Telford, installation, damage by construction plant, use of incorrect equipment and faulty instruments. The reasons for
London. the failures are described and are not uncommon. Piezometer measurements across the core indicated very
little dissipation of pore pressure at the end of construction. The risk of hydraulic fracture suggested by the
instruments resulted in impounding being undertaken under strictly controlled conditions.
2004 Heitefuss HEITEFUSS C KNY H-J and MOSCHNER U (2004). Moehne, Verse, Ennepe (Germany) Outlet & intake works Total drawdown of reservoirs for inspection and remedial works is often not commercially or practically
Challenges and limits - The feasibility of underwater Mornos (Greece), Lower Vartry (Eire) acceptable and therefore underwater techniques have been developed. A number of case histories of
rehabilitation work. Long-term benefits and performance underwater rehabilitation of bottom outlets and drawoff facilities are presented for reservoirs of the Ruhr River
of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Association. Underwater rehabilitation of the bottom outlets of the Moehne dam between 1992 and 2002 led to
Conference, Canterbury, pp 447-458. Thomas Telford, the development of suitable underwater concrete and a specialised diving platform and procedures. Remote
London. operating vehicles and saturated diving were used in the rehabilitation of the bottom outlet at the 126m high
Mornos dam in Greece. The method of creating an ice plug by pipe freezing is considered.
2004 Dempster DEMPSTER K J, GASKIN M, DOAKE R M and HAY- Dalwhinnie, Ericht Flood estimation, Upstream Following the statutory inspection Ericht and Dawhinnie dams were re-categorised from B to A and assessed in
SMITH D (2004). Ericht and Dalwhinnie dam slope protection relation to their capacity to pass a PMF combined with wave surcharge. Construction details of the dams are
refurbishment and protection works. Long-term benefits given; Ericht dam consists of concrete gravity section, a concrete corewall with a downstream embankment and
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British a low homogeneous earth embankment. The PMF and wave surcharge assessment for the dams indicated a
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 459-472. deficiency of freeboard of up to 2.3m. Further protection works were identified in relation to the spillway/core wall
Thomas Telford, London. to resist erosion, poor spillway basin configuration and the potential vulnerability of the scour penstock during
spilling conditions at Ericht dam.
2004 Hay-Smith HAY-SMITH D, DOAKE R, ALLSOP W and McCONNELL Dalwhinnie, Ericht Wind & waves, Upstream Inadequate freeboard at Dalwhinnie and Ericht dams following flood reassessment required remedial works to
K (2004). Wave assessment on Loch Ericht. Long-term slope protection increase wave overtopping protection, (see previous paper). This paper focuses on the assessment of wave
benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th conditions and forces for the design of the remedial works. A full review of wave assessment methodologies was
British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 473-487. carried as it was felt that standard methods based on deep water conditions are not appropriate for Dalwinnie
Thomas Telford, London. dam because of the long narrow reservoir and shallowness of the approach to the dam. It was shown that not all
reservoirs conform to the assumptions implicit in the standard method to estimate significant wave height using
the simplified Donelan/JONSWAP in Floods and Reservoir Safety, 3rd edition; namely that fetch limited waves
are generated on reservoirs and that deep water conditions apply for waves approaching any dam. A
methodology was developed to provide an improved prediction of impact forces for Ericht core wall parapet wall
taking into consideration the duration of the impact force and 3-D spatial effects.
2004 Hughes HUGHES A K, KELMAN P, LITTLEMORE D S and Ogston Outlet & intake works The 20m high embankment dam was completed in 1959. An incident involving uncontrolled release of water
HARWOOD S D R (2004). An incident at Ogston from a fractured scour pipe occurred at Ogston dam during commissioning tests on a recently fitted butterfly
Reservoir. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. valve the failure of which resulted in sudden closure of the valve and surge in the pipework. The discharge
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, quickly started to fill the draw-off tunnel until a guard valve upstream of the fractures was closed. The forebay
Canterbury, pp 488-502. Thomas Telford, London. tunnel, overflow shaft valve tower and combined overflow and draw-off tunnel are situated in the centre of the
dam. The complex arrangement of draw-off, scour and compensation pipework and valves is illustrated showing
the location of the incident. Detailed investigations and remedial works are described. It was concluded that
pipework failure was caused by fitting an inappropriate valve and gearbox for the required duty and system
configuration. In the case of a butterfly valve it needs to be recognised that a failure of the connection between
the gate and the gearbox will result in the gate slamming shut instantaneously.
2004 Spasic-gril SPASIC-GRIL L and SAWYER J R (2004). Marmarik dam Marmarik (Armenia) Pore pressure (construction), A major slip occurred in the downstream shoulder of the 64m high Marmarik embankment dam at the end of
investigations and remedial works. Long-term benefits and Slope stability construction. The failure was attributed to high construction pore pressures in the clay core. The dam crest
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam settled 14m and the reservoir has never been impounded. Nearly 30 years after the failure in 1975
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 503-515. Thomas investigations were carried out and a number of options for rehabilitation have been developed.
Telford, London.
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2004 Vaughan VAUGHAN P R and BRIDLE R C (2004). An update on Ardingly, Balderhead, Carsington, Internal erosion/filters A general description of the role of filters to protect clay cores is given. The perfect filter equation links
perfect filters. Long-term benefits and performance of Cow Green, Dale Dyke (1), permeability of filters to the minimum floc size of eroded clay to be retained. This permeability approach is useful
dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Empingham, Lower Tamar, Upper in assessing the vulnerability of existing dams to internal erosion because the permeability of fills can be
Conference, Canterbury, pp 516-531. Thomas Telford, Litton determined by insitu permeability measurements. Filter design methods for clay core dams, the "critical filter
London. design" developed by Sherrard and the "perfect filter design" developed by Vaughan, are compared for plastic
clay cores and well graded sandy clays. Use of Stokes Law to determine floc size and associated problems are
described. Retro-fitting filters to existing dams is discussed with some examples given.
2004 Wallis WALLIS R P, MORISON A C and GUNSTENSEN R Blackwater, Laggan, Flood estimation, Uplift in A brief description of aluminium smelting using hydropower in the Scottish highlands and the construction and
(2004). Remedial drainage to Laggan and Blackwater concrete dams performance details of the dams is given. The two concrete gravity dams were constructed before modern
gravity dams. Long-term benefits and performance of design criteria were established and when reassessed for extreme floods and seismic loading stability, they
dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society were found to be unsatisfactory. Blackwater dam, a 26m high concrete dam with granite displacers, was
Conference, Canterbury, pp 532 -543. Thomas Telford, completed in 1908 with a slender section. No provision for foundation or dam body drainage was made. Uplift
London. pressures were measured by piezometers installed in the 1970. There were serious doubts that extreme loads
could be carried by tensile stresses particularly at the foundation contact. Laggan dam is a 48m high mass
concrete gravity dam with 5% granite displacers and was completed in 1934. Flood studies and stability
analyses indicated that under the PMF the vertical strength at the lift joints to provide a recommended FoS of 2
against tensile cracking would need to be 0.7MPa. Remedial drainage to relieve uplift pressures has been
adopted at both dams to improve stability.
2004 Makinson MAKINSON C (2004). Papan dam studies and remedies. Papan (Kyrgystan) Seepage & leakage, Papan dam is a 100m high gravel embankment with a grouted core, located in a very narrow limestone gorge in
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Instrumentation/monitoring, an area of high seismicity. The dam is of Russian design and details of the unusual construction are given.
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, Diaphragm & slurry trench Safety evaluation raised concerns in relation to earthquake resistance, flood routing and discharge reliability,
Canterbury, pp 544-558. Thomas Telford, London. walls seepage and high phreatic surface in the downstream fill and operation of the hydromechnical equipment. The
borehole and piezometer investigation indicated a large area of high permeability in the lower core. Remedial
works to resolve the seepage comprise a 70m deep plastic concrete diaphragm wall in the upper half of the
core. Limitations of the combined bottom outlet and spillway are discussed.
2004 Claydon CLAYDON J R, KNOTT D L and CARTER I C (2004). The Fewston, Lindley Wood, Swinsty, Flood estimation/hydrology, The Washburn valley cascade of reservoirs include three puddle clay core earth embankments built in the late
Washburn Valley reservoirs - spillway improvements. Thruscross Overflow works, Heightening 1800s and Thruscross a concrete gravity dam constructed in 1966. The lower three embankment dams would all
Long-term benefits and performance of dams. be overtopped during a PMF. Publication of the Flood Estimation Handbook in 1999 led to a review of the
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, design and a lengthy delay in the works. The impact of FEH is discussed. The remedial works to the
Canterbury, pp 559–568. Thomas Telford, London. embankment dams to enable them to pass the design flood included raising the embankments by reinforced
concrete wavewalls in two cases and construction of a new 3m high embankment at the third which had a wide
crest, and modifications to the spillways.
2004 Menga MENGA R, EUSEBIO M, PELLEGRINI R and PATACCA Acciano (Italy) Earthquake damage, Acciano dam, which was completed in 1980, has a silty clay core with lower shoulders of gravelly sand and the
R (2004). Rehabilitation design of Acciano rockfill dam Movement monitoring upper part of rockfill. Details of the structure and instrumentation of the dam are given. The 28m high dam
after the September 1997 earthquake. Long-term benefits suffered damage during an earthquake in 1997. Longitudinal cracks occurred in the asphalt paving along the
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British complete length of the crest and settlements of up to 15 cm were measured. Records of settlement are
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 569-583. presented together with a detailed seismic stability evaluation. A laboratory assessment concentrated on the
Thomas Telford, London. core material and included pinhole tests and permeability tests. Remedial works following the earthquake
involved raising the dam and placing addition rockfill on both upstream and downstream shoulders.
2004 Bridle BRIDLE R C (2004). Lessons from a dam incident. Long- Incident reporting, Internal Concerns over the appearance of a hole on the downstream slope of a puddle clay core dam led to drawdown of
term benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of erosion/filters, Hazard & risk the reservoir and consultation with the emergency authorities. Fifteen lessons are identified during the incident
13th British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp management which if followed will lead to a greater understanding of the properties of dams and their behaviour if failure
584–596. Thomas Telford, London. threatens. It is recommended that this knowledge is used to compile emergency handbooks. Lessons included
difficulty in identifying the cause of symptoms, the impact of works to improve old embankment dams, rapid
drawdown, emptying capacity, constant surveillance during the incident, deformations leading to the run up to
failure, fill types and failure modes, preparing for dam disasters.
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2004 Riha RIHA J (2004). Comments on failures of small dams in the Melin, Metelsky (Czech Republic) Catastrophic failures, More than 100 failures of small dams have been identified during the last decade in the Czech Republic with
Czech Republic during historical flood events. Long-term Overtopping approximately 70 dams being breached during the floods of August 2002 mainly due to overtopping arising from
benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th insufficient spillway capacity. The paper deals with 10 small dams in the Blatna region with reservoir volumes
British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 597-608. ranging between 48 and 1037 thousand cubic metres. Failure of Metelsky (8.5m high) and Melin (6.2m high)
Thomas Telford, London. ponds are presented in detail. It was estimated that the 1000 year flood was experienced in the area. Trees with
extensive root systems were present on both dams constructed of sandy clay. Hydrological data for both dams
are presented. The Merlin dam failure was caused by a combination of leakage through the upper part of the
dam and waves overtopping the dam crest at its lowest level where internal erosion into a wooden pipe had
occurred. Failure by overtopping of the Metelsky pond occurred due to the flood wave from the Melin dam which
is 2 km upstream of Metelsky pond. The hazards posed by small dams where owners have limited finance is
discussed.
2004 Jaup JAUP A (2004). Detailed investigation of an old masonry Seepage & leakage, The hundred year old masonry gravity dam, built by Prof. Intze, was rehabilitated 1950/52, 1965/67 and 2000,
dam. Long-term benefits and performance of dams. Geomembranes the main objective being to reduce seepage through the dam. Cement grouting was undertaken in 1950/52 to
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, seal the dam body and foundation. A protective steel reinforced shotecrete, layer 20 cm thick, was applied to the
Canterbury, pp 609-616. Thomas Telford, London. upstream face in 5m x 5 m panels in 1965/67. Each panel was anchored to the dam with 16 2.5m long anchors.
Failure of joints between the panels led to leakage. In the current rehabilitation the shotcrete will be maintained
and a Carpi type drained geomembrane will be anchored onto the shotcrete layer using a system which
consists of inner and outer stainless steel profiles.
2004 Dempster DEMPSTER K J and FINDLAY J W (2004). The long-term Dubh, Mullardoch Concrete deterioration Colloidal concrete involves the permeation of fluid cement grout into pre-laid aggregate. Its use is rare and arose
performance and remediation of a colloidal concrete dam. from cement shortages in the 1950s. Relatively poor performance in terms of strength and impermeability
Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society Conference, compared to conventional mass concrete is mainly due to the high water cement ratio required for placing. Loch
Canterbury, pp 617-628. Thomas Telford, London. Dubh dam, constructed in 1956, shows a range of defects including surface spalling of the downstream face,
joint leakage, cracking and high pore pressures all of which were apparent early in the dam's life. Investigations
have shown that the rate of deterioration does not pose a threat to the stability of the dam and the leakage does
not pose a problem in terms of uplift. Remedial works approved include leak sealing, a sealing coat and
downstream face stabilisation.
2004 Hinks HINKS J L and WILLIAMS P J (2004). Some problems at Braydon Pond, Faringdon House Internal erosion, Overflow In 1986, the Department of the Environment urged Panel Engineers to "keep expenditure to a scale justified by
small dams in the United Kingdom. Long-term benefits Lake, Fawsley Estates Lakes, works, the risk" . The paper reviews the difficulties of imposing onerous and expensive demands to meet modern safety
and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Hartleton Farm Lower, Hartleton Farm standards on small dams where available funds are frequently tightly constrained. Seven case histories
Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 629-638. Upper, Marston Pond, Shardeloes, involving small dams are presented. They deal with leakage adjacent to a spillway, appropriate spillway design
Thomas Telford, London. Weldon Lagoon for small reservoirs with large catchments, the effects of non-statutory reservoirs on the safety of statutory
reservoirs and balance between the demands of reservoir safety and those of amenity, recreation and wildlife
conservation.
2004 Hughes HUGHES A K and LITTLEMORE D S. (2004). The Devils Dingle Waste impoundment, Devils Dingle Ash Lagoon has been the main means of ash disposal for the 1000 MW Ironbridge B Power
discontinuance of Devils Dingle Ash Lagoon. Long-term Discontinuance/ Station since it commenced operation in 1968.The lagoon is impounded by a 66m high embankment
benefits and performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th abandonment constructed largely of PFA with an upstream clay core and rockfill berm on the downstream toe. Construction,
British Dam Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 639- operation and flood control arrangements are described. Discontinuance of the reservoir by reducing its volume
651.Thomas Telford, London. to less than 25,000m3 has been achieved by infilling and creating a number of lagoons independent of each
other. An objective was to maintain and enhance important wildlife habitats that have established around the
site. Investigation, trial filling and modification to existing structures are described.
2004 Davison DAVISON I and SHAVE K (2004). Bewl Water spillway Bewel Bridge Overflow works, Concrete The pre-cast concrete units forming the crest of the bellmouth spillway shaft at Bewl Water Reservoir have
remedial works. Long-term benefits and performance of deterioration suffered severe cracking due to ASR. A paper in the 1998 BDS Conference described the investigation into the
dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam Society cause of the cracking. This paper describes the remedial works to replace the pre-cast concrete units that have
Conference, Canterbury, pp 652-660. Thomas Telford, been designed to allow the water level to be raised by 350mm without the need for major temporary works over
London. the top of the shaft. The new units have been in place for four years and their surface is without deterioration.
2004 Peck PECK C B (2004). Walthamstow Reservoirs No. 4 & No. 5 Walthamstow no 4 & no 5 Environment/social/planning, Inspection of the common embankment at the Walthamstow reservoirs revealed a lack of protection resulting in
embankment protection. Long-term benefits and Upstream slope protection undercutting of the toe. Two of the reservoirs are used as settlement lagoons for a water treatment works and
performance of dams. Proceedings of 13th British Dam are in danger of becoming silt bound. All the reservoirs form part of a designated site of special scientific
Society Conference, Canterbury, pp 661-674. Thomas interest (SSSI) which has also been designated as a special protection area under the EU Birds Directive. Over
Telford, London. the past 15 years three separate incidents have affected reservoir safety; namely a downstream slip in 1988,
crest settlement between 1986 and 1992 and seepage through the embankment in 1996.
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Proceedings of 14th BDS Conference. Durham, 2006.

2006 Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham
2006 Hughes HUGHES A K (2006). Reservoir safety - are things Legislation, Hazard & risk The background of reservoir safety legislation since 1925 and the progress of reservoir safety are discussed in
improving? Improvements in reservoir construction, management relation to the effects of creating the Supervising Engineer role and the single Enforcement Agency for England
operation and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British and Wales. There appear to be more inspections instigated under Section 10 (2)(d) by Supervising Engineers.
Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 1-12. Thomas Their role appears to be changing and becoming more onerous with supervising engineers taking on more
Telford, London. tasks. Creating a single enforcement agency has resulted in a number of improvements such as the registration
of many more reservoirs and appointments of Inspecting Engineers and Supervising Engineers to dams without
engineers. Delays in undertaking outstanding recommendations in the interests of safety have received
increased attention. The implications of insufficient routine maintenance, in particular valve operation, on
reservoir safety are discussed. Other topics discussed include procurement of engineering services, operational
risk, risk assessment, incidents, and training and assessment of supervising and inspecting engineers.
2006 Brown BROWN A J and GOSDEN J D (2006). Development of Emergency plans, The Water Act 2003 amended the Reservoirs Act 1975 and gave the Secretary of State power to direct that the
the requirements for Floods Plans under the Reservoirs Legislation, Hazard & risk owner of a reservoir regulated in England and Wales shall prepare a Flood Plan. The matters to be included are
Act 1975 (as amended). Improvements in reservoir management, outlined. Elements of emergency planning have been applied to reservoirs in the UK for some time. Emergency
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of drawdowns continue to occur at UK reservoirs demonstrating the value of effective planning of emergency
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 13-25. action to avert failure. Practice in other countries and existing legislation or guidance in other high hazard
Thomas Telford, London. industries in the UK is summarised. The HSE policy statement notes that responsibility for managing the risk lies
firmly with the owner of the hazardous installation.
2006 Warren WARREN A L and HOPE I M (2006). A New Incident Databases, Incident reporting A new incident reporting system has been developed for the Environment Agency building on the existing dams
reporting system for the UK. Improvements in reservoir database established by BRE. The main aim of the new system is to provide an effective system for the
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of reporting, storage and analysis of information on incidents at dams, and related remedial works. The information
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 26-36. will then be used to inform the industry on vulnerabilities and trends in incidents. Some of the key issues
Thomas Telford, London. addressed in the paper are what constitutes an incident, who reports an incident and confidentiality of data. The
database into which the information is stored distinguishes between external and internal threats acting on a
dam and the mechanisms of deterioration. It allows information to be recorded on the indicators that led to the
incident being declared, emergency actions and lessons learned. The requirements for investigating a serious
incident are discussed, the main objective being to determine the root cause of the incident. The development of
the new incident reporting and investigation procedures aims to provide a robust formalised framework that can
contribute to our further understanding of how incidents arise at UK reservoirs.
2006 Ackers ACKERS J C, PETHER R V and TARRANT F R (2006). Emergency plans, The new provisions for flood plans in the Reservoirs Act (1975) added by the Water Act (2003) together with the
Reservoir hazard analysis and flood mapping foe Legislation, Hazard & risk requirements of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004, create an impetus for improving and standardising
contingency planning. Improvements in reservoir management, Dam break approaches to dam break modelling, inundation and consequence mapping in the UK. Under revisions to the
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of studies Reservoirs Act 1975 introduced through the Water Act 2003, the Secretary of State has the powers to direct
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 37- 46. reservoir undertakers to prepare flood plans. These are required to help the emergency services provide an
Thomas Telford, London. effective response with regard to evacuation and other precautions in the event of a threatened or actual dam
failure. Draft proposals for the format and content of the flood plans anticipate that the flood plan will consists of:
inundation and consequence analysis, on site emergency plan and notification to local authority of imminent
dam failure. Dambreak methodology is discussed. Limited statistical analysis of flood damage lengths and rate
of flood wave attenuation in relation to simple parameters such as reservoir volume, dam height and stream
gradient shows a wide scatter of data.
2006 Berry BERRY C W and BARR K M H (2006). Impact of the Garrogie, Corselet Road FSR Legislation, Regulatory pressure is increasingly being focused on engineering activities under the cover of the European
Controlled Activities Regulations on dam construction, Environment/social/planning Union Water Framework Directive. From April 2006, most activities in or near the water environment in Scotland
maintenance and operation in Scotland. Improvements in will be controlled under the new Controlled Activities Regulations (CAR). They will include discharges,
reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. abstractions, impoundments and engineering activities. The introduction of CAR provides the regulator, SEPA,
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, with additional powers to influence engineering activities such as impoundments and river activities in Scotland.
Durham, pp 47-58. Thomas Telford, London. The key objective of CAR is protection of the water environment. Compliance with CAR is required even if the
works are covered by other consents e.g. planning.
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2006 Mason MASON P, DEMPSTER K and POWELL J (2006). Loyne, Cluanie Flood estimation/hydrology, Assessing the catchment hydrology will yield incoming floods but their accurate routing to assess associated
Improved reservoir level assessment through the Spillway hydraulics, reservoir levels will also require an accurate assessment of outlet work discharge characteristics. The weir
mathematical modelling of weir crest coefficients. Uplift/overturning in concrete discharge coefficients are all too often guessed or estimated as constant values whereas they are likely to vary
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and dams with reservoir head. Selection of discharge coefficients had ranged between 1.57 and 2.0 for essentially the
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society same structure at Loyne and Cluanie dams. Stability analyses carried out for the two concrete dams indicated
Conference, Durham, pp 61-71. Thomas Telford, London. that the FOS are marginal and sensitive to the maximum water level during flood. Use of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) enabled weir discharge coefficients to be assessed for a range of flows which resulted in
reduced reservoir levels. The CFD modelling method is described including the effect of mesh details and
boundary conditions. Where CFD methods are unavailable use of USBR "Design of Small Dams" provides
discharge coefficients for a standard ogee crest. Although the benefit in terms of water level reduction for a
standard PMF scenario may seem quite small, it may prove of significance for dam stability.
2006 Gezgin GEZGIN T, SORMAN A U, SENSOY A and SORMAN A A Yuvacik (Turkey) Flood estimation/hydrology, A description is given of the methodology to control water levels in the Yuvacik reservoir which is used for water
(2006). Yuvacik Dam: improvements to dam operation Flood storage reservoirs supply and flood retention. The study proposes using semi-distributed hydrological modelling coupled with
utilizing an integrated atmospheric-hydrological model. numerical weather predictions and GIS technology. The modelling programs include Hydrologic Modelling
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and System, USACE, 2005. The dam is an earth embankment 101m high retaining a reservoir with a capacity of 60
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society million m3. The catchment area is 258 km2 and the existing 6 rain gauges were not capable of representing the
Conference, Durham, pp 72-83. Thomas Telford, London. spatial variation of precipitation and therefore new stations, some being mobile, were built to measure
meteorological data and snow depth as well as precipitation. With the construction of snow depth sensors, which
measure real-time snow data, it has been possible to take precautions against high discharges from snow melt.
2006 Bailes BAILES M I and WILLIAMS O P (2006). Water Marchlyn, Llyn Peris Flood estimation/hydrology Optimum operation of the Dinorwig pumped-storage scheme requires a constant volume of water within its
management at Dinorwig pump-storage power station. closed reservoir system. The paper describes how "excess water" from floods is managed using a computer
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and model which links hydrology, hydraulics and power station operation. The aim of the model was to increase the
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society understanding of the link between upstream catchment conditions, current operational conditions, excess water
Conference, Durham, pp 84-93. Thomas Telford, London. and downstream catchment conditions. Constraints on when excess water can be released from the system are
given. The hydrological model chosen was the ISIS Probability Distributed Moisture model (Wallingford
Software). The hydraulic modelling software was ISIS. The data sources for both models are given.
2006 Bettes BETTESS R and BAIN V (2006). Boscastle and North Flood estimation/hydrology A study of the damaging flood in Boscastle has been carried out to determine the peak discharge. The
Cornwall Floods, August 2004: Implications for dam hydrological and hydraulic simulations of the flood showed that the application of standard Flood Estimation
engineers. Improvements in reservoir construction, Handbook methods did not reproduce the flood characteristics very well. A better simulation was provided by
operation and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British assuming high values of percentage Runoff up to 95% and halving the Time to Peak of the unit hydrograph
Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 94-105. Thomas which is more extreme than that recommended in the Flood Studies Report. This has implications for the
Telford, London. methods that should be used when assessed PMF for dams in small steep catchments. A peak rainfall rate of
300mm/hr was recorded with 68mm record in 1 hour. Using FORGEX, it has been estimated that the annual
probability of occurrence of the rainfall event is less than 0.05%. The South West peninsular has been subjected
to six extreme rainfall events in the last century. Rises in river level of 1 to 1.5m in a period of a minute were
reported. The best estimate of the peak flow of the flood in Boscastle was 180m3/s.
2006 Stara STARA V, SPANO M and SULC J (2006). Reconstruction Znojmo (Czech Rep.) Spillway gates and barriers Extreme flood events in the Czech Republic in 1997 led to the spillway capacity of Znojmo rockfill dam being
of the Znojmo dam - practical application of hydraulic increased nearly twofold. To achieve this increase the weir level of the gated spillway was reduced by 1.2m, the
research. Improvements in reservoir construction, existing flap gates were replaced with tainter gates and modifications were made to the stilling basin. Physical
operation and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British hydraulic modelling of the proposed arrangements was undertaken to demonstrate its effectiveness. The
Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 106-115. Thomas differences between modelled and real situations are discussed.
Telford, London
2006 Kofoed KOFOED V, MONTGOMERY J and GARDINER K (2006). Two unidentified dams owned by Seepage & leakage A new method to identify leakage location through embankment dams makes us of Controlled Source
Identifying leakage paths in earthen embankments. United Utilities Frequency Domain Magnetics. The method depends on the transformer theory in which two coils in close
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and proximity can be electromagnetically coupled. A brief description of the method provides little to the non-
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society specialist making this very much black box technology. During the investigation, more than 5000 readings are
Conference, Durham, pp 119-128. Thomas Telford, taken every four seconds. Five sites were investigated in the UK, two of which were reported in the paper. As
London. with other geophysical techniques buried pipes common to many UK embankment dams influence the output.
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2006 Dornstadter DORNSTADTER J, DUTTON D, FABRITIUS A and Cam Loch, Seepage & leakage Three possible methods of estimating seepage flow velocity using ground temperature sensing techniques are
HEIDINGER P (2006). Is internal erosion detectable? presented. (1) In the phase shift method frequent temperature measurements are required over a period in the
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and reservoir and the embankment at the time when there is a definite change in reservoir water temperature with
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society the maximum or minimum being recorded. The magnitude of the phase shift between recorded water and
Conference, Durham, pp 129-143. Thomas Telford, ground temperature gives an indication of water flow through the dam. (2) In the temperature and spatial
London. difference scaling approach, a single measurement of temperature profiles in the dam is recorded. Temperature
anomalies are used to identify zones of leakage and flows through the embankment. A theoretical model is
provided. (3) Flow velocity determination by use of heat conduction requires a linear heat source to be installed
in the embankment. Where seepage is occurring heat will be transported away from the heat source by
convection as well as conduction. Two case histories are presented.
2006 Rowland ROWLAND A and POWELL A (2006). Leakage Carno Lower Internal erosion/filters, The 27m high puddle clay core embankment dam has had a history of leakage through the abutment and into
investigations at Lower Carno dam. Improvements in Seepage & leakage, the drawoff structures since first filling. Remedial works have included grouting on a number of occasions and
reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. Movement monitoring construction of new outlet works. In 2005 leakage flows at the toe accelerated rapidly with considerable internal
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, erosion estimated to be 1% silt content in the leakage flow which resulted in an emergency drawdown and a
Durham, pp 144-153. Thomas Telford, London. rapid increase in crest settlement as the reservoir was emptied. Initial investigations suggests that leakage and
erosion appears to be associated with the outlet culvert. Hydraulic fracture is suggested as a possible
mechanism that initiated the leakage.
2006 Eddleston EDDLESTON M and CARTER I C (2006). Comparison of Hazard & risk management, The application of two methods used for quantitative risk assessment of internal erosion in Australia and the
methods used to determine the probability of failure due to Internal erosion/filters United States to six pilot dams in the UK is compared with results from the DEFRA method. The Dam Condition
internal erosion in embankment dams. Improvements in Scores upon which estimated probability of failure is based show a large variation and lack of consistency. This
reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. illustrates the very approximate nature of the derived values and the need to use them in conjunction with
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, engineering judgement rather than applying them as absolute values. The effects of seepage carrying fines,
Durham, pp 154-164. Thomas Telford, London. conduits through embankment, filters and effectiveness of remedial grouting on the three methods are
discussed. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods is given.
2006 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, TAYLOR H, ROBINSON N and BINNS A Valcros (France) Internal erosion/filters, A useful summary on the use of filters to control internal erosion of clay cores in embankment dams is given.
(2006). In search of the perfect geotextile/ geocomposite Geotextile filters The paper investigates the potential of designing geotextile filters to retrofit old embankment dams that are
filter for retro-fitting old embankment dams. Improvements potentially vulnerable to internal erosion. The design of geotextiles filters in relation to soil retention, drainage
in reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. capability, ability to resist clogging, stability of geosynthetic soil filter systems laid on slopes and durability is
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, summarised with reference to relevant publications. The ultimate long term performance concern is potential
Durham, pp 165-179. Thomas Telford, London. clogging of the geotextile. It is concluded that geotextile/geocomposite filter systems are more economical and
simpler to lay than granular filters leading to quicker and simplified construction.
2006 Kirby KIRBY A and DEMPSTER K (2006). Wave surcharge on Lairg, Fannich, Glascarnoch, Loch Wind & waves Safety reviews identified five hydroelectric dams belonging to SSE in the Highlands of Scotland where the wave
long narrow reservoirs - a reality check. Improvements in Mhor, Little Loch Shin surcharge allowance was significantly greater than the available freeboard. This raised concerns for dam safety
reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. and potentially costly dam raising, up to 3m in one case. A reality check on the simplified approach is described.
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, All five dams impound long narrow lochs, up to 26km in length, which has a significant effect on the calculated
Durham, pp 183-195. Thomas Telford, London. surcharge. Wave analysis methods from the maritime sector were used to model wave generation on the
reservoirs. A concise account of wave height prediction methods is given. The effect of irregular shaped
reservoirs on fetch length is discussed. Other issues include wave run-up and overtopping, tolerable overtopping
discharges, wind setup, wind funnelling and waves in shallow water. Based on these, a wave surcharge
assessment methodology was established. Application of the wind-wave model MIKE21 NSW is described. It is
concluded that for long narrow reservoirs use of standard straight line fetch may be inappropriate for estimating
wave surcharge. Improved methods for assessing overtopping have been developed since the publication of
latest edition of FRS (1996), such as the Environments Agency's wave overtopping manual.
2006 McCulloch MCCULLOCH C S (2006). The Kielder Water Scheme: Kielder Environment/social/planning The history of the Kielder Water Scheme involving construction of reservoir and the transfer tunnels from the
the last of its kind? Improvements in reservoir river Tyne to the Tees has been explored by examination of the records of the Public Inquiry and interviews with
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of some of the principal engineers involved. It provides insights into the operation of democracy, the politics of
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 196- promotion of mega-projects and the problems of their subsequent assessment and accountability. The role of
210. Thomas Telford, London. the Water Resources Board in relation to the promotion of the scheme is described. The benefits of the scheme
are questioned. An interesting paper for those who were involved with the scheme.
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2006 Seaton SEATON M and SAWYER J (2006). Glendoe Glendoe Environment/social/planning The Glendoe Hydroelectric Scheme involves construction of a 1km long, 35m high concrete faced rockfill dam. It
Hydroelectric Scheme, optimisation and dam selection. is the first major conventional hydroelectric scheme to be built in the UK for over 40 years and has been
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and promoted as part of the Scottish Climate Change Programme to increase electricity generated from renewable
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society sources. The planning and project development process are described. Concept optimisation for the scheme
Conference, Durham, pp 211-223. Thomas Telford, involved consideration of end user objectives, physical constraints on the site, turbine types and selected power
London. system. The geology and morphology at the dam together with the lack of clay and difficult access limited the
number of dam options. The construction contract was awarded in December 2005.
2006 Hill HILL T J F (2006). Assiut Barrage, to rehabilitate or to Assiut (Egypt) River bed erosion, Reservoir The Assiut barrage, completed in 1902, is the last barrage downstream of the High Aswan dam before the Nile
rebuild. Improvements in reservoir construction, operation operation reaches Cairo. The barrage was constructed to divert Nile river flows to the Ibrahimia canal for irrigation supplies
and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam to middle Egypt. An interesting brief history of construction and the early operation of the barrage is given.
Society Conference, Durham, pp 224-235. Thomas Downstream erosion of the river bed which occurred with the gates raised which has required significant
Telford, London. quantities of rubble and stone to be placed at different times. Extensive remedial works were carried out in 1934
to address this and other shortcomings. The results and conclusions of a feasibility study completed in 2005 to
investigate the present structural and operational conditions at the barrage are presented. The paper compares
rehabilitation of the existing barrage with a new barrage scheme to meet the requirement of the client.
2006 Brown BROWN A J and GOSDEN J D (2006). Preliminary Risk assessment Issues on which feedback to the Interim Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment was wanted include the
feedback on the Interim Guide to Quantitative Risk principles of the application of QRA to dam safety management, the use of overall consequence class to
Assessment for UK reservoirs, 2004. Improvements in determine whether a flood plan is required and use of risk to determine the level of surveillance. Feedback on
reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. the guide agreed that the use of QRA promotes critical consideration of the potential mode of failure, determines
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, which recommendations in a Section 10 report should be included in the "interests of safety", determines which
Durham, pp 239-250. Thomas Telford, London. upgrading measures are proportionate in terms of cost relative to the reduction in risk achieved and can be used
by companies to rank risk from their dams with other infrastructure for which they are responsible.
2006 Gosden GOSDEN J D and DUTTON D (2006). Quantitative risk Upper Foulridge, Lower Foulridge, Risk assessment The Interim Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment published in 2004 was applied to six British Waterways
assessment in practice. Improvements in reservoir Whitemoor, Slipper Hill, Barrowford, reservoirs. The reservoirs are impounded by earthfill dams constructed in the early 19th century. Some
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of Rishton background to risk assessment is described. For each of the dams, the impact of measures recommended in the
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 251- interests of safety and surveillance improvements on the annual probability of failure are given. It is concluded
260. Thomas Telford, London. that QRA provides an excellent audit trail establishing the basis on which recommendations have been made
and that this will be of benefit to future Inspecting Engineers in an increasingly litigious society. It is claimed that
the QRA process provides the reservoir owner with a clearer understanding of the risks to his reservoir and the
potential hazard that the reservoir poses both to his own undertakings and to others. In a business where there
are competing claims on money an appreciation of risk enables responsible spending plans to be developed.
2006 Morris MORRIS M W and SAMUELS P G (2006). Floodsite Dam break studies, The FLOODsite Project is an integrated Project under the EC 6th Framework programme involving 36 partners
(integrated Flood Risk Analysis and Management Emergency plans from 13 different countries. Research does not address explicitly specific issues on the performance of dam
Methodologies) - Research relevant to the dams industry? structures, but is concerned with flood risk issues associated with reservoir operation. Tasks which are relevant
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and to the dams industry include improving the understanding of extreme events, breach initiation and growth, flood
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society inundation modelling, socio-economic flood damage evaluation, risk perception and emergency flood
Conference, Durham, pp 261-270. Thomas Telford, management.
London.
2006 Dewals DEWALS B J, ERPICUM S, ARCHAMBEAU P, Malpasset (France) Dam break studies After a series of validation tests and numerous comparisons with other internationally available models, the
DETREMBLEUR S and PIROTTON M (2006). Numerical Belgium Ministry for Facility and Transport selected WOLF for performing flood risk analysis on the main rivers in
tools for dam break risk assessment: validation and the south of Belgium and for conducting dam safety risk analysis in the country. A brief description of WOLF 2D
application to a large complex of dams. Proceedings of is given. The simulation of the Malpasset arch dam failure in France in 1959 has been used to demonstrate the
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 271- accuracy of the model. The model has also been applied to simulate the flood generated by the collapse of a
282. Thomas Telford, London. large 50m high concrete dam which would induce failure of three lower dams in cascade.
2006 Pether PETHER R (2006). Failure impact assessment of a mine Dam break studies A 22km long flood levee is being built with the primary aim of protecting a coal mine from flooding. The levee will
site flood levee in Australia. Improvements in reservoir also retain run-off across the 31km2 site. The earthfill embankment will generally be 1m to 5m in height, but in a
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of few locations will be 11m to 15m.Under the Queensland Water Act 2000, a dam is referable and requires
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 283- licensing if there is a population at risk downstream of the dam. Dam breach characteristics and a hydraulic
291. Thomas Telford, London. modelling program were used to model the breach impact at a number of locations of population for both sunny-
day and flood events. It was concluded that the levee was non-referable.
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2006 Lewin LEWIN J, BALLARD G M and TO P (2006). Refurbishing Spillway gates and barriers Many old spillway gates installations, some dating back to the early 1900s are approaching the limit of their
and upgrading old spillway gate installations. operating life. Design deficiencies and degradation with age present reliability risks. Types of spillway gate,
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and historic spillway gate failures and typical problems are described. Issues requiring investigation and action
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society include provision of reliable standby power, robust electrical power installation, protection against hazards such
Conference, Durham, pp 295-303. Thomas Telford, as lightning and fire, assessment of seismic resistance, and maintenance of gate roller bushes at vertical lift
London. gates. A reliability assessment of three 50 year-old spillway gate installations identified the following significant
contributors to potential failure: failure of gate electric motor or associated equipment, gate motors are
overloaded due to seized rollers, failure of electric power supply to the gate, failure of gate mechanical drive and
gate control equipment. Gate refurbishment is only the first stage in upgrading reliability; a continuous
commitment to gate maintenance and testing the gate system must ensue.
2006 Meldrum MELDRUM J H (2006). Investigation and rehabilitation of Chardara (Kazakhstan) Spillway gates and barriers A vibration problem with the 40 year old spillway outlet gates on the Chardara dam in Kazakhstan turned out to
Chardara dam spillway. Improvements in reservoir be a hydraulically poorly designed structure with cavitation and hydraulic impact problems requiring alterations
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of to the structure as well as replacement of the gates. Vibration surveys, hydraulic model testing and diving
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 304- surveys were all employed successfully to investigate the cause of the problem and to assist with the design of
314. Thomas Telford, London. the remedial works. The gates were not operated beyond about 40-50% opening due to vibration, whereas 80%
opening was required to pass the design discharge. It was concluded from the investigations that the profile of
the stilling basin floor was causing cavitation and that the existing 5m high baffle blocks were forcing a hydraulic
jump causing too much disturbance in the upstream part of the basin.
2006 Hughes HUGHES A K and KETTLE C T (2006). Application of Wimbleball Grouting A brief historical overview of the cement grouting of foundations and embankment dams is given together with
modern grouting technology to remedial works on dams. some of the major problems that have existed such as inaccurate batching, poor mixing practice, inefficient
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and mixers, poor control of pressure at the point of injection and hydro-fracture in the formation, or breakout of grout
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society at the surface. The progressive changes to the manual control of the process are listed including automated
Conference, Durham, pp 315-329. Thomas Telford, batching plants, improved pumps, high speed grout mixers, introduction of flow meters and pressure relief
London. valves, improved grout materials and additives. The GIN (grout intensity number) process which involves the
application of a constant product of grout pressure and volume is described. The recent use of computer
packages to control grouting are summarised with supplementary curtain grouting at Wimbleball being given as
an example.
2006 Spasic-Gril SPASIC-GRIL L (2006). Emergency underwater Spillway gates and barriers Diversion structures were constructed in the 1950s across the river Rioni to protect the town of Poti on the Black
rehabilitation of the Poti main diversion weir, Georgia. Sea in Georgia from frequent flooding. Scour problems related to the downstream pool of the diversion structure
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and have been known for almost 50 years. Currently the structure operates on the verge of breakdown. Failure of
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society the diversion structure would cause flooding of the Rioni-Khobi drainage system. A description of the scheme
Conference, Durham, pp 330-344. Thomas Telford, and scour problems are described together with an account of the hydrological and geotechnical conditions at
London. the weir. Inadequate design and gate operation have been identified. Inappropriate design of the rehabilitation
work in 1983 did not take into account the erosion processes in the river channel. The sheet pile wall installed
80m downstream of the weir increased the scour depth by 28% and encouraged the scour line to move closer to
the main structural foundations. Emergency remedial works were completed in February 2006.
2006 Warren WARREN A L, HUNT C and ATYEO M (2006). Barrow Barrow Compensation Grouting, Seepage & Barrow Compensation reservoir, constructed in 1863 and owned by Bristol Water, has a long history of leakage
Compensation reservoir grouting works. Proceedings of leakage, Instrumentation and remedial works. The 12m high embankment was emptied in1882 and remains empty except under flood
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 345- conditions. Doubts about dam safety under flood conditions led to a comprehensive site investigation and
354. Thomas Telford, London. grouting programme of the puddle clay core of the dam and its rock foundation. The effects of grouting on the
permeability of the core, fill and foundation are given. No problems arose during a trial filling of the reservoir. The
expensive remedial works have been completed for the purposes of reservoir safety despite the reservoir having
no useful function for the owner. The project provides a further example of how tube-a-manchette grouting can
reduce core permeability by grouting.
2006 Robertson ROBERTSON S A (2006). Reservoir safety and Howden, Derwent, Linacre (Upper, Drainage, Outlet & intake An account of valve refurbishment, additional valves, spillway repairs and general maintenance is given. At
refurbishment works at Severn Trent Water's Howden, Middle and Lower) works, Overflow works Howden and Derwent reservoirs, some Blakeborough scour valves could not be operated through their full travel
Derwent and Linacre reservoirs. Improvements in and investigation showed cavitation damage had taken place. CCTV was used to inspect the damage and the
reservoir construction, operation and maintenance. effectiveness of new sleeves that had recently been installed in two of the Howden valves. Metal filler had also
Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society Conference, been used effectively. Works at the Linacre reservoirs comprised refurbishment to the spillway walls and floors
Durham, pp 355-367. Thomas Telford, London. including the specialist removal of existing joint filler containing 15% asbestos, restoration of a drainage facility,
installation of scour guard valve and re-lining of the cast iron scour pipeline of the lower reservoir with
continuous polyethylene pipe. CCTV revealed the existence of a square masonry culvert through the upstream
fill.
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2006 Bruggemann BRUGGEMANN D A and GOSDEN J D (2006). The Hillsborough (Tobago) Sedimentation Hillsborough reservoir, constructed in 1952, forms one of the main sources of water supply for the island of
management and siltation of Hillsborough dam, Tobago. Tobago. Investigations were carried out to determine the extent and causes of siltation of the reservoir. A
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and bathymetric survey using a Global Positioning System in conjunction with the Medusa system helped to
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society determine the extent of the siltation. This system comprises a probe dragged over the floor of the reservoir
Conference, Durham, pp 368-380. Thomas Telford, gathering information on water pressure, background radiation and reservoir bed roughness. The causes of
London. siltation are discussed in relation to catchment use for logging. Methods proposed for desilting the reservoir and
disposal of the silt are discussed in the context of environmental legislation and the shortage of disposal sights .
2006 Kilby KILBY A and RIDLEY A (2006). Desiccation assessment Banbury, Lockwood Seepage & leakage, Puddle The puddle clay core embankment dams to Banbury and Lockwood reservoirs have a history of high level
in puddle clay cores. Improvements in reservoir clay, Wind & waves leakage, clay core repairs and TWL restrictions. To relax the TWL restrictions which pose wave action damage,
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of a desiccation survey was requested. The principles and techniques adopted for the desiccation assessment of
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 381- clay cores is described, including laboratory testing of high quality samples and the installation and monitoring of
390. Thomas Telford, London. GeO flushable piezometers. Visual inspection did not identify desiccation cracks within the cores, although there
is evidence that the cores have previously been desiccated to greater depth. The potential of desiccation is
highlighted, with monitoring of pore pressure within the clay core demonstrating the seasonal activity and depth
within the core to which suctions can be experienced.
2006 Riha RIHA J and SVANCARA J (2006). The failure of the Mostiste (Czech Republic) Grouting, Seepage & The 29m high rockfill dam with a relatively thin inclined core of loess was constructed in 1960 to impound a
Mostiste embankment dam. Improvements in reservoir leakage, Internal reservoir for drinking water. The upper part of the core is vertical. The dam is founded on granite and the
construction, operation and maintenance. Proceedings of erosion/filters foundation was grouted with a single line of grout holes from a gallery at the base of the core. Leakage into the
14th British Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 391- grouting gallery in 1996 indicated leakage through the core. Filters were provided each side of the core but there
403. Thomas Telford, London. was little transition between the core and the very stiff rockfill. The leakage assessed as being due to hydraulic
fracturing of the core only 2.5m below TWL, but may have been due to the use of poor material including sands
in the core. The upper part of the core was made watertight using jet grouting, a relatively unusual for method
for sealing a dam core. Grouting of the foundations was also carried out.
2006 Shelke SHELKE VC, DUNSTAN M R H, HINKS J L and Ghatgar, Upper middle and Lower Roller compacted concrete, The Ghatghar pumped storage scheme near Mumbai in India has three roller-compacted concrete dams forming
ZELENKA T (2006). Construction of three RCC dams (India) Concrete temperature the upper and lower reservoirs. The lower dam is 84m high. Mix design, thermal studies to decide on placing
forming part of the Ghatghar Pumped Storage Project in temperature and construction details are given. The temperature analyses, as well as the stress analysis were
India. Improvements in reservoir construction, operation carried out using ANSYS since this program offers all the facilities built into the program DAMHOT. Thermal
and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam analysis showed excessive stress in the RCC immediately beneath the conventional concrete so it was decided
Society Conference, Durham, pp 404-411. Thomas to defer construction of the spillway sill until cooler weather.
Telford, London.
2006 Barr BARR K M H (2006). Lightweight fill in dam remediation - Millbuies Loch New materials The 3m high east embankment dam at Millbuies Loch in north-east Scotland was reconstructed following
a case study. Improvements in reservoir construction, observations of crest settlement. Investigations identified that the embankment was founded on 1.5m soft peat
operation and maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British and it was concluded that significant further settlement of the peat foundation would occur if additional soil were
Dam Society Conference, Durham, pp 412-418. Thomas added to make up the freeboard. The embankment was reconstructed using a combination of existing fill and
Telford, London. new expanded polystyrene lightweight block fill. Jet grouting was discounted because trials in peat dam
foundations had not been successful and costs were considered to be too high. The chosen design for the
watertight element was a self-setting bentonite/cement slurry wall in a trench excavated from the existing dam
crest, but a light weight steel sheet piling was the preferred option by the contractor to avoid use of a specialist
contractor. The dam has performed satisfactorily for 5 years since completion of the work.
2006 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M and OLIVEIRA TOSCANO M (2006). The Cerro do Lobo (Portugal) Waste impoundment, A complex zoned rockfill dam was constructed to store sulphidic tailings at the Neves Corvo mine in Portugal
influence of inspection and monitoring on the phased Instrumentation which commenced processing copper and tin ores in 1988. The waste contains more than 85% pyritic materials.
construction of the Barragem de Cerro do Lobo. The four phases of construction of the tailing facility from 1988 to 2005 are described. The embankment
Improvements in reservoir construction, operation and periphery has been extensively monitored to meet requirements of safety and stability as well as the constraints
maintenance. Proceedings of 14th British Dam Society of environmental compliance and mine tailings storage requirements. This involved deposited tailings densities,
Conference, Durham, pp 419-430. Thomas Telford, water balance, piezometric data and seepage volumes and quality. Expert independent inspections and audits,
London. combined with the internal monitoring systems are frequently mentioned in relation to the provision of ongoing
safety and integrity of the facility.
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Proceedings of 15th BDS Conference. Warwick, 2008.

2008 Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, Warwick
2008 Kofoed KOFOED VO, GARDINER K D and GEORGE A A Torside Seepage & leakage, Internal A case history using the Willowstick AquaTrack system to locate the source of leakage into the drawoff tunnel
(2008). Locating the leakage at Torside Reservoir using erosion/filters running beneath Torside dam showed that there were a number of leakage paths. The method which relies on
the Willowstick Aqua Track system. Ensuring reservoir charging the reservoir with a low-voltage electrical current indicated the location of a sinkhole in the upstream
safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam clay blanket. The method is described in some detail by Kofoed et al in the 2006 BDS conference proceedings.
Society Conference, Warwick, pp 1-12. Thomas Telford, A brief history of the construction the dam is given including the problems with stretch of the draw-off pipes laid
London at foundation level and subsequent laying of an upstream clay blanket, a method used by Batement to repair a
number of dams in the Pennines.
2008 Bridle BRIDLE R (2008). Assessing the vulnerability of a typical Internal erosion/filters The vulnerability of a 100 year old puddle clay core dam to internal erosion has been examined using seven
British embankment dam to internal erosion. Ensuring different methods. The dam is 22m high constructed with glacial till. It does not have a history of internal erosion.
reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British The puddle clay core is 2.7m wide at the crest with 1:12 batters and sits on a clay filled cut-off trench of
Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 13-28. Thomas unknown depth or width. Four of the methods used examined the filter properties of the shoulder fill, a low
Telford, London permeably till, to determine if it would prevent erosion of the core. The methods included the Sherard grading
criteria, the Vaughan permeability criteria, the Delgado permeability criteria, and the Foster and Fell probability
criteria. Two methods assessed whether sufficient tractive forces would be available to initiate and sustain
erosion. Some useful data are presented.
2008 Brown BROWN A J and BRIDLE R (2008). Progress in assessing Internal erosion/filters The main technical findings of the Europe Working group on Internal Erosion are summarised. Stages in the
internal erosion. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. progression of internal erosion and the types of internal erosion (concentrated erosion, suffosion, backward
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, erosion, and contact erosion) are outlined. An example of an event tree applied to a fractured outlet pipe within
Warwick, pp 29-38. Thomas Telford, London an embankment is given in discussing the modes of failure. Various methods to assess vulnerability to the
different types of internal erosion are mentioned. Consideration is given to the variability of puddle clays, tests to
assess if they are dispersive and the effect of the time of year on erosion. Statutory obligations with regards to
internal erosion are summarised. It is recommended that the contents of Section 10 reports should include an
explicit statement of the adequacy of the embankment to retain the reservoir similar to that on the adequacy of
the spillway and outlet.
2008 Brown BROWN A J and GOSDEN J D (2008). Defra research Balderhead, Brent, Warmwithens, Internal erosion/filters Key findings and conclusions from two Defra research on internal erosion are given. Frequency of occurrence
into internal erosion. Ensuring reservoir safety into the Upper Rivington, Lower Slade, Lluest of internal erosion incidents, information and examples on the rate of development of internal erosion are given.
future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Wen (Teton, USA) Likely times to failure for different types of internal erosion are discussed. A suggested categorisation of the
Conference, Warwick, pp 39-50. Thomas Telford, London speed of failure due to internal erosion is proposed. A risk based system to determine surveillance frequency is
proposed. Remote real time monitoring using the internet and telephone network offers opportunities to increase
surveillance frequency and setting up alarm systems.
2008 Ronnqvist RONNQVIST H (2008). Possible indicators of internal Internal erosion/filters A study of 72 Swedish dams with glacial moraine cores, consisting largely of silt and sand, has been undertaken
erosion prone dams comprising broadly graded materials. to determine the features that give rise to internal erosion. The investigation has shown that coarsely graded
Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of filters, instability at the core filter interface and segregation of the filter has lead to internal erosion of a large
15th British Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 51-63. number of dams. Three categories of severity of internal erosion incident are proposed from sinkholes and turbid
Thomas Telford, London leakage to no evidence of internal erosion. Some 30% of the dams have shown signs of internal erosion. An
extensive amount of data is presented in relation to filter rules based on Sherard and grading instability using
the methods Kenney and Lau. The lack of a filter transition zone in rockfill dams is cited as a contributory factor
to the occurrence of internal erosion. Best practice is summarised to reduce the likelihood of internal erosion.
2008 Brown BROWN A J, YARWOOD G, KING S and GOSDEN J D Hazard & risk management The results of a number of different quantitative risk assessment (QRA) analyses carried out independently
(2008). Application of the interim guide to Quantitative using the Interim Guide under the direction of six AR Panel Engineers are described and compared. The
Risk assessment across multiple dam owners by multiple number of dams assessed represents about 5% of the UK dams representing a wide range of reservoir type in
Jacobs offices. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. terms of size, risk and ownership. The Guide was published in 1984 for extended trialling. Feedback on the
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, value, difficulties and proposed improvements from the users of the assessments is listed. Not all the
Warwick, pp 65-79. Thomas Telford, London expectations of the guide were met. However, improved transparency and consistency in assessing the
consequences of failure was met. It is concluded the Interim Guide is a good first step in introducing a screening
level to QRA as a tool to assist in dam safety management.
2008 Brown BROWN A J, CHAPMAN A, J D GOSDEN and SMITH F J Dam break studies There has been significant research on the dam break inundation mapping but there has been little attention
B (2008). The influence of infrastructure embankments on given to the influence of infrastructure embankments across the flow paths, depth of inundation and
the consequences of dam failure. Ensuring reservoir consequences. The key issues affecting the extent of dam break inundation and impact of dam break flood on
safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam people are presented. Possible scenarios for the effect of transportation embankments on the extent of
Society Conference, Warwick, pp 80-94. Thomas Telford, inundation depends are assessed depending on whether the embankments fail and result in a further flood wave
London or retain the flood causing the water to back-up and become deeper upstream of the infrastructure embankment.
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2008 Hope HOPE I M and HUGHES A K (2008). Reservoir flood Ulley Emergency plans, Legislation A review of the current developments towards completing guide entitled "Engineering Guide to Emergency
plans - towards implementation. Ensuring reservoir safety Planning for UK Reservoirs" is provided. Under the Water Act 2003 undertakers must produce flood plans for
into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society their reservoirs where directed by the Secretary of State. The draft proposals for the flood plan would include on-
Conference, Warwick, pp 95-107. Thomas Telford, site emergency plan, plan for leasing with external organisations, and full dam breach and inundation analysis
London depending on the consequences of dam failure. The role of Local Resilience Forums and their use of reservoir
flood plans are described. Interim conclusions relevant to reservoir safety from the Pitt Review are outlined.
Legislative changes in the EA biennial report should be implemented to include better risk-based definition of a
reservoir within the Act, mandatory post-incident reporting. Another conclusion is that all reservoir undertakers
should be required by Defra to prepare inundation maps and share them with the Local Resilience Forums to
improve Community Risk Registers and emergency planning.
2008 Blyth BLYTH T D, KYROU K and PATSALI S (2008). Tamasos, Akaki Malounda, Emergency plans, Reforms in dam safety in Cyprus has been driven by accession to the European Union and the need to
Assessing dam breach hazard in Cyprus. Ensuring Yermasoyia, Polemidhia Legislation, Dam break implement the requirements of the European 2007 directive on the assessment and management of flood risks.
reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British studies A summary of the directive and timing of the implementation is given. The Water Development Department is
Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 108-118. Thomas developing Reservoir Flood Plans for its 56 large dams. The methodology used for hazard ranking, dam break
Telford, London hazard analysis and flood mapping a described. A standard and rapid method of hazard assessment were used.
It is concluded that UK guidance on dam break hazard assessment and reservoir emergency planning can be
used overseas provided local idiosyncrasies are recognised and account is taken of relevant failure mechanisms
and failure probabilities.
2008 Morris MORRIS M W, HUGHES A K and BUIJS F (2008). Emergency plans, A brief history of dambreak and emergency planning development in the UK is given. The powers of the Water
Dambreak and emergency planning: meeting end user Legislation, Dam break Act 2003 and the EU Floods Directive are outlined. Historically, dambreak analyses have been undertaken
needs. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society studies purely for emergency panning purposes and many studies were lock firmly away, only to be reviewed in times of
Conference, Warwick, pp 119-132. Thomas Telford, an emergency. The rapid development in computing power, modelling and mapping technology over the last 10
London years now provide powerful tools for flood risk assessment and management planning. The paper proposes a
Source - Pathway - Receptor Model for risk assessment. Adopting concepts and procedures already used for
wider flood risk analysis and management within the Environment Agency will help to integrate analysis within
the developing EA risk management framework.
BROWN A J, CLAYDON J R and GOSDEN J D (2008). A Hazard & risk management The paper states that quantitative risk assessment (QRA) techniques now provide the ability to make meaning
step change in reservoir safety management: Quantitative estimates of the probability of failure and the consequences of failure. The purpose of QRA for the Regulator,
risk assessment and its strategic implications. dam owner and Panel Engineer are described. The regulator needs to understand the level of risk across the
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, range of reservoirs and how these compare to other risks to the public, so that appropriate risk control measures
Warwick, pp 133-144. Thomas Telford, London can be put in place. For the owner QRA can assist in understanding the potential failure modes, compare
reservoirs for prioritized attention and understand the magnitude of the consequences. Residual risk, how
should engineers decide when a dam is safe enough and the benefits of moving towards a risk based
engineering assessment are discussed.
2008 Lewin LEWIN J (2008). Spillway gate design features which can Spillway gates and barriers Spillway gate vibration can result in structural damage or restrict operation at certain gate openings. In some
cause vibration. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. cases vibration of a gate will occur under specific hydraulic conditions which may become manifest only years
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, after commissioning. Design features that can cause gate vibration are summarised including details at the side
Warwick, pp 145-156. Thomas Telford, London and sill seals, unsteady flow at high velocity, and structural considerations. Other causes of gate vibration
covered include eddy shedding, off-centre trunnions and venting overflow of gates. The papers provides a good
source to more detailed publications on the subject.
2008 Wearing WEARING M J, BAKER R and CARTER I C (2008). Spillway hydraulics On wooded catchments, there is the risk that floating trees could be washed over the spill weir and get trapped
Methods of mitigating tree blockage to bridges on a under bridges, which could result in reduced capacity and overtopping. It could also result in change of flow
spillway. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. down the down the spillway and overtopping of the side walls leading to potential erosion. Model tests have
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, shown that a double row of vertical poles in front of the weir is an effective method of trapping trees and that
Warwick, pp 157-163. Thomas Telford, London suitably placed poles would not affect the operation of the spillway. Previous studies and model tests are
described.
2008 Kovacevic KOVACECEVIC N, POTTS D M and VAUGHAN P R Empingham, Ladybower, Ramsden, Movement Prediction of settlement plays a vital role in assessing the safety of embankment dams. The paper reviews a
(2008). Recent advances in the numerical modelling of Roadford, Walshaw Dean Lower, monitoring/analysis comparison of deformations at six embankment dams obtained by advanced numerical modelling and
embankment dams. Ensuring reservoir safety into the Winscar observations. Various phases in the dam's life are considered; construction first filling, operation and raising. To
future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society obtain predictions of deformation which agree well with those in the field, it is necessary to characterise the
Conference, Warwick, pp 164-176. Thomas Telford, behaviour of the fill and foundations using advanced constitutive model based on elastoplastic theory and these
London must be based on high quality laboratory test data.
2008 Hoepffner HOEPFFNER R, SINGER J, THURO K and AUFLEGER Instrumentation/monitoring Development of monitoring systems for dams and landslips have been undertaken on the Aggenalm landslide in
M (2008). Development of an integral system for dam and the Bavarian Alps using fibre optic strain sensing and time domain reflectometry. Measurements strain and
landslide monitoring based on distributed fibre optic temperature along tens of kilometres of fibre optic cable can be obtained every metre. The principal of the
technology. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. methods are outlined. Cables are secured to the outside of inclinometers tubes. Limited data has been obtained
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, from the test site.
Warwick, pp 177-189. Thomas Telford, London
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2008 Sabatino SABATINO R, CREWE A J, DANIELL W E and TAYLOR Errochty Seismic assessment, Outlet & A series of tests aimed at investigating the seismic performance of a typical reinforced concrete intake tower
C A (2008). Nonlinear seismic assessment of lightly intake works which was not designed for seismic loading have been carried out on 1/6 physical models. The results were
reinforced concrete intake towers. Proceedings of 15th used to validate a three dimensional non-linear finite element model. Monotonic and cyclic tests on the models
British Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 190-203. indicated localised tensile failure at the base of the tower and the rest of the tower behaved as a rigid block with
Thomas Telford, London negligible flexural response. Based on the experimental and analytical results, a three-staged assessment
procedure for the seismic performance assessment of the towers was proposed; (1) use of existing capacity
spectrum methods, (2) use of a simplified model and (3) a non-linear finite element analysis.
2008 Hughes HUGHES A K (2008). The Defra research programme and Guides & surveys, Legislation The current Defra Reservoir Research programme and its management are described. This includes a revision
its management. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society of the Guide to the Reservoirs Act, The Engineering Guide to emergency planning. Prioritising a list of research
Conference, Warwick, pp 205-215. Thomas Telford, topics was undertaken based on industry needs and drivers affecting reservoir design, maintenance and
London operation now and in the future. The short term drivers included recent legislation; UK Water Act 3003, UK Civil
Contingencies Act 2004 and the European Water Frame work Directive 2007. Long term drivers include climate
change, ageing deterioration, removal/discontinuance and sustainability and increased demand.
2008 Warren WARREN A L and STEWART E J (2008). The Ulley Flood estimation/hydrology, The meteorological and statistical significance of storm events which affected north east England and the
implications of the 2007 summer storms for UK reservoir Overflow works Gloucestershire region in the summer of 2007 are summarised. Flood related damage to dams and guidance on
safety. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society reservoir flood safety provisions are outlined. The incident at Ulley reservoir near Huddersfield which was due to
Conference, Warwick, pp 216-226. Thomas Telford, a malfunction of the overflow arrangement occurred during a rainfall event with an estimated return period of
London 100 years. Other incidents of overtopping and damage to spillways are known to have occurred during this
storm event. The storms raised the concerns of flood related incidents at non-statutory reservoirs that could
endanger lives and need for appropriate legislation and guidelines.
2008 Hinks HINKS J L, MASON P J and CLAYDON J R (2008). Ulley Ulley, Boltby Outlet & intake works, Flood The near catastrophic failure of Ulley dam occurred as a result of the failure of one of the original masonry
Reservoir and high velocity spillway flows. Ensuring estimation/hydrology, spillways during an extreme flood event. The sequence of events that led to emergency actions including
reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Emergency plans evacuation of areas downstream, closure of the M1 and stabilisation of the embankment are described.
Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 227-237. Thomas Problems associated with high velocity flows in masonry spillways highlight the risk particularly where the
Telford, London spillways run close to the toe.
2008 Crook CROOK D M, KELHAM P, PHILLIPS D and MACHIN I Ulley Catastrophic failures, The first response and actions of the undertaker, the supervising engineer, emergency services and contractors
(2008). Supervising Engineer's Account and reflections on Emergency plans during the emergency incident that took place at Ulley reservoir are described. The role of the supervising
a major reservoir safety incident. Ensuring reservoir safety engineer in response to the incident is discussed. The implementation of the undertaker's emergency plan which
into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society was prepared under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 is outlined. The requirement for the supervising engineer
Conference, Warwick, pp 238-250. Thomas Telford, to be prepared for emergency incidents at their dams is emphasised with recommendations for what is required.
London Detailed knowledge of the dam, consequences of failure downstream, location of records, availability of
transport to get to site at any time, access, facilities to record the incident as it progresses are essential to
satisfactory management of an incident.
2008 Goff GOFF CA and HOPE I M (2008). Investigation of The environment Agency took over the role of enforcement for England and Wales for the Reservoirs Act from
potential reservoirs. Ensuring reservoir safety into the 136 local Authorities in October 2004, following the introduction of the Water Act 2003. Part of their role is to
future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society maintain a national register of large raised reservoirs. The paper describes a project in which 121 large raised
Conference, Warwick, pp 251-259. Thomas Telford, reservoir were identified that were not registered. 42% of which were dam category A or B. The system for
London identifying and assessing potential reservoir is outlined.
2008 Hamilton-KingHAMILTON-KING, HOPE I M and WARREN A L (2008). Taum Sauk (USA), Ulley Catastrophic failures, Post-incident reporting can improve reservoir safety by sharing lessons learned with the reservoir industry and
Post-incident reporting: learning from experience to Incident/failure databases, informing research and development. This paper describes the new system of post-incident reporting and
promote reservoir safety. Ensuring reservoir safety into Legislation, Overflow works highlights findings from post-incident investigations. The limitations of voluntary post-incident reporting have led
the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society the Environment Agency to advocate the adoption of a mandatory system. Reference is made to the failure of
Conference, Warwick, pp 251-259. Thomas Telford, Taum Sauk dam which had no spillway and failed due to overfilling.
London
2008 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M (2008). The application of the Mines and Blakedon Hollow, Clemows valley, Waste impoundment An interpretation of the application of UK legislation based on thirty years experience of the inspection of
Quarries (Tips) and Reservoirs Acts. Ensuring reservoir Carnon Valley, Middle Moor, Norton reservoirs and tailings dams under both the Reservoirs, and Mines and Quarries (Tips) Legislation is presented.
safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Bog, Wheal Maid, It is concluded that much of the implied criticism of the Mines and Quarries (tips) legislation, and of the
Society Conference, Warwick, pp 285-296. Thomas perceived lower engineering standards applied to mine tips is ill founded. A comparison of the different
Telford, London legislation is made. Often more prescriptive monitoring and recording are required for mine waste tips. Examples
of recent UK Mines and quarry tips are given and show the involvement of suitably qualified civil engineer.
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2008 Airey AIREY M and CARUTHERS G (2008). Bradford area Doe Park, Hewenden, Leeming Flood estimation/hydrology, Detailed flood study investigations and extensive physical model testing demonstrated that the overflow works at
reservoirs' group - flood routing remedial works at Overflow works three Yorkshire Water reservoirs were inadequate to handle the PMF design flood. The reservoirs were built in
Leeming. Doe park and Hewenden Reservoirs. Ensuring the latter half of the 19th century to supply Bradford. Remedial works were undertaken to increase the capacity
reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British of the spillway and to provide freeboard for both still water and wave surcharge to prevent overtopping.
Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 297-308. Thomas Innovative solutions were developed to reduce costs and minimize construction times. The out of spillway
Telford, London damage at Boltby reservoir influenced the design at Leeming reservoir. At Hewenden, the spillway walls were
heightened in in-situ concrete using modelled formwork and concrete staining to give the appearance of stone.
2008 Welbank WELBANK J, SOLOMAN R, HINKS J L, GREEN G and Sutton Bingham Slope stability, Movement The 15 m high puddle clay core dam was completed in 1955 and had behaved satisfactorily until 2006 when the
PHILLIPS (2008). Remedial works at Sutton Bingham monitoring/analysis, Outlet & annual settlement increased by 80mm over a 45m length of the ? long embankment. Slope instability was
reservoir. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. intake works stated to be the likely cause of the increased settlement and distortion of the wave wall. Shear strength
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, parameters of the upstream fill and slow response of piezometers on reservoir drawdown suggested that a rapid
Warwick, pp 309-320. Thomas Telford, London drawdown of 4m would reduce the factor of safety to 1. The stability of the upstream shoulder was increased by
adding fill to reduce the slope from 1:3 to 1:5. The importance of crest monitoring is illustrated in this paper. The
limitation of the emergency drawdown facilities necessitated construction of pipes through the bellmouth spillway
5m below TWL.
2008 Lewthwaite LEWTHWAITE J M, RICHMOND D, BEEVER A R and Llwyn-on Outlet & intake works The 24m high puddle clay core dam was competed in 1926. The valve shaft which is upstream of the core was
HUGHES A K (2008). Llwyn-on reservoir scour valve filled with gravel during the second world war to minimise possible bomb damage. Valves fitted to the scour
refurbishment. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. pipes were pronounced inoperable when the valve shaft was cleared in 1964. Various unsuccessful attempts
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, were made to remove and refurbish the valves. A proposal was made to replace the Larner Johnson valves
Warwick, pp 321-333. Thomas Telford, London with butterfly valves on the basis of cost and access. Replacement with butterfly valves could have led to failure
similar to that at Ogston reservoir due to the high velocity flows. The history and basic design of the Larner
Johnson valve which is suitable for high velocities at large pressure drops are summarised. Investigation,
testing, condition and refurbishment of the valves are described. Modern manufacturing techniques and
materials enabled design improvements to be made to the original valve.
2008 Hickman HICKMAN S R, HUGHES A K and DAVIES L S (2008). Llyn Morwinion Internal erosion/filters The 4m high dam, with a maximum water depth of only 2.4m and capacity of 510 x103 m3, was constructed in
The repair Llyn Moriwion dam. Ensuring reservoir safety 1879. It 1.8m wide central clay core contained within vertical dry stone walls. Localised settlement over the
into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society outlet culvert and sediment within the culvert suggested that internal erosion of the core was taking place.
Conference, Warwick, pp 334-344. Thomas Telford, Investigations which included boreholes and trial pit identified voids and wet puddle clay above the outlet culvert.
London Proposals for remedial works are made which include grouting and replacement of fissured clay in the puddle
core.
2008 Hughes HUGHES A K, EVANS A and GALLOWAY R (2008). The Westworth, Lightwood, Barbrook, Discontinuance/ The issues and difficulties associated with discontinuance of reservoirs are discussed. Discontinuance of a dam
discontinuance of dams - its not easy and it can be Ramsley, Stanley abandonment under Section 13 of the Reservoirs Act 1975 which requires the reservoir's capacity to be reduced to less than
expensive. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. 25,000 cubic metres can be carried out by reducing its volume or by complete removal of the dam. If
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, registration of a reservoir under the Act become risk based then total removal may become more desirable.
Warwick, pp 345-360. Thomas Telford, London Factors that dictate the way reservoir is discontinued include location, land value, public access, amenity and
environmental value. Five case histories of reservoir discontinuance are given.
2008 Hill HILL M J , CARTER I C, DAVISON I and BRIDLE R C Imang (Brunei) Instrumentation/monitoring, The 10m high, 420m long earthfill dam was partially completed in 1997 for irrigation purposes in Brunei
(2008). The staged construction of Imang dam. Ensuring Pore pressure (construction), Darussalam. The foundation consists of highly compressible soft to very soft alluvium, swamp deposits and
reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Slope stability estuarine clays to depths of 28m. The embankment incorporated wide berms to counteract rotational failure and
Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 361-374. Thomas drainage conditions beneath the dam were improved by vertical wick drains. Details of construction and
Telford, London performance of the dam during construction are described. The instrumentation observations indicated that pore
pressure did not dissipate as quickly as expected with ru values between 0.55 and 0.85 and therefore the
embankment was not raised to its full height until 2006.
2008 Enson ENSON P (2008). Inoperable reservoir valves - why wait Rhaslas Outlet & intake works The use of the H-Grip method of releasing valves is given.
for inspection. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future.
Warwick, pp 375-378. Thomas Telford, London
2008 Philpott PHILOTT B, OYEYEMI Y AND SAWYER J (2008). King George V, Queen Mary Outlet & intake works, Thames Water has a policy to provide its reservoirs with an emergency drawdown rate of 1m per day. A review
Queen Mary and King George V emergency drawdown Emergency plans of drawdown rates at its reservoirs which are located in urban areas shows that many cannot achieve this
schemes. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. without use of the treatment capacity. Constraints when determining the emergency drawdown rates are
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, discussed in relation to the effect of discharges, possibility of flooding and slope instability. Works carried out at
Warwick, pp 379- 391. Thomas Telford, London two reservoirs which had low emergency drawdown capability are described in detail.
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2008 Sceuro SCUERO A M and VASCHETTI G L (2008). A new Kohranghead pond, Sar Cheshmeh Geomembranes A new geomembrane system using very flexible PVC has been developed for use on embankment dams during
geomembrane system in construction of fill dams: tailings dam (Iran). construction. The merits of the prefabricated system are compared with conventional waterproofing systems
concepts and 2 case histories. Ensuring reservoir safety such as clay, concrete and asphaltic concrete. It is claimed that construction times and costs can be reduced
into the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society significantly. The new system has been used at two dams in Iran. It was used at the Kohrang head pond to
Conference, Warwick, pp 392-403. Thomas Telford, accommodate differential settlement and frequent cycles of filling and emptying several times a day. Extreme
London temperatures down to -37oC with heavy snow were experienced with no adverse effects on the liner. Its use at a
tailings dam in Iran is described.
2008 Foster FOSTER J R, KIRBY and SWAN S ( 2008). Rutland Rutland Environment/social/planning Rutland Water which was completed in 1976 has been designated under the EU Habitats as a Special
habitats - design of reservoirs for environmental habitat Protection Area and a RAMSAR site. An increase in water demand will result in greater drawdown of the
benefits. Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. reservoir which will have an adverse effect on habitats for wading birds and wildfowl along the reservoir
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, shoreline. The construction of compensatory wetlands are described within the reservoir area and outside the
Warwick, pp 404-416. Thomas Telford, London reservoir area are described.
2008 Dodd DODD A (2008). Reservoir repair and upgrade: still the Analysis of different types of some 400 remedial and upgrade works on over 200 dams worldwide is presented.
same issues? Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. It is shown that two thirds of remedial works result from deterioration of the dam, described as reactive forces
Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society Conference, and one third from pro-active changes such as legislation or operational changes. Included in the legislation is
Warwick, pp 404-416. Thomas Telford, London new guidance on flood requirements.
2008 McCulloch MCCULLOCH C S (2008). Decommissioning, Brushes Clough, Boltby, Westworth Discontinuance/ Removal and discontinuation of dams in the United States are discussed in relation to the practice in the UK. It
discontinuation and abandonment of dams: is there a abandonment is argued that multi-disciplinary inspections are needed to assess dams for decommissioning and
case for a national strategy? Ensuring reservoir safety into discontinuance and they should be based on aesthetic, ecological and recreational values as well as safety and
the future. Proceedings of 15th British Dam Society economic considerations. Examples of discontinuation are given. Research opportunities including ecology, dam
Conference, Warwick, pp 423-434. Thomas Telford, engineering and industrial archaeology and environmental history are listed.
London
2008 Gregory GREGORY AW, HENDERSON A E, HENDERSON K C Clunie Post tensioning/ rock The 21m high concrete gravity dam was completed in 1951. Following a Section 10 inspection a structural
and NOWAK P (2008). Clunie dam anchoring works. anchors, Uplift/overturning in analysis showed that under the worst PMF conditions, the abutment sections were likely to crack, become
Ensuring reservoir safety into the future. Proceedings of concrete dams unstable and were expected to fail. Overturning and sliding in the upper part of the rock foundation were
15th British Dam Society Conference, Warwick, pp 435- identified as potential modes of failure. Installation of post tensioned anchors was recommended to give an
446. Thomas Telford, London adequate factor of safety for the worst case of PMF with a low tail water. Investigation of the foundation
properties, anchor design and installation are described. Difficult access on the narrow crest was overcome
using a barge mounted telehandler.
151
Proceedings of 16th BDS Conference. Strathclyde, 2010.

2010 Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde
2010 Hope HOPE I (2010). Reservoir Safety – Planning for the future Ulley Emergency plans, Legislation Following the Pitt Review of 2008 " Learning lessons from the 2007 floods" the Environment Agency produced
Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. simplified inundation maps for 2092 large raised reservoirs. The process for producing the maps and their role
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, with emergency planning procedures and planning guidance is described. Proposals for developing a risk based
Strathclyde, pp 3-17. Thomas Telford, London. approach to reservoir safety is discussed.
2010 Hughes HUGHES A K (2010). The Future for panel engineers. Legislation The historical background to the current system of panels under the Reservoirs Act 1975 and the proposals for
Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. change are described. The panel structure is described with current situation of numbers of engineers in each
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, panel and their age. Substantial detail is provided on proposals for change in reporting.
Strathclyde, pp 18-26. Thomas Telford, London.
2010 Hope HOPE I and WARREN A (2010). Post-incident reporting: Incident/failure databases The progress of the post incident reporting system developed by the Environment Agency for UK dams which
the next steps. Managing dams: challenges in a time of has been active since January 2007 is reviewed. Completeness of reporting, dam characteristic information, the
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society use of the annual report and bulletins for reporting to the reservoir industry, and the likely impact of regulatory
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 27-35. Thomas Telford, change which will lead to mandatory incident reporting are discussed.
London.
2010 Binnie BINNIE C J A and KYDD P M (2010). 8,000MWs of tidal Environment/social/planning, A government feasibility study to identify options for tidal power from the Severn Estuary. Five shortlisted
power in the Severn? Finding the energy/cost/ Tidal barriers options are given that have the potential to generate up to 5% of the UK's electricity demand. Environmental and
environment/ economic balance. Managing dams: engineering impacts on habitats and fish are outlined. These consider ports and navigation, land drainage and
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th flood defences, construction impacts such as employment opportunities.
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 36-47.
2010 McCulloch McCULLOCH C S (2010). Size matters: plans for the Environment/social/planning The social and historical background of the proposal to construct a very large reservoir non-impounding
Upper Thames reservoir and the new environmentalism. reservoir on farmland near Abingdon are outlined. Desirable reservoir size, changing demand and the new
Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. environmentalism, and response to climate change are discussed.
Strathclyde, pp 48-57. Thomas Telford, London.
2010 Shannon SHANNON D, BOWEN J F and de HAAS R (2010). How Pine Brook, Genesee (USA) Roller compacted concrete The merits of a design and build approach to the construction of 26m high Pine Brook roller compacted concrete
Design/Build at Pine Brook Dam Dramatically Reduced (RCC) dam in Colorado are outlined. Background to the scheme, dam design, foundation conditions and
Schedule and Costs. Managing dams: challenges in a preparation, and RCC design mix are summarised. Comparisons are made with Genesee dam, a similar project
time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society where the cost was nearly twice that of Pine Brook.
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 58-72. Thomas Telford,
London.
2010 Stewart STEWART E J, JONES D A, SVENSSON C and Flood estimation/hydrology A new statistical model of point rainfall depth-duration-frequency (DDF) has been developed to replace the
MORRIS D G (2010). Reservoir safety – long return Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) in response to concerns by reservoir engineers about the apparently high
period rainfall . Managing dams: challenges in a time of estimated values when FEH was applied to return periods in excess of the upper recommended limit of 1000
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society years. The framework of the FEH model has been retained, but each of its components has been substantially
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 75-86. Thomas Telford, revised and the dataset of annual maxima rainfalls to which the model is fitted has been updated. The new
London. model which has been developed for periods ranging from 2 to 10,000 years shows rainfall estimates to be
generally significantly lower than those from FRS and FEH for the longer durations.
2010 Morris MORRIS M, BOORMAN L SIMM J (2010). Just how Overtopping, Vegetation Recent studies are reported on the effect of different grass type and condition, in conjunction with soil type and
important is grass cover? Managing dams: challenges in compaction on the erosion resistance of flood embankments and dams during overtopping conditions. Breach
a time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society initiation and growth are shown to be retarded by better grass quality. The work indicates the guidance in CIRIA
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 87-99. Thomas Telford, Report 116 on the design of reinforced grass spillways to be conservative. Grass erosion tests indicated the
London. importance of bare ground in accelerating erosion and that these bare areas were often concealed by taller
grasses.
2010 Bridle BRIDLE R C, FRY J-J and BROWN A J (2010). Internal Kantalay (Sri-Lanka) Guides & surveys, Internal The paper sets out an early version of the ICOLD Bulletin "Internal erosion at Existing Dams". The structure of
erosion at existing Dams: an outline of a proposed ICOLD erosion/filters the bulletin includes the following headings: Statement of the problem, Description of the processes that lead to
Bulletin. Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. failure through internal erosion, Techniques that can be used to assess the vulnerability of existing dams,
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, Methods of detection of serious progressive internal erosion, Interventions that might protect vulnerable dams
Strathclyde, pp 100-111. Thomas Telford, London. and Criteria to assess the risks if works are not carried out.
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2010 Wearing WEARING M J, BAKER R, MASON P and WINTER C Boltby, Ulley Spillway failure, Spillway Following the failure of the masonry spillways at Boltby and Ulley dams, laboratory tests on a 7.3m long physical
(2010). Guidelines from hydraulic model tests on stepped hydraulics model were carried out to investigate the pressure distribution on the spillway walls at the steps and to
masonry spillways. Managing dams: challenges in a time determine the factors that influence the failure of an individual masonry block. Zones of high and low pressure
of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society were measured. Loss of pointing allows positive pressure to be transferred to the back of the wall. On a typical
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 112-120. Thomas Telford, UK spillway, the difference between the peak positive pressure at the back of the wall and the negative front
London. face could be in excess of 6m water pressure. The worse case was shown to be loss of vertical pointing
upstream of a block that stood slightly proud of the surrounding blocks or downstream of an indented block.
2010 Hughes HUGHES A K (2000). Modern technique for leakage Samanalawewa (Sri-Lanka) Geophysical investigation, The geophysical technique called "Controlled Source Audio Frequency Domain Magnetics" (Willowstick) to
detection at dams. Managing dams: challenges in a time Internal erosion/filters, Tracers determine the location of leakage has been used at a 105m high zoned rockfill dam completed in 1991 in Sri
of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Lanka. The basic principles and use of the technique at the dam are described. The Karst ground conditions at
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 121-133. Thomas Telford, the right abutment of the dam led to extensive leakage on first filling despite an extensive cut-off being
London. constructed and again in 1992 following construction of 100m deep by 1600m long grout curtain. The
Willowstick survey confirmed the two main areas where the cut-off was not effective in the right abutment, which
allowed cost effective remedial work to be concentrated at the appropriate areas.
2010 Summersgill SUMMERSGILL F C and O’SULLIVAN C (2010). Internal erosion/filters, Discrete element modelling (DEM) has been used to gain insight into the mechanism of suffusion type internal
Developing an insight into the particle-scale mechanisms Numerical analysis erosion. DEM is a method of numerical simulation that considers individual particles, their motions and the
that underlie suffusion in granular filters. Managing dams: forces that are generated between them. The model has been used to analyze the influence of particle size
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th distribution on the material microstructure.
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 134-145.
2010 Hinks HINKS J L, HEITEFUSS C and CHRIMES M (2010). The Nany-y Gro (demolished UK), Elder, Catastrophic failures This paper provides an excellent brief account of the bombing of the dams in the Rhur valley in 1943, with brief
dambusters revisited. Managing dams: challenges in a Ennepe Mohne, Sorpe, Ennepe descriptions of the dams being given and the level of damaged caused. The speed of repair of the Mohne dam
time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society (Germany) was 41/2 months using 2000 forced labour. The robustness of earth dams to deliberate damage is noted.
London.
2010 Edmonds EDMONDS I G, GOFF CA , JONES B C and A L Hameldon (discontinued) Discontinuance/ abandonment, An example of the discontinuance of a reservoir that poses threats to public safety and does not have an
WARREN A L (2010). The Discontinuance of Hameldon Legislation undertaker to take on the responsibility of the necessary remedial works is described. A description of the 8m
reservoir. Managing dams: challenges in a time of high, 380m long embankment dam near Accrinton, its deteriorated state and its history of ownership are given.
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society The involvement of the Environment Agency in appointing an Inspecting and Supervising Engineer and funding
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 161-172. Thomas Telford, the remedial is described. Remedial options considered included repair, partial breaching and full breaching.
London. Lack of drawdown facilities, existing use of the reservoir water, disused mine shafts and deep silt in the reservoir
basin were taken into account in undertaking the discontinuance of the reservoir.
2010 Yeoh YEOH J S and WARREN A L (2010). Sutton Bingham Sutton Bingham Sedimentation Measurements have indicated that there has been a significant increase in the rate of siltation in the reservoir
reservoir sedimentation study . Managing dams: since 1991. It is estimated that using the rate of sediment yield in 2006 that the capacity of the reservoir would
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th be reduced by approximately 50% in 50 years if no remedial action were undertaken. Two systems were
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 173-184. assessed to reduce incoming silt; storage of sediment behind a submerged labyrinth weir which is periodically
Thomas Telford, London. flushed through conduits downstream of the dam and construction of a desander basin immediately upstream of
the reservoir, an approach used at some Victorian dams. The former system although novel was ruled out
because of costs and some operational limitations.
2010 Hopkins HOPKINS J K, REID J M, McCAREY J and BRAY C Roadford Asphaltic concrete, Drainage, The 41m high dam with an upstream asphaltic membrane which was completed in 1989 was constructed of low
(2010). Roadford dam - 20 years of monitoring. Managing Geochemistry, grade rockfill containing sandstone and mudstone. The dam was heavily instrumented during construction and
dams: challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of Instrumentation/monitoring, many of the instruments are still being monitored 20 years after construction. The long term observations
16th British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp Movement monitoring/analysis confirm the safe operation of the dam. Geochemical monitoring is presented in detail and indicates that the
185-198. Thomas Telford, London. chemistry of the drainage water, some of which passes the through acidic mudstone fill, remained within
acceptable limits. Concerns about the chemical degradation of the mudstone fill containing iron pyrites are
discussed. The unique long term measurements demonstrate the value of a well designed instrumentation
system and conscientious monitoring.
2010 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M (2010). Flood control measures at UK Blakedon Hollow, Clemows Valley, Flood estimation/hydrology, Flood control measures adopted for tailings dams (tailings management facility, TMF) in the UK differ in design
tailings management facilities. Managing dams: Cononish, Legislation, Waste and concept from those of water retaining dams due to emphasis on staged construction and the more stringent
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th impoundment requirements on discharge to controlled rivers. The legislative background (Reservoir Legislation, The Mines
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 199-209. and Quarries (Tips) Act and EU Directives), and the hydrology of TMF are summarised. The design basis for
Thomas Telford, London. three TMFs are described. In each case emergency spillways have been provided to pass the PMF but the
TMFs are able to retain floods from a 1000 year event such that the highest flood standards are met without
compromising operational efficiency or environmental compliance.
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2010 Findlay FINDLAY J W, McMILLAN F N and McNAIR I (2010). A Longannet Drainage, Waste impoundment The regulation, design, construction and operation of ash disposal lagoons adjacent to the Longannet coal fire
strategy for sustainable construction of lagoons for power power station on the Forth Estuary are summarised. The influence of the Reservoirs Act is discussed and
station ash disposal at Longannet Power Station. comparisons are made with conventional water retaining reservoirs. Typical design issues are covered under the
Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. headings of foundation, embankment, seepage control and drainage, outlet works and wave protection. The
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, designer has little control over the foundation as the lagoons are usually constructed over made ground, often
Strathclyde, pp 210-223. Thomas Telford, London. previous lagoons.
2010 Shannon SHANNON D (2010). Dam Safety in the (Somewhat) South Fork, Mill River, St Francis, Catastrophic failures, Dam safety rules for the 82,000 dams in the US vary depending on the state or region. There are no federal law
United States. Managing dams: challenges in a time of Teton, Taum Sauk Legislation requiring individual states to have dams safety laws. Different federal dam safety regulating agencies such as
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society the USBR have their own unique dam safety standards; some of these are summarised. Brief descriptions of
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 227-240. Thomas Telford, some notable dam failures are given which included the first recorded involving loss of life at Mill River Dam in
London. 1874. One of the most significant dam failures was South Fork dam in 1889 with the loss over 2200 individuals.
Since then there have been 150 notable dam failures involving the deaths of 5000 individuals.
2010 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, CYGANIEWICZ J and GARDINER K D Hazard & risk management, The use of a methodology described as "Unified Method of Risk Analysis for Dam Safety" referred to has a
(2010). The use of the “Unified Method of Risk Analysis” Internal erosion/filters "Toolbox" has been used to estimate performance of a dam before and after remedial works to justify the
on a United Utilities Pennine type dam . Managing dams: expenditure on United Utilities dams. The methodology has been developed from event tree methods to address
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th the risk of failure from internal erosion and piping. The history and principles behind the "Toolbox" are
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 241-253. described. A generic sequence of events for internal erosion failure modes is presented.
2010 Brown BROWN D, K D GARDINER K D and WILLIAMS N Foulridge Lower, Emergency plans Emergency plans in the event of a major incident are discussed by British Waterways, United Utilities and
(2010). Exercising of Emergency Draw-down Plans. Severn Trent. Guidance from Defra is summarised, exercising regimes are described and tests of plans are
Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. documented. There is great value in exercising emergency plans as they provide lessons on short comings and
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, lead to improvements. However, the cost and use of manpower needs to taken into account when deciding on
Strathclyde, pp 254-264. Thomas Telford, London. the frequency of site exercises.
2010 Morison MORISON A C and KING S J (2010). Dunalastair Dam – Dunalastair Dam break studies, Emergency Dunalastair dam is a concrete gravity structure built in 1933 which incorporates vertical spillway gates to divert
interaction of risk assessment and emergency response plans, Flood flows into the Tummel aqueduct for the power station. Stability assessment shows the dam is stable up to the
plan. Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. estimation/hydrology, Hazard & 10,000 year flood. Dambreak analyses show failure of the Category A reservoir at PMF would inundate Tummel
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, risk management, Bridge village to a depth of 5.9m, but this would not cause much more damage than the PMF alone. Mitigation
Strathclyde, pp 265-274. Thomas Telford, London. of the risk of failure could be achieved most beneficially by evacuation of the population of Tummel Bridge prior
to the critical 1:10,000 flood peak is reached as an engineering solution to pass the PMF would involve
reconstruction of the dam with little benefit. A description of the dam construction, design floods, dambreak
impacts, structural assessment, risk assessment and proposed emergency plan are summarised.
2010 Mason MASON P J (2010). Loyne Dam - Stability review based Loyne Dam Hazard & risk management, The "Unified Method for Estimating Probabilities of failure of embankment dam by Internal erosion and Piping"
on a QRA, event tree approach. Managing dams: Uplift/overturning in concrete used by the USBR has been adapted for assessing the stability of concrete gravity sections at Loyne dam. The
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th dams devised event tree and event likelihoods in terms of qualitative description and a likelihood factor are presented
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 275-286. and discussed.
2010 Ackers ACKERS J C, BENNETT F C J, MISTRY H and NORRIS Craig-y-Pistyll Overflow works, Spillway The history of remedial works to the 12m high embankment dam in South Wales constructed in 1877 in
J (2010). Upgrading the spillway at Craig-y-Pistyll hydraulics, Slope stability, connection with lead mining is described. Information on stability and leakage problems at the dam is provided.
reservoir using a labyrinth weir. Managing dams: Seepage & leakage Following a dam break study the reservoir was placed into Category A and the flood study indicated the
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th spillway needed upgrading to allow the peak flow of the PMF to pass safely without the stillwater level in the
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 149-160. reservoir rising above the crest level of the dam. After considering various the assessment of various weir
Thomas Telford, London. options, a labyrinth weir was selected because it minimises the risks to the dam by not raising the peak stillwater
level in the reservoir.
2010 Callender CALLENDER I J, HUGHES A K and CLARK G A (2010). Venford Overflow works, Spillway The 19m high Venford dam was constructed in 1907 of cyclopean masonry and is located in Dartmoor National
Improving dam safety: auxiliary spillway design. Managing hydraulics, Uplift/overturning in Park. Flood studies and dam stability analyses showed that factors of safety against overturning and sliding
dams: challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of gravity dams were unacceptable for extreme flood events. The original spillway consisted of four openings in the dam. The
16th British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp design and construction of a new auxiliary spillway, incorporating a labyrinth weir and collapsible safety screens
299-313. Thomas Telford, London. are described. The spillway channel consisted of a cut and cover tunnel through the abutment.
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2010 Modley MODLEY D and GOFF C (2010). Ashford dam Ashford Flood estimation/hydrology, The 5.6m high Ashford embankment built in 1934 has a very small reservoir compared to the size of catchment
improvement Works Managing dams: challenges in a time Overflow works, such that in the event of an extreme flood and failure of the dam, the contribution from the failed dam would be
of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society insignificant. Consideration of the "American Methodology" in which the inflow design flood (IDF) is the basis
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 314-323. Thomas Telford, design of the spillway capacity. The IDF is the flood at which the additional flow from a dam breach is
London. considered insignificant. In the event remedial works to the spillway and wave-wall freeboard were undertaken
to withstand design flood of 10,000 years.
2010 Crook CROOK D M, CLAYDON J, KELHAM P, KING R A and Ulley Emergency plans, Internal The 16m high Ulley puddle clay core embankment, constructed in 1873 near Rotherham suffered serious
PHILLIPS D (2010). Design of rehabilitation works at Ulley erosion/filters, Outlet & intake damage during a storm in 2007 when one of masonry spillways failed. The paper describes subsequent
reservoir. Managing dams: challenges in a time of works, Overflow works, extensive remedial works to upper 3m of the core which had been replaced by a weak concrete to increase the
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Diaphragm & slurry trench wall freeboard, the new spillway over the central section of the dam capable of passing the PMF and the new
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 324-337. Thomas Telford, drawdown system. Detailed assessment of the core properties and the potential for internal erosion are given.
London. The existing drawdown facilities were inadequate during the incident and were considered unsafe. The new
system involving part gravity and syphon is described.
2010 Hughes HUGHES R A N, BOYCE R D, OSBORNE R R, Blalock (USA) Overflow works, Outlet & intake The 21m high homogeneous earthfill dam was completed in 1983 in South Carolina. Shortly after construction
JACKSON C E and RHODES R (2010). Blalock dam and works, Roller compacted its hazard potential was increased requiring it to pass the PMF and the reservoir capacity was increased by
reservoir improvement works. Managing dams: challenges concrete raising the embankment by 3m. Reconstruction of the spillway crest involved the use of roller compacted
in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam concrete core (RCC) with a reinforced concrete surface on its crest and downstream face. Mix design,
Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 338-349. Thomas specification and testing of the RCC are provided. New outlet works with a positive outlet control were required.
Telford, London.
2010 Brown BROWN A J, BRUGGEMANN D A and GOSDEN J D Flood storage reservoirs, Flood detention reservoirs form 9% of reservoirs in England and Wales, and also are the most common form of
(2010). Engineering issues at flood detention reservoirs. Seepage & leakage new reservoir. The key issues between the FDR and water storage reservoirs are highlighted. Leakage and
Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. cracking associated with the watertight element and desiccation arise due to the reservoir normally being empty.
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, The design of the hydraulic structures to convey water through the dam covers internal erosion on the outside of
Strathclyde, pp 353-363. Thomas Telford, London. the conduit, blockages and emergency drawdown.
2010 Lee LEE S, CASS J, CORNICK S and BRADLEY M (2010). Cobbins Brook FSR Environment/social/planning, The Flood Storage Reservoir was constructed to reduce the risk of flooding to Waltham Abbey, Essex and the
Cobbins Brook Flood Storage Reservoir. Managing dams: Flood storage reservoirs M25. The 7.5m high dam is formed by an earth embankment with sheet pile cut-off and capable of holding 754
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th 103 m3. The history of flooding and the design of the scheme is given. Large quantities of London Clay were
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 364-375. available to form the embankment but their use raised concerns about shrinkage cracking of the high plasticity
Thomas Telford, London. clay. Manually operated twin penstock provided a fixed orifice system with flexibility. Environmental impact
assessment played an important role in the design and construction of the scheme. A GPS system was used to
control both the excavation and placing earthworks.
2010 Gowans GOWANS I, MOYSEY D and WINFIELD P (2010). Chapelton Asphaltic concrete, Flood The reservoir was constructed to protect the town of Forres, Moray, Scotland from 1 in 100 year event. The
Chapelton flood storage reservoir. Managing dams: storage reservoirs, Overflow 6.9m high, 200m long earth embankment has a sheet pile cut-off. It includes the first baffled crump weir flow
challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of 16th works, Spillway hydraulics, control structure to be used in the UK, the design of which involved physical modelling. The weir allows the
British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp 376-387. Upstream slope protection scheme to operate without user intervention or power, and allows passage of migratory fish and fine debris
Thomas Telford, London. hence removing the need for conventional trash screens. Open stone asphalt has been used on the upper part
of the 160m wide spillway and voided concrete slab along the toe and lower part.
2010 Brown BROWN A J, CLOUGH D, GODDARD E and GOSDEN J Wigan FDR Environment/social/planning, Promotion and design of the flood detention reservoir upstream of Wigan to mitigate flooding from the river
D (2010).The Wigan flood detention reservoir. Managing Flood storage reservoirs, Douglas is described. The scheme comprises a 6.5m high earth embankment with a clay core and an
dams: challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of Spillway hydraulics overtoppable spillway over most of its 420m length and protected on the downstream slope with a grasscrete
16th British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp armour layer. Works included grouting of old coal workings. The control structure used two large hydrobrakes
388-399. Thomas Telford, London. as they do not require electrical or mechanical inputs. Discharge curves for the hydrobrakes are presented.
Environmental mitigation issues are addressed.
2010 Morison MORISON A C and YEOH J S (2010). Bengoh RCC dam, Bengoh (Malaysia) Concrete gravity design/ Bengoh dam is a 63m high, 267 m long RCC dam built south of Kuching, Borneo for water supply. Background
Sarawak. Managing dams: challenges in a time of construction, to the water demand requirements due to increased population and tourism. The water resources in the area is
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Environment/social/planning, summarised. Resettlement of some 1100 people and destruction of four settlements was a major issue for the
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 400-410. Thomas Telford, Roller compacted concrete, project. Hydropower options for the scheme are discussed.The geology, dam design and construction are
London. described.
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2010 Sawyer SAWYER J R and DU PLESSIS J (2010). Ingula pumped Bedford, Bramhoek (South Africa) Concrete face rockfill, High anticipated growth in peak demands in electricity has led to the construction of the 1332MW Inguala
storage scheme, design and construction. Managing Environment/social/planning, pumped storage scheme in the Little Drakensberg mountain of South Africa. An overview of the project is given
dams: challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of Numerical analysis, Outlet & with information on the main components. In particular environmental issues and their mitigation on the
16th British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp intake works, Spillway important wetland area associated with the upper dam are discussed. Design and construction of the 51m high
411-425. Thomas Telford, London. hydraulics concrete faced Bedford dam, the upper dam, are described with details of outlets works which involved
computational fluid dynamics modelling. Fossil and archaeological remains were documented and recovered.
2010 Lillie LILLIE E, NEUMANN M J E and VAN ZYL L (2010). Bramhoek (South Africa) Concrete mix and cement, The 37m high Bramhoek dam consisting of a single curvature RCC gravity structure forms the lower reservoir of
Bramhoek dam – South Africa’s 1st grout enriched roller Roller compacted concrete the Inguala pumped storage scheme. For speed and economy of construction the upstream and downstream
compacted concrete dam Managing dams: challenges in a faces are formed from grout enriched roller compacted concrete. This new concept replaces the conventional
time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society concrete. Details of the mix design, workability of the mix, placing and compaction, and performance of test
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 426-437. Thomas Telford, sections are provided. The foundations were found to consist of large dolerite blocks several metres across
London. surrounded by weathered material and clay.
2010 Hieatt HIEATT M J, HALL J K, WHEELER M and RICHARDS M Wadi Dayqah (Oman) Flood estimation/hydrology, During excavation of the foundations for the 75m high RCC dam on Wadi Dayqah dam in Oman, a major
G (2010).Wadi Dayqah dams: design modifications in the Roller compacted concrete, cyclone occurred resulting in unprecedented rainfall (almost one metre in 24 hours);the annual catchment is
wake of cyclone Gonu. Managing dams: challenges in a Spillway hydraulics 148mm. The background to the scheme and dam construction details are summarised but the paper
time of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society concentrates on the post cyclone hydrological review which resulted in the 1 in 10,000 year flood being nearly
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 438-451. Thomas Telford, doubled. Modifications to accommodate the increased flood event involved raising the crest, increasing the
London. length of the spillway crest and providing a pre-cast solid wave-wall. A counter balanced parapet wall was
introduced with the aim of containing the 1:10,000 year flood, but to topple in the event of a significantly larger
flood.
2010 Digby DIGBY R J and SELBIE J P (2010). Design of Kinloch Rannoch Weir Spillway gates The 78 year old vertical sluice gates that control the flow from Loch Rannoch to the Tummel Valley hydroelectric
replacement vertical lift sluice gate for Kinloch Rannoch scheme have been replaced by gates to meet modern standards, taking into account the effects of floods,
Weir. Managing dams: challenges in a time of change. waves and seismic loads on the structure. The replacement gates could not exceed the lifting capacity available
Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society Conference, on site. Site load lifting limitation constrained the design of the gate to be a three part modular system bolted
Strathclyde, pp 455-463. Thomas Telford, London. together.
2010 Fitzpatrick FITZPATRICK C, HAYES T A and McEVOY S P (2010). Ardnacrusha headrace canal (Ireland) Grouting, Seepage & leakage, The 11.5km headrace canal servicing Ardnacrusha hydro station in County Clare, Ireland, completed in 1929 is
The identification and sealing of a leak in the Ardnacrusha Tracers largely contained by earth embankments, typically 9m deep and lined with 0.6m puddle clay through porous
headrace canal containment embankment. Managing ground. There have been a history of leaks and grouting. The development of a significant leak and the use of
dams: challenges in a time of change. Proceedings of ground temperature detection methods to identify the route of the leakage are described together with the
16th British Dam Society Conference, Strathclyde, pp grouting remedial works.
464-473. Thomas Telford, London.
2010 Scuero SCUERO A M and VASCHETTI G (2010). Underwater Turimiquire (Venezuela) Concrete face rockfill, Excessive leakage the concrete faced rockfill dam completed in 1980 has been repaired using PVC membrane
repair of a 113 m high CFRD with a PVC geomembrane: Geomembranes, Seepage & (the Carpi system). The history of leakage, investigations and repairs at the dam are summarised. Video
Turimiquire. Managing dams: challenges in a time of leakage evidence from remotely operated vehicle is presented, showing honey combing of the concrete and formation of
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society a crater. Installation of the membrane with the reservoir partially full is described.
London.
2010 Gallacher GALLACHER D (2010). Remedial grouting works to two Tai Tam Upper, West Col (Hong Grouting, Seepage & leakage, Tai Tam Upper dam, a 41m high masonry faced concrete gravity structure dam completed in 1883 and raised in
dams in Hong Kong. Managing dams: challenges in a time Kong) 1887. Substantial leakage occurred after construction particularly at the right abutment where the dam is
of change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society founded on decomposed granite. West Col dam is a 45m high rockfill dam with a clay core completed in 1979. A
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 487-500. Thomas Telford, brief history of the dam and details of the investigation and remedial grouting works to reduce leakage rates at
London. both dams is given. Types of grout (superfine and ultrafine cement, and acrylic) and injection techniques to
reduce foundation permeability are described.
2010 Rowland ROWLAND A and WAN C F (2010). Stability issues at Intake U D (Hong Kong) Concrete deterioration, Outlet & Intake UD in the New Territories of Hong Kong diverts water from a stream to feed into High Island Reservoir.
Intake UD. Managing dams: challenges in a time of intake works, Siphon spillways Large horizontal cracking of the mass concrete forming the siphon weir diversion structure suggested stability
change. Proceedings of 16th British Dam Society failure of the mid-height of the structure despite stability analyses showing that the factors of safety for all load
Conference, Strathclyde, pp 501-510. Thomas Telford, conditions were adequate. Description of the structure is provided together with the stability analyses. The
London. cracks do not appear to have been initiated along any plane of weakness such as lift joints. Preliminary
conclusions may have implication for larger gravity dams of composite construction.
156
Proceedings of 17th BDS Conference. Leeds, 2012.
2012 Dams: Engineering in a Social and Environmemntal Context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, Leeds
2012 Scott SCOTT C W (2012). Reservoir safety - what do we mean? Hazard & risk management, Although legislative changes have occurred with the 1975 Reservoirs Act, the 2003 Water Act and the 2010
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context. Legislation Floods and Water Management Act, the fundamental principles underlying the 1930 Reservoirs (Safety
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, Provisions) Act have been maintained. The objective of British reservoir safety legislation is to impose
Leeds, pp 3-10. ICE Publishing, London. precautions to ensure public safety by providing a framework within which independent qualified engineers
make technical decisions and great reliance is placed on the competence and judgement of these civil
engineers. While risk assessment methodologies can provide a structured approach to consider the hazards
that may pose a threat to reservoir safety, they cannot replace the engineering judgement of the qualified
engineer.
2012 Porter PORTER D N (2012). Proposed reservoir safety Legislation The 1930 and 1975 reservoir safety legislation did not apply to Northern Ireland and the need to develop a
legislation for Northern Ireland. Dams: engineering in a robust reservoir safety regime, similar to that operating in England, Scotland and Wales, was recognised. It was
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th determined to introduce a risk based approach for all controlled reservoirs, that is reservoirs with a capacity of
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 11-20. ICE 10,000 cubic metres or more. The tried and tested approach of independent qualified engineers to inspect
Publishing, London. reservoirs as used in Great Britain is the preferred option, but the approach to risk is different from that adopted
in other parts of the United Kingdom.
2012 Warren WARREN A L, MORISON A C, LEWIS R I and RUNDLE Cascade reservoirs, Several cases are described where difficulties have been encountered in defining the legal status of a reservoir.
S (2012). Statutory reservoirs: matters of opinion. Dams: Legislation, Flood storage The 25,000 cubic metre threshold of the 1975 Reservoirs Act raises issues involving the definition of top water
engineering in a social and environmental context. reservoirs, Outlet & intake level, the determination of the level of the surrounding ground, and how to deal with cascade reservoirs and the
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, works, Sedimentation presence of sediment. The 1975 Act refers to 'water as such' and this key part of the definition of a reservoir
Leeds, pp 21-35. ICE Publishing, London. under the Act lacks clarity. Definitive answers could only come from court rulings and, since to date there have
been none, commonsense, pragmatic approaches have to be adopted.
2012 Vyse VYSE C H (2012). Potential changes to hazard Flood estimation/hydrology, The 2010 Flood and Water Management Act has provided the opportunity to revise guidance on reservoir
categorisation and inflow design floods for reservoirs in Hazard & risk management categorisation and inflow design floods. Many countries do not use the PMF for the highest risk category of
the United Kingdom. Dams: engineering in a social and reservoir and it is suggested that a more sophisticated categorisation of British reservoirs could potentially allow
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam for a less onerous use of extreme flood events such as the PMF.
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 36-42. ICE Publishing,
London.
2012 Hope HOPE I (2012). Implementing Severn Trent Water's Hazard & risk management, Severn Trent Water has over 700 dams and reservoirs of which 58 are regulated by the 1975 Reservoirs Act.
People Plan to become the best in Great Britain at Legislation, Safety The company is committed to effectively managing the risks posed by these large, elevated bodies of water and
managing reservoir safety. Dams: engineering in a social surveillance Portfolio Risk Assessment is used to focus and prioritise resources. Annual emergency exercises are held to
and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British improve resilience. The most important factor in reducing risk is regular, routine monitoring and surveillance.
Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 43-55. ICE
Publishing, London.
2012 Hird HIRD G, MORRIS R and CARTER I (2012). Monitoring Abberton Finite element analysis, A large section of the upstream shoulder of the embankment dam failed in 1937 during construction and
embankment performance during the raising of Abberton Heightening, Movement extensive remedial works were undertaken to remove the slip and rebuild the upstream slope. The dam has now
Reservoir. Dams: engineering in a social and monitoring, Pore pressure been raised by 3.2m by placing 300,000 cubic metres of fill over the crest and downstream shoulder of the
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam (construction), Slope stability original embankment. Monitoring of pore water pressures and embankment movement was carried out during
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 59-70. ICE Publishing, embankment raising. Continuous monitoring of the upstream face by in-place inclinometers proved to be a major
London. success. Finite element analysis was able to replicate the failure of the original construction and predict
movements and pore water pressures during embankment raising.
2012 Blower BLOWER T and JARVIS L F (2012). Some aspects of Belvide, Bittell Lower, Bittell Upper, Seepage & leakage, Slope Associated with a ground investigation for a new embankment dam in Lincolnshire, a review has been
embankment dams constructed on the Mercia Mudstone. Blithfield, Chew Magna, Chew Valley stability undertaken of dams previously built on Mercia Mudstone (Keuper Marl). It seems that whilst stability is not often
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context. Lake, Church Wilne, Coombe Pool, a major concern, the prevention of leakage is. Other studies have shown that low permeability can be achieved
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, Cropston, Durleigh, Hundred Pool, in stiff clay and mudrock fills through proper compaction.
Leeds, pp 71-83. ICE Publishing, London. Lawton Hall Lake, Leigh, Lower Litton,
New Waters, Park Meadow, Ragley
Hall Lake, Shustoke Lower, Swithland,
Tard
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2012 Hill HILL M J and CARTER I C (2012). Gleann Astaile Dam - Gleann Astaile Flood estimation/ hydrology, The 9m high earthfill embankment dam has a 1.5mm thick double textured HDPE geomembrane liner on the
Design and construction of a geomembrane lined Geomembranes, Slope upstream face. The impermeable geomembrane is protected with graded granular fill and rip rap. At the
embankment dam. Dams: engineering in a social and stability upstream toe the geomembrane was connected to a concrete plinth cast on a rock surface. Construction took
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam place under arduous conditions on the remote Scottish island of Jura and the reservoir provides storage in
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 84-96. ICE Publishing, support of a hydropower scheme.
London.
2012 Morris MORRIS M W, HASSAN M A A M and van DAMME M Dam break studies, Upstream The way in which an embankment dam breaches depends on the load conditions, and the nature and current
(2012). Recent improvements in predicting breach through slope protection state of the fill materials. Surface protection measures can delay the breaching process. A number of
flood embankments and embankment dams. Dams: international initiatives have focused on developing and improving the reliability of breach prediction. The HR
engineering in a social and environmental context. BREACH model simulates overflow failure. A limitation of many breach models is their inability to integrate the
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, simulation of overall geotechnical embankment stability with specific breaching processes, whereas in practice
Leeds, pp 97-108. ICE Publishing, London. the two processes are highly interdependent.
2012 Hinks HINKS J L, SPASIC-GRIL L and PALMER M J (2012). Calaveras (USA), Douhe (China), Earthquake damage Dams have generally behaved well in earthquakes and, although numerous dams have suffered some damage,
Behaviour of embankment dams in earthquakes. Dams: Earlsburn (Scotland), Fujinuma consequences often have been relatively modest. Damage to embankment dams has often been associated
engineering in a social and environmental context. (Japan), Hebgen (USA), Krasnodar with liquefaction of embankment fill or foundation materials. Concrete dams are usually founded on rock and
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, (Russia), La Marquesa (Chile), La therefore are not vulnerable to liquefaction. Dam failures have often been small embankments built of
Leeds, pp 109-119. ICE Publishing, London. Palma (Chile), Lower San Fernando homogeneous materials.
(USA), Paiho (China), San Andreas
(USA), Sharredushk (Albania),
Sheffield (USA), Upper Crystal
Springs (USA), Upper San Fernando
(USA)
2012 Pelecanos PELECANOS L, KONTOE S and ZDRAVKOVIC L (2012). La Villita (Mexico) Dynamic behaviour & La Villita, a 60m high embankment dam with a central clay core and rockfill shoulders, is founded on alluvium. It
Numerical analysis of the seismic response to La Villita analysis, Earthquake damage experienced six significant earthquakes between 1975 and 1985 and suffered some permanent displacements.
Dam in Mexico. Dams: engineering in a social and A maximum crest acceleration of 0.76g occurred during earthquake No5, with a maximum bedrock acceleration
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam of 0.12g. Static consolidation and dynamic non-linear finite element analyses have been performed. The static
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 120-130. ICE Publishing, analysis captured the recorded crest settlement and the dynamic analysis gave a satisfactory replication of
London. accelerations recorded at the crest and the downstream berm.
2012 Ronnqvist RONNQVIST H (2012). Applying available internal erosion Hallby (Sweden) Internal erosion In September 1985 a seven cubic metre sinkhole appeared in Hallby embankment dam with a large increase in
criteria to dams with cores of glacial till - a reassessment leakage. Initially it was thought that internal erosion of the glacial till core had occurred into cracks in the bedrock
of a 1980s sinkhole. Dams: engineering in a social and foundation. However, subsequent investigations showed that the foundation was virtually impermeable. A later
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam review highlighted poor dry compaction of the fill against vertical structures with potential collapse settlement on
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 131-144. ICE Publishing, wetting exacerbating arching effects. It is concluded that assessing the internal erosion susceptibility of dams
London. with cores of glacial till is difficult.
2012 Tatin TATIN M, BRIFFAUT M, DUFOUR F, SIMON A, FABRE J Movement monitoring, Safety The analysis of displacement measurements from direct and inverted pendulums is an important aspect of
P and ROUSSET B (2012). Thermal deformation of surveillance concrete dam surveillance. However, these displacements can be influenced by a wide variety of phenomena
concrete dams: justification, clarification and improvement including hydrostatic load, thermal effects, creep and alkali aggregate reaction. Consequently deleterious
of statistical analysis. Dams: engineering in a social and behaviour can only be directly identified by comparing measurements taken at the same retention level and
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam thermal state. Different statistical methods have been used to evaluate thermal displacements and a new model
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 145-156. ICE Publishing, is described based on both water and air temperatures.
London.
2012 Morris MORRIS M, WALLIS M, BROWN A, BOWLES D, Guides & surveys, Hazard & A new guide has been prepared which provides a tiered approach to risk assessment method suitable for both a
GOSDEN J, HUGHES A, TOPPLE A, SAYERS P and risk management small dam where failure might damage one house through to a large reservoir above a major conurbation where
GARDINER K (2012). Reservoir safety risk assessment - failure might cause major loss of life and much structural damage to buildings. Tier 1 is a qualitative risk
a new guide. Dams: engineering in a social and assessment which could be routinely undertaken for all reservoirs. Tier 2 risk assessment builds on the Tier 1
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam analysis when a quantitative assessment is deemed to be necessary. Where a Tier 2 risk assessment has
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 159-170. ICE Publishing, identified areas of concern, a Tier 3 analysis with more detailed quantitative risk assessment may be needed to
London. support decision making. The framework is consistent with existing reservoir safety practice in the United
Kingdom.
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2012 Brown BROWN A J, GOSDEN J D and GOTCH P (2012). Hazard & risk management, The 2010 Flood and Water Management Act distinguishes between reservoirs that are "high risk" and
Observations on the boundary between high and lower Legislation reservoirs that are not "high risk". The boundary between these two classes of reservoir is critical because it
risk reservoirs. Dams: engineering in a social and determines which reservoirs will be exempt from panel engineer overview and other regulatory processes. Risk
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam is never zero and the boundary has to be determined by a balance between the costs of increased regulation
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 171-182. ICE Publishing, and the level of residual societal and individual risk which is considered tolerable. Key issues are identified and it
London. is suggested that any reservoir should be considered high risk where, in the event of failure, the downstream
unit discharge at the first house is greater than 1 m3/s/m.
2012 Roberts ROBERTS P J H, LOWE A T, FRANCIS M and PATEL J Flood estimation/hydrology, Computational hydraulic modelling and catchment hydrology methodologies provided data for the analysis of
A (2012). Flood contingency planning during construction Hazard & risk management, flood risk during construction works on embankment dams. The effectiveness of flood risk mitigation scenarios
on reservoir embankments. Dams: engineering in a social Spillway hydraulics, Overflow was analysed to assist contractors develop effective site flood contingency plans. The paper presents the results
and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British works for the most downstream of the seven United Utilities reservoirs which were analysed. A 1:1000 year storm
Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 183-192. ICE event showed a delay of one hour 35 minutes from the onset of reservoir stage rise to spillway activation and
Publishing, London. two hours 40 minutes from stage rise to embankment overtopping.
2012 Windsor WINDSOR D M (2012). Pebley Reservoir (Derbyshire) Pebley Emergency plans, Rapid Pebley embankment dam, which was built in 1776, has a maximum height of 8.5 m and an average crest width
emergency drawdown exercise. Dams: engineering in a drawdown of 4 m. The reservoir impounds 280,000 cubic metres of water. An emergency drawdown exercise began on 31
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th October 2011. By day 5, half the volume of impounded water had been pumped out of the reservoir, despite the
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 193-205. ICE disruption caused by a change from submersible to suction pumps during the exercise. The paper highlights the
Publishing, London. lessons learned from the emergency drawdown exercise, compares the effectiveness of submersible and
suction pumps and recommends the frequency of future exercises.
2012 Eddleston EDDLESTON M (2012). Exploring the potential use of a Hazard & risk management, The slopes of old embankment dams which have shown no evidence of instability often have relatively low
risk-based approach to assessing the geotechnical well- Slope stability factors of safety when analysed by modern methods. However, investigation of old embankment dams provides
being of the slopes of old embankment dams. Dams: limited information on the properties of embankment fill and foundations on which to base stability calculations.
engineering in a social and environmental context. The paper explores the application of a risk-based approach to gain a better understanding of the performance
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, of the slopes of old embankment dams, which can be used to prioritise remedial works.
Leeds, pp 206-218. ICE Publishing, London.
2012 Chesterton CHESTERTON O J, HILL T J, HOPE I M and AIREY M Hazard & risk management Severn Trent Water (STW) recognises that reservoir failure is one of its greatest business risks and during 2010-
(2012). A pragmatic approach to Portfolio Risk 2011 it has used Portfolio Risk Assessment (PRA) to gain a broader understanding of its large portfolio of
Assessment at Severn Trent Water. Dams: engineering in reservoirs and the risks that it presents. The aim is to identify and remedy all reservoir safety concerns before
a social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th they are raised as 'matters in the interest of safety' by an Inspecting Engineer. The first phase of the PRA was
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 219-230. ICE qualitative, but it was commented that quantitative PRA may benefit STW's decision making process in the
Publishing, London. future.
2012 Hughes HUGHES A K and HUNT D (2012). A guide to the effects Climate change, Hazard & The complexity and uniqueness of dams and reservoirs make it impossible to be prescriptive about the impact of
of climate change in dams. Dams: engineering in a social risk management changes in climate on a generic basis. However, it has been possible to provide guidance with a framework for
and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British assessment to evaluate impacts and adaptation measures for all types of dams and reservoirs. The framework
Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 231-246. ICE is in the context of vulnerability - resilience- adaptation. Adaptation responses will generally only involve
Publishing, London. changes in monitoring and maintenance, unless there is known to be significant vulnerability to weather
variation.
2012 Preziosi PREZIOSI M-C and MICIC T (2012). The effect of Climate change, Hazard & An advanced probabilistic slope stability methodology for precipitation effects has been developed to evaluate
selected climate change scenarios on engineering risk risk management, Slope the effect of variable precipitation on the downstream slope stability of earthfill embankment dams. The aim of
associated with slope stability of embankment dams. stability the work is to quantify the impact of future changes in climate on the engineering risk of specific dam failure.
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context.
2012 Morris MORRIS M, GOFF C and SIMM J (2012). Current Catastrophic failures, Hazard The FloodProBE research project focuses on flooding in urban areas, examining the performance of flood
European research relevant to reservoir safety - the & risk assessment, defences such as embankments and the resilience of the built environment to flooding, with the objective of
FloodProBE and Urban Flood projects. Dams: engineering Instrumentation, Internal providing cost-effective solutions for flood risk reduction. Internal erosion processes within levees and weak
in a social and environmental context. Proceedings of erosion, Safety surveillance, points created by buried structures are being investigated. The objective of the Urban Flood research project is
17th British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 259-269. Upstream slope protection to develop an adaptable framework for the early warning of flood embankment breaches in an urban
ICE Publishing, London. environment. Although focused on levees, both research projects have aspects that are relevant to reservoir
safety.
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2012 Booth BOOTH J N, DEUCHAR J L and HUGHES A K (2012). Blakeley, Butterley, Ingbirchworth Flood estimation/hydrology, Following the Boltby incident much attention was focused on Yorkshire Water's masonry spillway systems, with
Tackling the thorny issue of spillway capacity in Yorkshire. Overflow works, Spillway particular regard to velocities in masonry channels. Three Yorkshire reservoirs are described where model
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context. hydraulics, Spillway failure testing of the spillway systems has been of great assistance in developing solutions in ways other than providing
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, traditional u-shaped concrete channels. At Blakeley and Ingbirchworth solutions have been engineered to
Leeds, pp 273-288. ICE Publishing, London. ensure the integrity of the embankments whilst they remain visually unchanged. The solutions have resulted in
significant cost savings and reduced planning issues. Although this approach was not feasible at Butterley, a
solution has been formulated which is sympathetic to the original structure.
2012 Robson WINDSOR D M (2012). Pebley Reservoir (Derbyshire) Brownhill, Ramsden, Riding Wood, Flood estimation/hydrology, The overflow systems of the four reservoirs in the Holme Valley have been upgraded following requirements
emergency drawdown exercise. Dams: engineering in a Yateholme Overflow works made in Statutory Inspections. Two of the reservoirs are located in the Peak District National Park. A history of
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th the reservoirs and subsequent modifications is presented, followed by a description of the recent works
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 193-205. ICE undertaken in the period 2008-2012. Alternative methods of construction have brought cost and safety benefits,
Publishing, London. whilst enabling the new works to complement existing structures in the National Park.
2012 Down DOWN P D and WEARING M (2012). Physical testing of a Overflow works, Spillway Many old British dams incorporate stepped masonry spillways and recent incidents at Boltby and Ulley have
stepped masonry spillway. Dams: engineering in a social hydaulics highlighted how damage during extreme flood events imperils reservoir safety. An investigation carried out at a
and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Yorkshire reservoir to prove the structural condition of the spillway and its ability to withstand the effects of flood
Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 302-313. ICE flows has included theoretical calculations, tests on a 1:30 scale physical model, and on-site load testing of
Publishing, London. channel invert blocks. Hydrodynamic pressures from theoretical calculations and physical model tests were
markedly different and it is suggested that a 1:10 scale model is required to obtain reliable pressure data. The
investigations indicated that a stepped masonry spillway can satisfactorily convey flood flows provided that it is
in good structural condition, that flows are fully contained within the channel and that defects in the jointing are
remedied to ensure inter-block bonding and prevent penetration of spillway water.
2012 Robson ROBSON R J and BULL A D (2012). Precast concrete in Cement & concrete, Overfow Fourteen new service reservoirs are being designed and constructed for Yorkshire Water using precast concrete
reservoir engineering - new construction techniques in works, Service reservoirs wall units stitched together with in-situ concrete. The technique has been further developed for application in
water retaining design. Dams: engineering in a social and reservoir spillway channels. The projects and the associated trials have shown that the method provides
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam repeatable designs that facilitate project delivery and improve safety during construction.
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 314-325. ICE Publishing,
London.
2012 Gowans GOWANS I A T, DOUGALL T and DAVIES J (2012). Braid Inchpark, Peffermill Flood storage reservoirs Wind Two inner city emergency flood storage reservoirs form a major part of the Braid Burn Flood Prevention Scheme
Burn flood storage reservoirs. Dams: engineering in a & waves which will protect the eastern parts of Edinburgh from flood waters in a 1:200 year flood event. The reservoirs
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th will impound water to a depth of 3.5 m. At Inch Park the dam comprises sheet pile walls, reinforced concrete
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 326-333. ICE cantilever walls and earthfill embankments. At Peffermill the dam is mainly an earthfill embankment with a short
Publishing, London. section of brick faced reinforced concrete cantilever walling. The design took into account extreme wind and
wave conditions.
2012 Claydon CLAYDON J R (2012). Discontinuance of small reservoirs. Discontinuance, Reservoirs may outlive their original purpose or their design life and discontinuance may be an economical
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context. abandonment alternative to carrying out works for reservoir safety. Eight reservoirs that have been discontinued in the last four
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, years are described. Discontinuance is usually effected by lowering the top water level either by lowering the
Leeds, pp 334-339. ICE Publishing, London. existing overflow or building a new overflow. There can be environmental concerns with silt if the reservoir is
completely emptied and so it is preferable to retain some water.
2012 Jennings JENNINGS S M, BURT P and BROWN A J (2012). Clay's Lake, Tilegate Lake, Worth Flood storage reservoirs, Many environmental issues have to be considered when undertaking works involving the creation of new
Environment integral to flood detention dams on the River Farm Environment, social, planning reservoirs or enlarging existing reservoirs. These issues are illustrated by reference to the Upper Mole Flood
Mole. Dams: engineering in a social and environmental Alleviation Scheme which aims to reduce flood risk to Crawley and Gatwick Airport. At the outset key issues
context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society were identified so that they could be incorporated into the design. Planning permission and protected species
Conference, Leeds, pp 343-356. ICE Publishing, London. licensing were required. Environmental enabling works included tree clearance, reptile translocation,
archaeological recording and fish removal. In addition some environmental mitigation measures were required
during construction and for the permanent works. It is emphasised that an appropriately experienced team to
provide specialist advice is essential.
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2012 Peters PETERS A, CRAWFORD K, KELHAM P and CLAYDON J Mill Beck Environment, social, A disused railway embankment has been designated a category A large raised reservoir and a spillway is now
(2012). Mill Beck - a lesson in reservoir safety works planning, Flood required capable of safely passing the Probable Maximum Flood. The area of the proposed works has a number
aligned with public engagement and a participatory design estimation/hydrology, Flood of amenity roles and with assistance from landscape planners and architects an integrated design was
process. Dams: engineering in a social and environmental storage reservoirs developed in close consultation with local people.
context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society
Conference, Leeds, pp 357-367. ICE Publishing, London.
2012 Bailes BAILES M I, BRADLEY P, SANDERS C and MULLIGAN Baystone Bank Discontinuance, Baystone Bank Reservoir was built in 1877 and is located within the Lake District National Park. In 1996 the
A (2012). The discontinuance of Baystone Bank Reservoir abandonment, Environment, reservoir yield was no longer required for water supply and in 2002 the reservoir was found to have inadequate
and restoration of Whicham Beck. Dams: engineering in a social, planning, Flood spillway capacity. It was decided to discontinue the dam and restore Whicham Beck to its pre-impoundment
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th estimation/hydrology condition thereby restoring in-stream habitat for migratory and resident fish. The work was carried out in 2011
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 368-379. ICE and the successful methodology is being applied to other reservoir discontinuance and river restoration
Publishing, London. schemes, such as Hurst Reservoir near Glossop.
2012 Bruggemann BRUGGEMANN D A (2012). Grouting of badger setts in a Burrowing animals, Flood It was necessary to make an abandoned railway embankment suitable to function as an embankment dam for a
flood storage reservoir embankment. Dams: engineering storage reservoirs, Grouting flood detention reservoir. The embankment had been severely damaged by extensive burrowing by badgers and
in a social and environmental context. Proceedings of the elimination of preferential seepage paths through the embankment was a matter to be taken in the interests
17th British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 380-387. of safety under the 1975 Reservoirs Act. The grouting works which were carried out in 2011 required 70 tonnes
ICE Publishing, London. of grout. The environmental and legal aspects of badger relocation are briefly described and the need for
planning the works allowing time for licences to be obtained and for the limitations imposed by the times of year
when badgers can be relocated is emphasised.
2012 Williams WILLIAMS P and DRABU I (2012). Environmental and Sardar Sarova (India) Environment, social, planning India faces a severe shortage of water for agricultural, industrial and domestic use, which is largely due to lack
social impacts of dams in India. Dams: engineering in a of storage that is partly attributable to environmental and social issues. The opposition to dam building has
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th arisen when in the last sixty years the construction of 4300 large dams has resulted in the displacement of 40
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 388-398. ICE million people. Reference is made to the contentious Sardar Sarova project on the Narmarda river. Central and
Publishing, London. state governments have the difficult task of balancing sustainable development against the needs for growth,
with more legislative control to ensure adherence to environmental and social rules and at the same time
encouraging responsible development to meet water shortage.
2012 Brown Brown D H (2012). Beavers and the Crinan Canal Dubh Loch, Lochan Duin, Loch Coille- Burrowing animals, Following centuries of extinction, beavers were reintroduced into the United Kingdom in Argyll in 2009. The
Reservoirs. Dams: engineering in a social and Bharr Environment, social, Crinan Canal is less than 1 km from the release site and risk assessment has been carried out to identify
environmental context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam planning, Hazard & risk structures in the canal and its reservoirs most vulnerable to beaver activity. In 2010 the beavers built a 1.5 m
Society Conference, Leeds, pp 399-405. ICE Publishing, management, Legislation high dam with a length of 20 m. It is suggested that reservoirs of sufficient size created by beaver dams could
London. come under the 1975 Reservoirs Act and it is considered that there is a case for specifically excluding these
dams from regulation.
2012 Winter WINTER C, MASON P and STEWART E (2012). The Nant-y-Moch Flood estimation/hydrology Flood studies for Nant-y-Moch were carried out using the 1975 Flood Studies Report (FSR) , the 1999 Flood
impact of the 'New FEH' depth-duration frequency curves Estimation Handbook (FEH) and the 'New FEH'. It was found that for both 1 in 1000 year and 1 in 10,000 year
on extreme floods for the Nant-y-Moch Reservoir in mid- events the New FEH rainfall produces peak inflows and outflows which are comparable to the FSR peak inflows
Wales. Dams: engineering in a social and environmental and outflows, and are more in line with what would be expected for these events than the values derived using
context. Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society the FEH.
Conference, Leeds, pp 406-412. ICE Publishing, London.
2012 Newton NEWTON A J and GRIFFITHS D (2012). The Hull Tidal Hazard & risk management, The barrier was built in 1980 and the mechanism which lifts the 30 m span x 10.7 m deep gate was suffering
Surge Barrier refurbishment project. Dams: engineering in Tidal barriers from wear and tear and the gate was suffering from corrosion. Without the barrier a high surge tide could flood
a social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th 17,000 houses in Hull and so the barrier can only be taken out of service for limited periods when the risk of a
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 415-421. ICE high tidal level is decreased. The new design comprises a new ultra reliable electro-hydraulic system with
Publishing, London. multiple levels of redundancy to ensure that the barrier can be lowered under any conditions.
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2012 Ackers ACKERS J, BENNETT F, KARUNARATNE G, Penwhirn Flood estimation/hydrology, The 16 m high Penwhirn clay core embankment dam was constructed in 1952-53 and is being raised to
MacCARTHY S and THORNTON C (2012). Physical and Overflow works, Spillway increase the storage capacity of the reservoir by a third. In order to increase the impoundment level by 1.5 m
CFD modelling of a labyrinth weir for Penwhirn reservoir. hydraulics while limiting the required dam raising to 0.5 m, a labyrith weir was designed to replace the existing ogee
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context. overflow. The design process included computational fluid dynamics (CFD) followed by physical modelling at a
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, 1:20 scale. Significant divergence between the physical model and CFD results at high flow was observed and
Leeds, pp 422-432. ICE Publishing, London. the causes of this are discussed.
2012 Eddleston EDDLESTON M, CARTER I C, CUFFWRIGHT R, Coldwell Lower Flood estimation/hydrology, The 20 m high puddle clay core embankment dam was constructed in the 1880s and has a history of movement
McCORMICK M, KAVANAGH P and SCHOLEFIELD I Overflow works, Spillway and repairs which has given concern over slope stability and vulnerability to internal erosion. In addition to this a
(2012). Coldwell Lower Reservoir - weighted filter, wave hydraulics statutory inspection in 2001 recommended a flood study to establish the adequacy of the overflow arrangements
wall and overflow improvements. Dams: engineering in a and a physical hydraulic model of the existing overflow and spillway built in 2004 showed shortcomings in the
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th existing arrangements. Ground investigations were undertaken. The design solution included lowering the
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 433-442. ICE embankment crest and reducing the downstream slope to 1:2.8 with the inclusion of a weighted granular filter. A
Publishing, London. new wave wall and new overflow works were also constructed.
2012 Hill HILL M J, SHEEHY W S and CARTER I C (2012). The Kargu (Brunei) Drainage, Flood Construction of the 27 m high earthfill embankment dam required the excavation of 600,000 cubic metres of
design and construction of Kargu Dam. Dams: estimation/hydrology, peat and soft alluvial clays to a depth of 12 m below ground level. The dam has a central rolled clay core and a
engineering in a social and environmental context. Seepage & leakage, Slope long upstream clay blanket. Aspects of embankment design and construction which are described include
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, stability, stability under static and seismic conditions, vulnerability to liquefaction, seepage control, deep well watering
Leeds, pp 443-456. ICE Publishing, London. system, earthworks control and instrumentation. Performance during first filling of the reservoir has been within
design expectations.
2012 Ackers ACKERS J C, HOPKINS J K, CAULFIELD P and Banbury Environment, social, In order to reduce the incidence and severity of flooding in Banbury, the flood alleviation scheme involves the
HARDING R (2012). The design and construction of planning, Flood construction of an 'on-line' flood storage reservoir with a capacity of three million cubic metres. The reservoir is
Banbury flood storage reservoir. Dams: engineering in a estimation/hydrology, Flood impounded by a 4.5 m high earth embankment dam with slopes of 1:3. The paper describes the hydrology of the
social and environmental context. Proceedings of 17th storage reservoirs, Overflow catchment, the design and construction of the embankment and some environmental considerations.
British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 457-473. ICE works, Slope stability
Publishing, London.
2012 Tam TAM M and HUMPHREY M (2012). Improving Anglian Alton, Foxcote, Grafham, Pitsford, Rapid drawdown Rapid drawdown of the reservoir is typically an immediate response to be taken in an emergency. Reservoirs of
Water's emergency response for reservoir safety. Dams: Rutland Anglian Water have been assessed against the following criteria for reducing the volume of water in the
engineering in a social and environmental context. reservoir: for impounding reservoirs, a 50% reduction in ten days, assuming zero inflow; for pumped storage
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, reservoirs and reservoirs that are large compared to their catchment, a 50% reduction in 20 days. Five
Leeds, pp 474-485. ICE Publishing, London. reservoirs did not meet these drawdown rates and a further study took place of options for improving drawdown
facilities at these reservoirs with the final decision resting with the Inspecting Engineer. In most cases the
preferred methods for improving drawdown facilities involve enlargement of scour pipes. At most Anglian Water
reservoirs mobile pumps are uneconomic and impractical because of long mobilisation times.
2012 Rigby RIGBY P J and GARDINER K D (2012). Remedial Upper Rivington Cut-off trenches, Geophysical A major leakage event occurred in January 2002 in the Yarrow embankment of the Upper Rivington reservoir.
grouting works at Upper Rivington Reservoir. Dams: investigation, Grouting, Remedial work included grouting the puddle clay core and the foundations, but it was noted that seepage
engineering in a social and environmental context. Hazard & risk management, measured in the culvert increased four-fold when the reservoir was one metre below top water level. In January
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, Internal erosion, Pore 2006 a geophysical technique was use to identify seepage paths through the embankment. An assessment of
Leeds, pp 489-500. ICE Publishing, London. pressure (seepage), Seepage possible failure modes led to the conclusion that the most likely cause of failure was erosion of the puddle clay
& leakage in the base of the shallow cut-off trench by water flowing in the fissured rock beneath and a contract was let to
grout the fissured rock at its interface with the core.
2012 Brown BROWN D H (2012). Recent incidents at canal resrvoirs. Cofton, Lilly Loch Hazard & risk management, The 11 m high Cofton embankment dam was built in 1815 of sand fill without a clay core. A concrete spillway
Dams: engineering in a social and environmental context. Internal erosion, Outlet & was built over the centre of the dam in 1965. In December 2006 leakage occurred at the toe of the embankment
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, intake works, Seepage & and it was deduced that water ingress was through cracks and joints in the concrete cascade. A defect in a
Leeds, pp 501-510. ICE Publishing, London. leakage, Slope stability draw-off pipe was detected in 2008. Instability in a hillside above Lilly Loch caused some initial concern that a
massive slip could displace the reservoir water and threaten the safety of the embankment dam, but it was
decided that this did not pose a safety hazard. All the incidents were reported to the Environment Agency under
the voluntary reporting scheme.
2012 Acford ACFORD M D, GOFF C A, LEWIS R I and WARREN A L Sunderton Pool Legislation, Overflow works The 6 m high embankment dam and its ancillary structures were found to be in very poor condition. However,
(2012). Remedial works at Sunderton Pool. Dams: the reservoir basin, the spillway and the upstream section of the dam were effectively ownerless and the paper
engineering in a social and environmental context. describes the remedial works that the enforcement authority had to undertake, including the construction of a
Proceedings of 17th British Dam Society Conference, labyrinth weir, to promote the safety of the reservoir.
162

2012 Yeoh YEOH S (2012). Restoring storage capacity at Roseau Roseau (St Lucia) Sedimentation On 30 October 2010 Hurricane Tomas passed over the island of St Lucia and caused significant damage to the
Reservoir following Hurricane Tomas. Dams: engineering 40 m high concrete faced rockfill Roseau Dam. A loss of one third of the reservoir storage capacity is attributable
in a social and environmental context. Proceedings of to siltation during the one hundred year return period flood experienced during the hurricane. Flushing alone
17th British Dam Society Conference, Leeds, pp 524-534. would be ineffective in restoring reservoir storage capacity and it was decided that a combination of raising the
ICE Publishing, London. spillway crest and dredging works would be appropriate.
163
Proceedings of 18th BDS Conference. Belfast, 2014.

2014 Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 20th British Dam Society Conference, Belfast
2014 Lewis LEWIS R I, DEAKIN A and RUNDLE S (2014). Changes Legislation The amendments and implications of changes to the Reservoirs Act 1975 in July 2013 through Schedule 4 of
to the Reservoirs Act 1975: the enforcement authority’s the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 for England are outlined. The reasons for the change, the
perspective in England. Maintaining the safety of our amendments, registration requirements, risk designations, inspections, supervision, flood plans, incident reports,
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam criminal liability are described. Incidents reports to the Environment Agency which were voluntary are now
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 3-15. ICE Publishing, mandatory. The proposal for the threshold for reservoir capacity to be 10,000 cubic metres have not yet been
London. implemented.
2014 Ashworth ASHWORTH J R and THOMAS H V H (2014). Legislation The main legislative changes and benefits of the introduction of the Reservoirs (Scotland ) Act 2011 are
Implementation of the Reservoirs (Scotland) Act 2011. described. The key differences between the Reservoirs Act 1975 and the Reservoirs (Scotland ) Act 2011 are
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. summarised. The new risk designation process is outlined. Registration of smaller reservoirs with a capacity of
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, between 10,000 m3 and 25,000m3 will be required.
Belfast, pp 16-23. ICE Publishing, London.
2014 Porter PORTER D N (2014). The Reservoirs Bill for Northern Clea Lake, Church, Creggan Upper, Catastrophic failures, Until 2015 there was no regulation of reservoir safety in Northern Ireland (NI). Draft legislation was introduced by
Ireland. Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. Springfield Road, Tildgarg, Wilson's Legislation the NI Executive in January 2014 as the 'The Reservoir Bill'. The background to legislation in NI and the rest of
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, dam, Wolfhill Millrace (Northern the UK is provided. Although there have been no recorded deaths due to reservoir failure there have been a
Belfast, pp 24-34. ICE Publishing, London. Ireland) number of serious incidents which are listed in the paper. The "Panel Engineer System" common to the rest of
the UK is to be adopted but the approach to risk will be different.
2014 Neeve NEEVE D E, PORTER S and MARCHANT L (2014). Emperor Lake, Swiss Lake Overflow works, Environment, Improvements to the reservoirs constructed at Chatsworth House Estate in Derbyshire to meet modern flood
Challenges of planning significant reservoir safety social, planning requirements outlines the difficulties of minimising the impact of construction work on the historic and
improvements within an historic estate. Maintaining the ecologically diverse landscape. The estate lies in the Peak District National Park and is registered Grade 1
safety of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th parkland. The earliest constructed reservoir dates back to 1710. A brief history of the estate and reservoir
British Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 35-47. ICE construction is provided.
Publishing, London.
2014 McKillen McKILLEN D A and COOPER G A (2014). How Environment, social, planning The environmental impacts of raising Lough Mourne, a natural lake, to meet future water demands are
overcoming environmental challenges shaped the design described. Brief details of the two dams to be built are outlined. Two significant archaelogical issues were
of a new reservoir in North West Ireland. Maintaining the identified. The impact on fisheries and a bog which is a Special Area of Conservation are discussed.
safety of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th
British Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 48-58. ICE
Publishing, London.
2014 Wanner WANNER T R and COUTTS H (2014). Chingford Pond Burton Mill Pond, Chingford Pond, Environment, social, planning The ornamental lake formed by an embankment in the mid 18th Century at Burton Park, Petworth was removed
Restoration. Maintaining the safety of our dams and from the requirements of the Reservoirs Act 1975 by excavating a notch in the dam to reduce the water level by
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society 2m and the reservoir volume from 100,000 m3. A decision to restore the embankment to its former state includes
Conference, Belfast, pp 59-71. ICE Publishing, London. an historic cascade and grotto, and incorporation of a new main and auxiliary spillways, scour pipe and
chamber, and inundation of 3.5Ha of establish wet woodland. Planning required an "Environmental Impact
Assessment" to take into account the effect of the inundation on established habitats and on the Category B
reservoir downstream.
2014 Simm SIMM J, CLARKE L, SANDHAM R and PICKLES (2014). Flood embankments The handbook was produced by a number of organisations in six countries following a number of serious levee
International Levee Handbook - new guidance and a UK failures during major storms. The need for the guidance and the contents are summarised. The relevance to
approach to the use of Eurocodes. Maintaining the safety dams engineers is discussed. The application of Eurocode 7 to the design of embankments mentioned.
of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British
Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 75-87. ICE
Publishing, London.
2014 Rigby RIGBY P J, THOMPSON A N and JONES D E (2014). Delph, Clowbridge, Whiteholme, Internal erosion/filters In support of United Utilities Portfolio Risk Assessment of its 170 embankment dams, a number of seepage
The nearly perfect nineteenth century embankment dam. Upper Rivington "Toolbox" workshops have been undertaken to identify the main risks to its dams from internal erosion. A brief
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. history of embankment dam development and failures is given. The "Toolbox" methodology is described. A
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, comparison between homogeneous and clay core dams is made.
Belfast, pp 88-100. ICE Publishing, London.
2014 Parks PARKS C D, EDMONDSON M, MULREID G and Heapley (Anglezarke reservoir) Grouting, Internal Leakage at Heapey dam when the reservoir level was close to TWL was sealed by a phased grouting
THOMSON D (2014). The successful rehabilitation of erosion/filters, programme but was only successful for 3 years resulting in the reservoir being operated at a reduced level. To
Heapey Embankment, Anglezarke Reservoir. Maintaining Instrumentation/monitoring, bring the reservoir back to full operating head, investigations included piezometric measurements in the
the safety of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of Weighted filter downstream fill, temperature measurements and geophysical surveys to identify zones of leakage. A weighted
18th British Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 101- filter on the downstream slope was the preferred solution to make the dam safe. Its design and construction are
112. ICE Publishing, London. described.
164

2014 Thomson THOMSON D, TAYLOR H and EDDLESTON M (2014). Ogden (Lancashire), Holden Wood Overflow works, Seepage & Flood studies identified that the existing overflow facilities at Ogden and Holden Wood embankment dams were
Ground Engineering aspects of the Grane Valley leakage, Slope stability, inadequate to pass the PMF. Abutment slope instability at Ogden led to renovation of the existing spillway and
Reservoir Safety Improvements. Maintaining the safety of Weighted filter, construction of an auxiliary wedge block spillway over the crest of the dam. Details of the wedge block system
our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British are described. At Holden Wood, improvements to the stability of the dam and its susceptibility were addressed
Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 113-124. ICE by reducing the downstream slope and incorporating a weighted filter. Flood requirements involved construction
Publishing, London. of an overflow over the central part of the embankment. Contaminated land from a bleach works and Japanese
knotweed had to be dealt during the remediation works.
Bruggemann BRUGGEMANN D A and FRANCIS O J (2014). Remedial Shon Sheffrey Geophysical investigation, The 15m high embankment dam completed in 1896 has had a history of leakage into the spillway chute and
grouting at Shon Sheffrey dam, Wales. Maintaining the Grouting, Seepage & leakage draw-off culvert. Some leakage was thought to be associated with raising the dam and failure to remove
safety of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th desiccated material at the top of the core. An investigation to determine the source of the leakage used
British Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 125-134. ICE Magneto-Metric Resistivity (Willowstick Technology) identified five sources of leakage, one of which was
Publishing, London. associated with some sheet piling. Grouting remedial works were undertaken in the identified areas.
2014 Peters, PETERS A, PRYCE S A, HUGHES A K and WHEELER M Bransholme Lagoon Seepage & leakage, Sheet The lagoon is a non-impounding reservoir used as emergency storage for a surface water pumping station
(2014). Bransholme Lagoon - Problems in design & piles adjacent to River Hull. Raising the operating level of the reservoir by 2m using sheet piles through the
implementation of a sheet pile solution to remedial works. embankment to the foundation resulted in leakage during a water test of the lagoon. Extensive monitoring and
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. investigation established that vertical flow along the clutches of the sheet piles connected more permeable
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, layers within the embankment. Welding the upper part of the clutch and backfilling the excavation with bentonite
Belfast, pp 135-147. ICE Publishing, London. slurry reduced the leakage. The use of sealant to waterproof the clutches is a consideration.
2014 Pawson PAWSON J R and RUSSELL E (2014). Skhalta Dam: Skhalta (Georgia) Embankment dam Design of the 29m high Faced Symmetrical Hardfill dam on deep alluvium and lacustrine deposits to provide
Design of a hardfill dam founded on deep alluvium and construction hydropower is outlined. The hardfill dam was selected due to the relatively small footprint required, its tolerance
lacustrine deposits. Maintaining the safety of our dams to settlement and ability to withstand overtopping. Ground improvement measures to the foundations involved
and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society interlocking soil mixed panels.
Conference, Belfast, pp 148-160. ICE Publishing, London.
2014 Harvey HARVEY P J (2014). Didachara Dam: Site Constraints in Didachara (Georgia) Concrete gravity design/ The 40m high concrete dam on the Adjaristsqali river in south-east Turkey was designed to provide diurnal
Dam Hydraulic Design. Maintaining the safety of our construction, Overflow works, storage for power generation and temporary storage of sediment. The site is dominated by landslips and there is
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Sedimentation a need to provide sediment flushing facilities within relatively restricted area. Topographical constraints and site
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 161-172. ICE Publishing, hydrology are discussed. Control over energy dissipation at the toe of the dam to limit inducing landslips was
London. achieved by use of roller buckets from the sluice gate arrangement.
2014 McCusker McCUSKER K J and COOPER G A (2014). Portora Sluice Gates ( Northern Tidal and river barriers The Portora Sluice Structure, completed in 1956, provides a vital element in the "Erne drainage and
Refurbishment of the Portora Sluice Gates, Enniskillen Ireland) hydroelectric development" by regulating the river between the Upper and Lower Loughs. It allows water to be
Northern Ireland. Maintaining the safety of our dams and drawn down from the lower Lough while maintaining the water level in the upper Lough. It provides flood control
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society and an environmental balance. Concerns about the structural integrity of the four gates and their lifting
Conference, Belfast, pp 175-185. ICE Publishing, mechanism led to their replacement. The construction, installation and testing of the gates are described.
London.
2014 Digby DIGBY R J and NOBLE M A (2014). Dunalastair Dam Dunalastair Spillway gates The replacement of the 1930's vertical lift bow string girder roller gates at Dunalastair dam was deemed
Floodgate Replacement. Maintaining the safety of our necessary because of their age, design and potential consequences in the event of a failure. There was a lack
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam of an existing stoplog system to isolate the gates The design, installation and commissioning of the gates are
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 186-194. ICE Publishing, described.
London.
2014 Windsor WINDSOR DM and COOMBS M (2014). Rudyard Rudyard Outlet & intake works A brief history of the 11m high puddle clay core embankment, constructed 1800 to feed the Mersey canal is
Reservoir (Staffordshire) Safety Related Works. summarised. The upstream sliding penstock replaced in 1992 became difficult to operate and by 2011 could not
Maintaining the safety of our dams and be closed fully and has been replaced with a new hydraulically operated penstock. The outlet valves in a central
reservoirs.Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society valve shaft were also replaced and their operation moved from the base of the shaft to the surface to avoid their
Conference, Belfast, pp 195-206. ICE Publishing, confined space operation.
London.
2014 Walker WALKER J P and TIETAVAINEN M T (2014). Sliplining Redmires Upper, Redmires Middle Outlet & intake works Useful design information in terms of grouting and external operational pressure is provided on slip forming
Bottom Draw-Offs. Maintaining the safety of our dams using polyethylene (PE) pipes. Two refurbishment case histories are described. An example of bulging of the
and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society new 355mm PE pipe caused by excessive grouting pressure of the annulus between the existing and new pipe
Conference, Belfast, pp 207-218. ICE Publishing, is described. A 6.5m deep shaft was required to access and repair the damaged pipe.
London.
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2014 Chesterton CHESTERTON OJ, HOPE I M, HILL T J and GAULDIE R Hazard & risk management Portfolio risk assessment (PRA) applied to Severn Trent Water's reservoirs aims to assure their serviceability by
L (2014). Improving serviceability through Portfolio Risk early identification of capital works and aims to improve understanding of reservoir risk and highlight
Assessment. Maintaining the safety of our dams and deficiencies. The role of risk assessment across the portfolio of reservoirs has informed the current five-year
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society capital investment programme and established the need for the following cycle allowing resources to be
Conference, Belfast, pp 221-233. ICE Publishing, prioritised. The methodology is described which includes fault tree analysis of potential failure, drawdown
London. evaluation.
2014 Gardiner GARDINER K D and BROWN C (2014). A Practical Hazard & risk management Current guidance published, mainly by the HSE, in the UK on risk assessment has been reviewed to attempt
Application of UK Guidelines for the Public Acceptability of what constitutes an acceptable risk to the population downstream of a dam. The establishment of the principle of
the Risk of Dam Failure. Maintaining the safety of our disproportion that introduces cost versus benefit into risk management is discussed. Societal risk and the use of
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam FN curves in prioritization of risk reduction measures are described.
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 234-242. ICE Publishing,
London.
2014 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M, HILL T J and HARVEY P (2014). Clemows Valley tailings. Hemerdon Emergency plans, Hazard & Mine waste facilities in the UK are regulated primarily by Health and Safety Legislation but other regularity
Emergency planning for mining waste facilities in England. risk management, Legislation, requirement include emergency planning under the Extractive Waste Directive and the need to identify risks to
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. Waste impoundment human welfare under "The Civil Contingencies Act". Failure modes for water supply reservoirs and mine waste
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, facilities are compared. The methodology used to determine the most credible failure mode for two mine waste
Belfast, pp 243-256. ICE Publishing, London. facilities and how conventional flood mapping techniques have been adapted to estimate the downstream
impact are described.
2014 Eddlestone EDDLESTON M, ROSE C, GALLAGHER E, HOPE I, Hazard & risk management, Although the risks to life or property are more likely to be lower than a water retaining reservoir, the catastrophic
and SUGDEN P (2014). Quantitative risk assessment Slope stability, Waste failure of a sludge lagoon would have a major impact on business reputation, punitive remedial costs and
applied to sludge lagoon embankments. Maintaining the impoundment litigation. The risks associated with raised sludge lagoons, some dating back over 100 years have been
safety of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th assessed using quantitative risk methods to determine appropriate risk reduction methods. A case study of a
British Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 257-270. 100 year old site developed by Birmingham City Council is provided. After reviewing a number of slope
ICE Publishing, London. inspection and risk assessment methods, a bespoke methodology was derived to assess the likelihood of
embankment failure and the potential consequences.
2014 Mann MANN R, MALIA J and LOCKETT S (2014). Setting Emergency plans, Guides & A study of current UK and overseas standards for reservoir drawdown has been undertaken to establish a best
standards for draw-down capability at Scottish Water’s surveys practice procedure for the 270 reservoirs owned by Scottish Water which vary from a 56m high embankment to
Reservoirs. Maintaining the safety of our dams and very low raisings of lochs. Reference is made to the "Engineering Guide to Emergency planning for UK
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society reservoirs" published by DEFRA. The criteria for drawdown and factors influencing requirements are reviewed
Conference, Belfast, pp 271-282. ICE Publishing, such as the speed of a potential failure and intrinsic safety of a dam. A draft criteria for Scottish Water
London. emergency drawdown is provided which includes variables such as consequence class, embankment type and
age for both "initial" lowering and "Further" drawdown to depth.
2014 Saunders SAUNDERS G J (2014). Public Safety at Dams: A Guides & surveys Following loss of life at Canada's 14,000 dams through drowning, the Canadian Dam Association developed a
Canadian Perspective. Maintaining the safety of our set of guidelines to protect the public, not only from dam failure, but also from injury or drowning in the reservoir.
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam The paper focuses on the implementation of a public safety programme at some BC Hydro's dams to minimize
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 283-294. ICE Publishing, risk in the reservoir, and the tailrace and spillway areas of the dam. This includes improve signage and
London. appropriately designed booms to prevent users of the reservoir entering hazardous areas.
2014 Smith SMITH A D, GOFF C A and PANZEIRI M (2014). Ulley Dam break studies The incident at Ulley reservoir in 2007 when dam failure was narrowly averted by emergency actions highlighted
Enhancements in reservoir flood risk mapping - example the need for detailed flood risk and hazard modelling. A brief summary to the incident is given. The paper
application for Ulley. Maintaining the safety of our dams combines embankment breach, flood inundation and spacio-temporal population modelling to get better
and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society estimate of the population at risk using Ulley as an example. The possible impact of a failure at Ulley has been
Conference, Belfast, pp 295-306. ICE Publishing, analysed and the subsequent remedial works on the dam has been justified. The analysis shows that for a
London. typical weekday the worse time for a dam to fail is during the morning peak commute.
2014 Kelham KELMAN P, GROSFILS R, BROWN M and ATYEO M Cheddar Drainage, Embankment dam The need for additional raw water storage at Cheddar has led to Bristol Water planning and designing an
(2014). Planning a new Water Resource Development - design/ construction, additional reservoir adjacent to the existing reservoir. The site selection process and proposed design of the
Cheddar Reservoir Two. Maintaining the safety of our Environment/social, planning, new embankment dam without a core are described. Detailed geotechnical data from site investigations to
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Slope stability ensure watertightness and slope stability is provided. The effect on flood compensation, utility diversions and
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 309-321. ICE Publishing, archaeological remains is discussed.
London.
2014 Kirby KIRBY AM and BLOWER T (2014). Construction Song Bung 4 (Vietnam) Concrete gravity design/ The design and construction of a 110m high roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam for hydropower includes
challenges at a roller compacted concrete dam in construction, Roller method of river diversion, mix design and trials, testing of RCC grouting. Three grades of rock weathering were
Vietnam. Maintaining the safety of our dams and compacted concrete used to describe the foundations. Instability of excavations in the left abutment due to unforeseen ground
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society conditions led to wedge failures and to a redesign.
166

2014 Ackers ACKERS JC, GETHIN DA, KARUNARATNE G, PRYCE S Black Esk Embankment dam design/ Increasing the capacity of rolled clay core Black Esk reservoir by 40% involved raising the dam some 2m. The
A, SCOTT T A, TUDHOPE J and WHEELER M (2014). construction, Heightening, overflow was raised using precast piano key (PK) weirs around the edge of the bellmouth spillway. The use of
The design and construction of an enlargement scheme Overflow works PK weirs, the first time in the UK, saved about 0.7m of embankment raising compared with simple raising the
for Black Esk reservoir (Scotland). Maintaining the safety circular weir around the rim. Extension of the clay core used material excavated from the downstream shoulder
of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British as the fill was essentially the same boulder clay as the core. The shoulder excavation was filled with relatively
Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 336-347. ICE free draining material.
Publishing, London.
2014 Brinded BRINDED P, GILBERT R, KELHAM P and PETERS A Eller Beck Environment, social, The proposed Skipton Flood Alleviation Scheme comprises two flood storage reservoirs one of which is located
(2014). Eller Beck Flood Storage Reservoir: the planning, Flood storage within a golf course and National Park. The preferred choice of design was an earth embankment with a
challenges of low impact flood storage design. reservoirs, Overflow works, reinforced grass channel to achieve an environmentally sympathetic solution, however tail water levels could
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. Spillway hydraulics result in a hydraulic jump forming anywhere on the downstream face. The environmental, infrastructure,
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, geological and hydraulic constraints influencing the design are outlined which led to a conventional reinforced
Belfast, pp 348-360. ICE Publishing, London. concrete spillway.
2014 Terrell TERRELL R J, PRISK D M and ACKERS J C (2014). Shon Sheffrey Overflow works, Spillway The lack of adequate freeboard and concerns about the spillway to pass the design flood at the 15m high
Shon Sheffrey Reservoir - Labyrinth overflow and hydraulics embankment dam were resolved by providing a labyrinth weir and replacing the spillway with reinforced
replacement of masonry spillway. Maintaining the safety concrete. The existing spillway was evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the new design
of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British was tested by physical modelling. The design and merits of labyrinth weirs are discussed. Comparison of CFD
Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 361-368. ICE and physical models is recommended.
Publishing, London.
2014 Pickles PICKELS G and REBOLLO D (2014). The issues Beaver Dyke, Oakdale Upper Discontinuance/ The environmental, hydraulic and construction aspects of reducing the capacities of two reservoirs to below
associated with the discontinuance of impounding abandonment, 5,000 m3 to ensure that neither reservoir falls under the ambit of the Flood and Water Management act 2010
reservoirs. Maintaining the safety of our dams and Environment/social/planning are described. Both reservoirs are in remote areas necessitating the need to reuse material and restrict their
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society transport off site. Environmental surveys included habitats for crayfish, fish stock of the reservoirs and water
Conference, Belfast, pp 369-380. ICE Publishing, London. quality. The comprehensive flood contingency plan put in place mitigated against delays, and health and safety
and environmental risks.
2014 Russell RUSSELL S and JACKSON T (2014).Construction of a Bramley service reservoir Service reservoirs The design and construction of a pre-cast concrete service reservoir in a limited space partly over a disused
pre-cast concrete service reservoir using BIM. quarry used for domestic landfill and over a section of the foot print of an existing service reservoir are
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. described. The existing reservoir had to be kept in service during construction while part of it was demolished
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, and the remainder stabilised. The varied foundations incorporating the use of piles and sequence of demolition
Belfast, pp 381-388. ICE Publishing, London. of the existing reservoir used BIM (Building Information Modelling) as a vital aid during design and construction.
2014 Hughes HUGHES A K (2014).Emergencies, monitoring and Greenbooth, King George V, Spade Emergency plans, A general history of surveillance approaches to reservoir safety from early failures to current times is given. The
surveillance, and asset Management: a new approach. Mill, Upper Rivington, Samanalawewa Geophysical investigation, importance of leakage monitoring and the need for frequent surveillance is emphasised as the effective means
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. (Sri Lanka) Instrumentation/monitoring, of preventing an incident progressing to failure. Examples of global leakage detection techniques using
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, Seepage & leakage geophysical and temperature methods are provided. These have proved a reliable means of identifying leakage
Belfast, pp 391-401. ICE Publishing, London. paths and appropriate targeted remedial works.
2014 Jones JONES D E and PARKS C D (2014). The monitoring and Seathwaite Tarn (Main and subsidiary Concrete deterioration, A brief description of the two concrete dams constructed in the early 1900s and the remedial works undertaken
performance of rock anchors at Seathwaite Tarn dams) Geomembranes, Post to prevent leakage and improve stability, under static and seismic conditions, is provided. These included
Reservoir, Cumbria. Maintaining the safety of our dams tensioning/ rock anchors, construction of a dry stone wall to control thermal expansion of the concrete, grouting, installation of rock
and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Seismic assessment, anchors and a Carpi membrane on the upstream face. The paper focuses on the testing and performance of the
Conference, Belfast, pp 402-413. ICE Publishing, London. Uplift/overturning in concrete rock anchors which were installed in 1974 on the main dam prior to modern corrosion methods.
dams
2014 Cambridge CAMBRIDGE M (2014). Liquefaction failure in a Derbyshire tailings dam Catastrophic failures, Following heavy rain in 2007, liquefied fluorspar tailings from deposits that were being excavated for
Derbyshire fluorspar tailings dam. Maintaining the safety Drainage, Slope stability, reprocessing had overtopped a confining wall resulting in discharge of water and tailings off site causing
of our dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Waste impoundment damage. The construction of the tailing facilities, geotechnical properties, the events that led to the failure and
Dam Society Conference, Belfast, pp 414-425. ICE the failure mechanisms are described. A change in the drainage conditions due to heavy rain, rapid change of
Publishing, London. temperature and the presence of a finer layer susceptible to liquefaction were cited as the causes of the failure.
2014 Gosden GOSDEN J D, AMBLER T and COURTNADGE A P Cox's Meadow FSR, Curry Moor, Flood storage reservoirs, Concerns about the ability of flood detention embankments to withstand overtopping flows during extreme flood
(2014). Improving the overtopping resistance of existing Gipping FSR, Halstead FSR, Overflow works, Overtopping events without risk of failure are discussed in relation to remedial works that included raising the embankments,
flood detention reservoirs. Maintaining the safety of our Kidderminster FSR, Rattlesden FSR, lowering embankments to create spillways, installation of crest beams and the use of different types of
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Saintbridge FSR reinforced grass. Increased flood risk downstream of the reservoir due to enlarged spillway capacity,
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 426-437. ICE Publishing, environmental concerns and short term flood risks during remedial works all influence design. The observed
London. performance, design and construction of grass spillways with reference to a number of dams are summarised.
167

2014 Hughes HUGHES A K and WILLIAMSON T (2014). The Rhymney Rhymney Bridge, Spillway failure In early 2013, the brick lined spillway with concrete reinforced slab at Rhymney Bridge embankment failed due
Bridge Incident. Maintaining the safety of our dams and to uplift following a storm event. There had been a history of damage to the brick lining of the spillway during
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society flood events which led to construction of a reinforced concrete slab, pressure relief holes and under drainage
Conference, Belfast, pp 438-449. ICE Publishing, London. and other remedial works in 1989. The emergency provisions following the 2013 incident to prevent catastrophic
failure are described.
2014 Ross ROSS A W D (2014). Safe access to reservoirs in winter. Emergency plans Risks associated with accessing reservoirs for surveillance and inspection that belong to Scottish Canals in
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, severe winter weather and the options for safe access including the use of tracked all-terrain vehicles (ATV) are
Belfast, pp 450-456. ICE Publishing, London. highlighted. Regulations and guidelines for the safe use of ATV are summarised.
2014 Moura MOURA G and MATOS D S (2014). The monitoring Baixo Sabor (Portugal) Instrumentation/monitoring Two dams concrete dams form the hydro-electric scheme, a double concrete arch 123m high and concrete
systems of the dams of the Baixo Sabor Hydroelectric gravity 43m high. Surplus wind power is used for pump storage. The paper focuses on the Portuguese Dam
Development. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Regulations and Guidelines for observations and monitoring with a complete list of instrumentation given for
Conference, Belfast, pp 457-466. ICE Publishing, London. each dam. Seismic monitoring is included due to the presence of a nearby large geological fault. In addition to
the standard displacement monitoring methods a Global Navigation Satellite System will be installed for geodetic
control.
2014 Brown BROWN A J and ELDER A J (2014). Rehabilitation of an Frensham Little Pond Catastrophic failures, The history and construction of the 750 year old masonry structure 4.5m high built on loose sand are described.
800 year old masonry dam. Maintaining the safety of our Grouting, Overflow works Removal of the reservoir during the World War Two by blowing up a section of the dam resulted in destruction of
dams and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam a fish farm down stream. Rehabilitation works carried out in 2013 included chemical grouting of the masonry
Society Conference, Belfast, pp 469-479. ICE Publishing, spillway, construction of a new concrete spillway channel and surface repairs to the masonry.
London.
2014 Chesterton CHESTERTON O J, HOPE I M, KIRBY A M and Tittesworth Numerical analysis, Spillway Tittesworth dam, constructed in 1963, consists of an earth embankment with a concrete core wall and a
CLAYDON J R (2014). An investigation into the impact of hydraulics bellmouth shaft and tunnel overflow. An inspection identified differences between the as built spillway and the
a 50yr old discrepancy on the safety of Tittesworth physical model used in the design which raised concerns that the as-built geometry might not have required
Reservoir. Maintaining the safety of our dams and capacity. This was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics package which was able to model flows at
reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society the inlet, shaft and tunnel and demonstrate the complex range of hydraulics possible in bellmouth spillways.
2014 Bradshaw BRADSHAW J R, McCUSKER K J and McKILLEN D A Spelga (Northern Ireland) Siphon spillways, Access Constructed in 1957, Spelga dam is a 28m high concrete gravity structure located in the Mourne Mountains.
(2014). Planning for emergencies and rehabilitation to construction? Creation of a new horizontal walk-in access to the longitudinal inspection tunnel from the downstream face to
improve operational safety at Spelga Dam, NI. avoid the only access via the draw-off tower is described. Cutting through the concrete used both hydro-
Maintaining the safety of our dams and reservoirs. demolition and diamond wire cutting technology. Concern about excessive vibrations damaging the structure
Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Conference, were considered with reference to international standards. Remedial works to siphons and the replacement of
Belfast, pp 494-503. ICE Publishing, London. the wave deflector are also described.
2014 Briggs BRIGGS G, COOPER G A and BELL D (2014). North Woodburn, South Woodburn Outlet & intake works, The Woodburn Reservoir system in Northern Ireland comprises seven impounding reservoirs in two cascades
Refurbishment of Woodburn Reservoirs Eduction Towers (Upper, Middle, Lower), Lough Sedimentation, Valve which was constructed between 1868 and 1881. The structures are earth embankments with puddle clay cores
and Scour Pipework. Maintaining the safety of our dams Mourne, Copeland, Dorisland, operation with heights from 5 to 26m. Investigations into the operation and condition of the scour pipe work highlighted
and reservoirs. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society concerns with access to the valve towers. Contract procurement for remedial works which are not fully defined,
Conference, Belfast, pp 504-516. ICE Publishing, London. and the need to empty the reservoirs while maintaining supply are discussed. Environmental issues associated
with draining the reservoirs led to the preparation of "Scour Management plans". Condition assessment of the
valve arrangements indicated that poor operation was related spindles and spindle support brackets.
2014 Penman PENMAN J G, PALMER M J, MORISON A C, MASON D Wimbleball Concrete buttress The 50m high concrete buttress dam which was constructed in the late 1970s with a single line grout curtain.
K and WELBANK J J (2014). Maintaining the safety of design/construction, Grouting, Leakage has occurred beneath the south abutment since first filling and has continued to increase despite
our dams and reservoirs. Design of a new grout curtain for Instrumentation/monitoring, remedial grouting on two occasions. The design of a new inclined grout curtain installed from between the
Wimbleball Dam. Proceedings of 18th British Dam Society Seepage & leakage buttress webs on the downstream involved a drilling investigation and permeability measurements. A finite
Conference, Belfast, pp 517-529. ICE Publishing, London. element analysis to identify the location of any tensile zones and to assess the impact on the on stability of
moving the grout curtain downstream. The grout design using microfine materials and the Grouting Intensity
Principle are discussed.
168

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Arch dam design/construction

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 1, May 1967

1967 6 Brown The Emblem of the International Commission on Large

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 2, November 1967

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 3, May 1968

1968 16 BNCOLD Items. Notebook.

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 4, November 1968

1968 12 Dixon BNCOLD meeting at Oban-April 1968 by H H Dixon. Cruachan

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 5, May 1969

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

1969 12 Large dams designed by British engineers and under

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 6, November 1969

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 7, May 1970

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 8, November 1970

1970 18 BNCOLD Items

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 9, May 1971

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 10, November 1971

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 11, May 1972

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 12, November 1972

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 13, May 1973

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 14, November 1973

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 15, November 1974

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 16, 1975

1975 17 Mexico City Congress: British Section papers

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 17, 1976

1976 27 BNCOLD News.

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 19, 1978

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 20, 1979

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 21, 1980

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 22, October 1981

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

1981 8 ICOLD publications.

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 23, April 1982

1982 12 ICOLD publications.

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 24, December 1982

1982 2 ICOLD 15th Congress and future Executive meetings.

1982 4 BNCOLD Meetings 1982/83.

1982 14 New ICOLD Bulletins, 40: Fibre reinforced concrete,

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 25, August 1983

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 26, January 1984

1984 5 Rocke Study tour A, report by G Rocke. Bakethin, Carsington, Castlehill,

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 27, November 1984

1984 5 Future BNCOLD Meetings

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 28, May 1985

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 29, December 1985

1985 8 Hoyle Problems during the construction of Victorian earth

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 30, August 1986

Date Page First author Contents/Reference Dams Subjects Brief summary

BNCOLD NEWS & VIEWS No. 31, March 1987

1987 14 BNCOLD Prize.