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  • Epid Kesling Kel. 6

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    nurlins
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    This document discusses methods for measuring the effects of agents. It defines disease as a pathological condition resulting from the interaction of a host and agent, while effect refers to an organism's general response to exposure. It outlines Robert Koch's postulates for determining disease causation by an infectious agent. Methods of effect measurement include standard physical/clinical, biochemical, and frequency assessments of morbidity and mortality. Standard questionnaires and various functional tests should be used. Instruments must provide consistent, comparable results that can be replicated to ensure accuracy, precision, and reliability. Direct and indirect variables can be measured, such as mortality and morbidity rates which are commonly used for program evaluation and priority-setting in public health research and administration.

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    This document discusses methods for measuring the effects of agents. It defines disease as a pathological condition resulting from the interaction of a host and agent, while effect refers to an organism's general response to exposure. It outlines Robert Koch's postulates for determining disease causation by an infectious agent. Methods of effect measurement include standard physical/clinical, biochemical, and frequency assessments of morbidity and mortality. Standard questionnaires and various functional tests should be used. Instruments must provide consistent, comparable results that can be replicated to ensure accuracy, precision, and reliability. Direct and indirect variables can be measured, such as mortality and morbidity rates which are commonly used for program evaluation and priority-setting in public health research and administration.

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    9 views9 pages

    Epid Kesling Kel. 6

    Uploaded by

    nurlins
    This document discusses methods for measuring the effects of agents. It defines disease as a pathological condition resulting from the interaction of a host and agent, while effect refers to an organism's general response to exposure. It outlines Robert Koch's postulates for determining disease causation by an infectious agent. Methods of effect measurement include standard physical/clinical, biochemical, and frequency assessments of morbidity and mortality. Standard questionnaires and various functional tests should be used. Instruments must provide consistent, comparable results that can be replicated to ensure accuracy, precision, and reliability. Direct and indirect variables can be measured, such as mortality and morbidity rates which are commonly used for program evaluation and priority-setting in public health research and administration.

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    of 9

    PENILAIAN EFEK

    OLEH
    KELOMPOK 6
    PENGERTIAN PENGUKURAN
    EFEK
    ■ Suatu penyakit adalah keadaan patologis
    pada host sebagai resultante interaksi
    antara host dan agent, sedangkan yang
    dimaksud dengan efek adalah respons
    umum suatu organisme terhadap paparan ,
    yang salah satunya dapat berupa penyakit.
    1. PENENTUAN
    EFEK/KASUS/PENYAKIT
    Penentu penyebab penyakit atau efek yang
    disebabkan suatu agent hidup dikenal sebagai
    postulata dari Robert Koch yang menyatakan
    bahwa :
    ■ Penyebab harus dapat ditemukan pada setiap
    kasus penderita
    ■ Penyebab tersebut tidak didapatkan pada
    penyakit lain
    ■ Penyebab tadi dapat diisolasi kembali dari
    hewan yang sakit tersebut.
    PENGUKURAN EFEK
    1. SEBAIKNYA DILAKUKAN SECARA
    STANDAR
    2. MENGGUNAKAN UJI FISIK/KLINIS,
    FISIS,BIOKIMIA,ANGKA FREKUENSI
    MORBIDITAS / MORTALITAS
    3. MENGGUNAKAN KUESIONER STANDAR
    DAN UJI BERBAGAI FUNGSI TUBUH
    ALAT UKUR
    Alat ukur yang digunakan harus
    memberi hasil yang konsisten dan
    komparabel, berbagai kriteria dapat
    diterapkan dalam memilh instrumen,
    mialnya hasilnya dapat direplikasi,
    akurasi, presisi, reliabiliti, atau dapat
    direproduksi dalam akurasi tertentu.
    EFEK YANG
    DIUKUR
    ■ VARIABEL LANGSUNG
    ■ VARIABEL TIDAK
    LANGSUNG
    Mortalitas dan Morbiditas
    Mortaliatas dan Morbiditas sebagai
    MORBIDITAS ukuran efek sering juga
    Ukuran morbiditas dan digunakan untuk berbagai hal,
    mortalitas yang dipakai dapat misalnya :
    berupa ‘proporsi’ rates’ dan
    ratio. Proporsi adalah ukuran ■ Evaluasi apakan suatu program
    yang membandingkan kesehatan diperlukan atau
    penyebit dan pembilang, penentuan prioritasnya.
    dimana pembilang termasuk
    ■ Evaluasi keberhasilan suatu
    didalam penyebut
    program.
    ■ Evaluasi apakah terjadi
    wabah/tidak
    ■ Untuk kepentingan administratif
    dan penelitian.
    .
    Pengukuran Morbiditas

    Proporsi = a / a+b dimana


    a= pembilang
    a+b =penyebut
    jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa apabila didapat orang
    yang berkarakteristik A sebanyak Na dari
    seluruh proporsi N, maka kemungkinan untuk
    mendapatkan orang berkarakteristik A adalah :
    P(A) = Na/N
    Thanks!

    Any questions?

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