The document defines various mechanical properties of polymers including:
- Stress and strain definitions and relationships
- Yield point and mechanisms of deformation
- Modulus, toughness, resilience, and plasticity definitions
- Methods for measuring tensile, flexural, impact, compression, and hardness properties
- Influence of processing and material structure on mechanical properties
Original Description:
Presentation on basic terminologies and testing of plastics
The document defines various mechanical properties of polymers including:
- Stress and strain definitions and relationships
- Yield point and mechanisms of deformation
- Modulus, toughness, resilience, and plasticity definitions
- Methods for measuring tensile, flexural, impact, compression, and hardness properties
- Influence of processing and material structure on mechanical properties
The document defines various mechanical properties of polymers including:
- Stress and strain definitions and relationships
- Yield point and mechanisms of deformation
- Modulus, toughness, resilience, and plasticity definitions
- Methods for measuring tensile, flexural, impact, compression, and hardness properties
- Influence of processing and material structure on mechanical properties
Yield – Strain increases without increase in stress
E = σ/ ε Secant Modulus – Ratio of stress to corresponding strain Poisson’s Ratio – Transverse Strain (Contraction) / Longitudinal Strain (Elongation) Resilience - Energy given upon recovery from deformation / Energy req. to produce deformation Resilience – Area under stress-strain curve upon yield point Toughness – Extend to which the material absorbs energy Toughness – Area under stress – strain curve Plasticity – Permanent Deformation without rupture. Polymer molecules are at rest in random fashion. While loading stretching and bending of interatomic bonds take place, on releasing stress deformation is recovered instantaneously Soft & Weak – Low mod, yield st. (PTFE) A-C – Stress α strain Hard & Brittle – High mod, low elongation upto C deformation is recoverable (Phenolic) D – Yield point – Stretching takes Hard & Strong – High mod, high US (POM) place Soft & Tough – Low mod, low yield st, high D – E Strain hardening (cold elongation (PE) hardening) Hard & Tough – High mod, high yield st, high elongation (PC) Tensile Strength • Maximum stress sustained by a material when tensile load is applied • ASTM D 638 • UTM – Load cell and extensometer to record elongation & test load • Low speed for rigid material & high speed for flexible material. • M/Ced specimen has low strength compared to molded specimen as it may contain surface flaws, stress conc. Points at edges • Specimen should fail by 1-5min. • Speed A – 1mm/min±50% • Speed B – 50mm/min±20% • Speed C – 50mm/min±10% • Speed D – 1000mm/min±10% • Speed E – 500mm/min±10% Compression Strength • Ability of a material to resist crush or compression • ASTM D 695 • Specimen – Cylindrical or rectangular block • 12.7 x 12.7 x 25.4mm • In case of thin sheets specimens joint by suitable adhesives • Fixture - Anvil Flexural Strength • Cross breaking strength / bending strength • 3 point loading – 0.01mm/mm.min • 4 point loading – 0.1mm/mm.min • Ability of a material to withstand bending forces applied perpendicularly • ASTM D 790 • Specimen – 12.7 x 12.7 x 6.4 , loading nose radius – 3.2mm • Span length – 16 x thickness • R = Zl2/6d | R – rate of cross head motion, l – span length, d-thickness , Z-rate of strain of entire fiber (mm/min) • V = H/2 | H – Thickness, V –speed of loading • For 4 point loading R = 0.21Zl2/d • Test terminated when the max strain at outer fiber reaches 0.05mm/min, usually will break • Flexural Strength = 3PL/2bd2 | P – Load, L – distance of support, b-width, d- depth, Y – deflection in mm • Flexural modulus = FL3/4bd3Y | F -Load Impact Strength • Ability of a material to absorb applied energy or ability to resist fracture under shock loading (J/m or kg.cm/cm) • Ratio of impact strength of un-notched specimen to that of impact strength of notched specimen is known as notch sensitivity. • ASTM D256 • ASTM D1909 – Dart impact on film • ASTM D5420 – Falling weight on flat specimen • Energy to break = energy to deform + initiate + propagate the fracture • Purpose of notch is to concentrate stress in small region & to promote brittle fracture rather than ductile fracture. • Izod – 64.5 x 12.7 x 3.2 • Charpy – 127 x 12.7 x 3.2 • Notch – 2.54mm Shear Strength • Ability of a material to resist shearing when one portion is moved from a stationary section • ASTM D732 • 50 x 50 x 0.125mm to 12.5mm • 7/16 inch diameter @ center for shear tool • Shear Strength = Max. load at which material is sheared / sheared edge area Hardness • Resistance of a material to indentation/penetration • In case of Thermosets hardness is high if cured properly • ASTM D 785 – Rockwell hardness test method • ASTM D 2240 – Durometer Hardness • ASTM D 2583 – Indentation hardness of rigid plastic by barcol impressor • Rockwell hardness – measure of depth of impression as long on indicator increases from a fixed minor load to a major load and then return to minor load. It is not the measure of total indentation but measure of non-recoverable indentation after major load applied for 15 seconds followed by minor load for 15 seconds. • Different Scales – R,L,M,E,K – indenter size, major load, dial size • Min thickness – 6mm • Distance of indenter from edge – 3mm R 10 kg 60 kg 12.7±0.0025 L 10 kg 60 kg 6.35±0.0025 M 10 kg 100 kg 6.35±0.0025 E 10 kg 100 kg 3.175±0.0025 K 10 kg 150 kg 3.175±0.0025
Durometer – Shore A, Shore D
A – Soft mtrl D – Rigid mtrl Barcol – for reinforced and non-reinforced rigid mtrls. Frustrum cone indenter of 26’ Indenter – Made of hardened steel