2. The development of alternative courses of action 3. The selection from among alternatives. 4. The differences between programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. 5. Decisions made under conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk. 6. The importance of creativity and innovation in managing. 7. The major principles, or guides, for planning
Decision Making Process 1. Premising, 2. Identifying alternatives, 3. Evaluating alternatives in terms of the goal sought, and 4. Choosing an alternative, that is, making a decision
certainty limit rationality, even though a manager tries earnestly to be completely rational • Satisficing is picking a course of action that is satisfactory or good enough under the circumstances
Selecting an Alternative: Three Approaches When selecting from among alternatives, managers can use: 1. Experience, 2. Experimentation, and 3. Research and analysis.
The Creative Process • The creative process is seldom simple and linear • It generally consists of four overlapping and interacting phases: 1. Unconscious scanning 2. Intuition 3. Insight 4. Logical formulation or verification
Rules for Brainstorming 1. No ideas are criticized 2. The more radical the ideas are, the better 3. The quantity of idea production is stressed 4. The improvement of ideas by others is encouraged