Birds

Birds (Aves) are Vertebrates Classification:

of the meaning animals with
Kingdom: Animalia (i.e.
a backbone, and they are Animals).

warm blooded which means Phylum: Chordata (Animals

they can control and maintain with a backbone).
a constant body temperature Class: Aves.
even if the temperature Order: Class Aves has 23
orders
around them changes. All
Family: 142 families
birds have two legs, wings,
feathers, a beak or bill, and Species: 9000+ species
they lay eggs.
Frigid Antarctic Desert

Birds can be found everywhere in the world.

Ocean
Bee Hummingbird – 5 cm tall Ostrich – 9 ft tall

Birds range in size from 5 cm (2 in) to the 2.75 m (9 ft).

Their very diets alone have a huge impact on the ecosystem
that’s because different species of birds need different foods.
Foods like:
Seeds Grains Rodents Snakes Nectar

Fish Algae Insects Fruits Dead Animals

Just by eating,
birds help control
rodent and insect
populations
and they spread
plants by dispersing
seeds.
Most of birds can fly, but not
all of them. Some birds like
penguins, use their wings to
help them swim instead.
All birds grow feathers, making them different from all
other animals. The different types of feathers help a bird
survive. Feathers not only help a bird to fly or swim, they
also:

• protect its sensitive skin

• help attract mates
• serve as insulators to trap body heat
• serve as camouflage
Birds have an efficient breathing system,
with two lungs that have special balloon-
like air sacs. These air sacs spread into
different parts of a bird's body, including
the hollow parts of the larger bones.

Birds need a lot of oxygen in order to turn

the food into extra energy needed for flying
and maintaining body temperature.

Birds do not have sweat glands, and cannot

sweat the way humans and other mammals
do to cool off. Instead, birds pant, breathing
in and out very quickly in the same manner
as a dog. Panting cools a bird by
evaporating water from the lungs, throat,
mouth, and other parts of the body. Birds
can also cool off by taking a bath or sitting
in shade.
Even though all
birds have feathers,
beaks and scales on
their legs and feet,
there are lot of
adaptations that
make the different
species unique.
 Birds of prey have Pelicans have a pouch
sharp beaks for for scooping fish
tearing flesh

The shape and the

size of a bird’s
beak or bill is
Ducks have fringe Humming birds long thin
adapted to what bills for filter beak can reach inside
feeding; and flowers for nectar
they eat.
 WOODPECKERS have two toes
Many birds have feet pointing forwards and two
that can grasp branches backwards; for climbing up, down,
and sideways on tree trunks.

The structure
of their feet is
adapted for
mobility in WATER BIRDS such
as ducks have
RAPTORS such as hawks,
eagles, and owls use
large claws to capture,
different webbing between
their toes for kill, and carry prey with
their feet.
environments swimming.
Birds bear their young in hard-shelled eggs
which hatch after some time. Some birds, like
chickens, lay eggs each day, others (like the
maleo) may go for years between laying eggs.

Birds build nests for breeding in trees, on cliffs,

or on the ground. Most birds are taken care of
by at least one parent until they are able to fly
and get their own food. The incubation period of
bird eggs varies from species to species. There's
also some variability due to the temperature.
Another unique characteristics of some
bird species is seasonal migration which
means that birds move from one region
to another.
Just surviving takes a lot of work
for a bird and on top of that like
many animals they face other
threats to their existence too, like
habitat clearance.

One way to protect birds habitat is to

be eco-friendly. Do no harm.
By not harming environment, we can
preserve habitats, not birds alone but
all living animals and plants too.
MAMMALS
 Mammals...

 Are vertebrates

 Are endothermic

 Have hair on their bodies

 Produce milk to feed their

babies
 Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria: Monotremes: Echidnas and Platypuses
Sublass Theriiformes: live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric
relatives
• Infraclass Allotheria: multituberculates
• Infraclass Eutriconodonta: eutriconodonts
• Infraclass Holotheria: modern live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric
relative
Monotremata
Placentalia

Elephants
Marsupiala

Kangaroos
Mammals range in size from the 30-40 mm (1.2 - 1.6 in) bumblebee
bat to the 30-meter (98 ft) blue whale.
Types of
Mammals
•Herbivores
•Carnivores
•Omnivores
The First
Mammals
Sinodelphys
Juramaia Sinensis
Eomaia
Ukhaatherium
Teinolophos
Rise of the Mammals
Protungulatum Donnae
Archicebus
Achilles
 Anatomy and Morphology
 Jaw joint
 Middle ear
 Tooth replacement
 Prismatic enamel
 Occipital condyles
Biological System
Locomotion
 Terrestrial Locomotion

 Plantigrade

 Digitigrade

 Unguligrade
Quadrupeds
• Walking gait
• Running gait
• Leaping gait
 Arboreal
Locomotion
Aerial Locomotion
Fossorial Locomotion
• Fully-fossorial
 Golden mole
• Semi-fossorial
 Wombat
 Aquatic Locomotion
• Fully-aquatic mammals
 Cetaceans
 Sirenians

• Semi-aquatic mammals
 Pinnipeds
 Beavers
 Hippopotamuses
 Otters
 Platypus