Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Well Design
PE 413
API has defined eight standard classes and three standard types of cement for
use in wells. The eight classes specified are designated class A to class H.
Cement Additives
• Compressive strength
• Expansion/contraction
Cement Additives
Cement Additives
Accelerators
Cement Additives
Retarders
Cement Additives
Temperature Effect on the Thickening Time
Thickening time is a
function of both
temperature and pressure,
and these effects must be
predicted before additives
are selected
Cement Additives
Density Reducing Additives - Extenders
Density decrease results in large part from increased water content. Extenders,
with their high surface area to "tie up" water, permit water addition without
separation. Cement strength is reduced approximately in proportion to water-
content increase. However, we shall see later that high strength is not always
required
Cement Additives
Density Reducing Additives - Extenders
Bentonite 2 to 16
Attapulgite 1/2 to 4
Cement Additives
Density Increasing Additives
High density cement sluries are often necessary to offset the high pressures that
are frequently encountered in deep or abnormally pressured fromations. Density
may be increased with weight material such as sand, barite, hematite or ilmenite,
and/or salt dissolved in the mix water.
Sand 5 to 25
Barites 10 to 108
Hematite 4 to 104
Salt 5 to 16
Cement Additives
Filtration Control Additives
Fluid loss, or the premature escape of mix water from the slurry before chemical
reaction occurs, can cause many downhole problems, including
3. Loss of pumpability
4. Cement bridging above gas zones and gas cutting from hydrostatic pressure
loss
Cement Additives
Filtration Control Additives
Cement Additives
Friction Reducer
Friction reducers or dispersants are commonly used to lower viscosity, yield point
and gel strength of the slurry to reduce friction in pipe, and thus allow turbulent
flow to occur at reduced pump rates. These additives also permit slurries to be
mixed at lower water/cement ratios so that higher densities may be achieved.
Cement Additives
Lost Circulation Materials
"Lost circulation" or "lost returns" refers to the loss to formation voids of either
whole drilling fluid or cement slurry used during the course of drilling or completing
a well. Cement, with its larger particle size is less susceptible to loss in permeable
formations.
Cement Additives
Lost Circulation Materials
Type material Generic name Type particle Volumes used, typical range
Cement Additives
Lost Circulation Materials
Cement Additives
Compressive Strength Stabilizers
Cement Additives
Summary
Calculation
Basic Calculations
The volume of slurry obtained per sack of cement used is called the yield of the
cement.
1 sack = 94 lbm.
Calculation
Basic Calculations
Calculation
Basic Calculations
Calculation
Basic Calculations
Calculation
Basic Calculations
The normal water content for class A cement is 46%. 5.3% water must be added
46 + 5.3 x 3 = 61.9%
Calculation
Basic Calculations
Yield = Vcement per sack + Vbentonite per sack + Vwater per sack
Calculation
Density Calculations
Calculation
Density Calculations
Let x represent the mass of hematite per sack needed to bring the slurry cement
density up to 17.5 lbm/gal. The slurry includes: 94-lbm cement, x-lbm hematite,
and y-lbm water.
The volume of water needed for mixing 1 sack of cement and x-lbm of hematite:
The weight of water needed for mixing 1 sack of cement and x-lbm of hematite
Calculation
Density Calculations
total mass
total volume