 Main sources of iodine:

 Salt with iodine

 Dairy products
 Shellfish
• The minimum adult daily requirement to maintain
thyroid function ±100-150 µg
• The thyroid secretes ±80 µg of I- per day as T3 &
T4, of which ±60 µg is metabolised in the liver
with release of I- into the ECF
• The total I- added to the plasma per day :
 500 µg - average dietary intake
 60 µg - from the liver metabolism of T3
& T4
 40 µg - diffusion from the thyroid to the
ECF
About 600 µg of iodide is distributed throughout
the ECF daily:
• Thyroid takes up ~ 20% or ~ 120 µg/day
• Remaining 80% is taken up by the kidney and
excreted in the urine

Transported in the form of Iodide.

Iodine balance
• Iodide is transported to folicle cell with Na⁺/I⁻
cotransport.
• Iodide is then oxidized by peroxide enzym in
the folicle cell, become Iodine
• Iodine is used to produced thyroid hormones.
 Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into
the lumen
 Iodides (I–) are actively taken into the cell, oxidized
to iodine (I2), and released into the lumen
 Iodine attaches to tyrosine, mediated by
peroxidase enzymes, forming T1
(monoiodotyrosine, or MIT), and T2
(diiodotyrosine, or DIT)
 Iodinated tyrosines link together to form T3 and T4
 Colloid is then endocytosed and combined with a
lysosome, where T3 and T4 are cleaved and diffuse
into the bloodstream
I + tyrosine monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

MIT + I diiodotyrosine (DIT)

DIT + DIT thyroxine (T4)

DIT + MIT triiodothyronine (T3)

hormones still attached to thyroglobulin

 Thyroid Dysfunctions
Hyperthyroid Mechanism/symptom
Hyperthyroidism High metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, restlessness,
hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes, goiter
Graves disease Autoanti bodies bind TSH receptors on thyroid cell
membranes, mimicking action of TSH, overstimulating
gland (hyperthyroidism); exopthalmia and goiter
Hypothyroid
Hashimoto disease Autoantibodies attack thyroid cells, resulting in
hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism (infantile) Cretinism—stunted growth, abnormal bone formation,
mental retardation, low body temperature, sluggishness
Hypothyroidism (adult) Myxedema—low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold,
sluggishness, poor appetite, swollen tissues, mental
dullness
Simple goiter Deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine
deficiency; because no thyroid hormones inhibit
pituitary release of TSH, thyroid is overstimulated and
enlarges but functions below normal
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism