STATISTICS

6TH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPT. FKIP-

2018

SURYA SILI, PHD

 DEFINITION
• Statistics is a set of decision-making
technique that aid researchers in
drawing inferences from samples to
populations and in testing
hypotheses regarding the nature of
social reality. 2
 STATISTICS
• The purposes of statistical methods
is to put numerical data into a
context by which their meaning can
be better judged or understood as a
tool of 1) DESCRIPTION and 2)
DECISION MAKING.
3
 TYPES OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Frequencies & Percentages
- Means & Standard Deviation

• INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Correlation - T-tests
- Chi-square - Regression 4
 Descriptive Statistics
• Descriptive statistics is used to
summarize and describe a phenomena
indicated by a variable.
(Variable is any characteristic of an
individual that takes different values for
different individuals)
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 Descriptive Statistics

• The summary or description is in the form of:

** FREQUENCIES (COUNTS) & PERCENTAGES

** MEANS & STANDARD DEVIATION

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 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• Inferential statistics is used to prove
or disprove theories, determine
associations between variables, and
determine if findings are significant
and whether or not we can
generalize from our sample to the
entire population. 7
 TYPES OF DATA
• 1. Nominal :
Gender: male & female
Employment status: full-time, part time,
unemployed
Marital status: married, divorced, single
School type: Public or private
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 Types of Data
• 2. Ordinal:
Data (persons or objects) are ranked based
on their order from the highest to the lowest.
Rank School
1 SMU Melati
2 SMUN 1
3 SMUN 2 99
 Types of data
• 3. Interval:
Data obtained from achievement,
aptitude, motivation, and attitude tests are
treated as interval data. The scores indicated
equal interval for subjects who got scores of 50
and 60 with subjects who got scores of 80 and
90. Interval data does not have a true zero point.
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 Types of Data
• Ratio:
Height, weight, time, distance
and speed are examples of ratio data.
It has true zero point. Ratio data has all
the characteristics of Nominal, Ordinal
and Interval Measurements.
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 Measures of Central Tendency
• Median: the mid-point of a series of
score
• Mean: the sum of the score divided
by the number of scores
• Mode: the most frequent scores in a
distribution
Exercises on Median, Mean and Mode

• Find the median, mean and mode

for the following scores:
52, 34, 29, 48, 59, 20, 29, 41, 51,
40, 35, 27, 44, 51, 38

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 Answer

• Median: 40
• Mean: 39.87
• Mode: 51 and 29

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 Exercises on Mean, Median & Mode
• 1. The hourly wage (in dollars) of seven
employees in a small company are:
9 8 10 6 7 6 5

a. Find the mode.

b. Find the median.
c. Find the mean. 15
 Exercises on Mean, Median & Mode
• 2. A group of five convicts was given the following
prison sentences (in years):
4 5 3 3 40
a. Find the mode.
b. Find the median.
c. Find the mean.
d. Which measure provides the most accurate
indication of central tendency for these scores?
 Exercises on Mean, Median & Mode
• 3. The following is a list of seven movies and their
ratings:
• Aladdin G
• Home Alone 2 PG
• Malcolm X PG-13
• The Silence of the Lamb R
• Dracula R
• Scent of a Woman R
• Body of Evidence NC-17
 Exercises on Mean, Median & Mode

• a. Find the Mode of these film

ratings.
• b. Find the Median.
• c. Find the Mean.

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 The Standard Deviation
• Standard Deviation is an index of variability .
By knowing the mean score of a distribution of
scores and its SD, we can have an information
of the range of scores.
• 68% of the scores will fall within 1 SD above
and 1 SD below the mean.
• 95% of the scores will fall within 2 SD above
and 2 SD below the mean.
• 99% of the scores will fall within 3 SD above
and 3 SD below the mean.
 How to Calculate Standard Deviation
• Score distribution: 9, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1
1. First, find the mean score:
9+8+6+4+2+1 = 30/6 = 5
6
2. Next, calculate the variance (the average of
squared deviation from the mean):
s2 = ∑ (X – X )2
N
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 How to Calculate Standard Deviation
= (9-5)2+(8-5)2+(6-5)2+(4-5)2+(2-5)2+(1-5)2
6
= 52/6 = 8.67

3. Now calculate the Standard Deviation:

s = √ s2 = √ 8.67 = 2.94
 How to Calculate Standard Deviation
• For steps by step illustration see p.107
Elementary Statistics book

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 Exercises on Calculating Standard
Deviation
• Sentences for robbery by two judges (in
months)_______________________ _________
Judge A Judge B____
34 26
30 43
31 22
33 35
36 20
34 34
 Exercises on Calculating Standard
Deviation

• a. Find the means

• b. Find the variances
• c. Find the Standard Deviations

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 Exercises on Calculating Standard
Deviation
• Answer:

• a. Mean of Judge A sentence is = 33.0

Judge B = 30.0
b. s2 (Variance) Judge A = 4.0
Judge B = 65.0
c. s (Standard Deviation) Judge A = 2.0
Judge B = 8.1