ICT 9 Basic Computer Concepts

INFORMATION &
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 9
COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING
1.1 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own
memory unit, that can accept data
(input), manipulate the data
according to specified rules
(process), produce information
(output) from the processing, and
store the results for future use.
Image from Wikipedia.org
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USES OF COMPUTERS

USES OF COMPUTERS
BUSINESS
Today, in global markets, it is
impossible to run the business
without the use of computer
technology. Many business activities
are performed very quickly and
efficiently by using computers.
The administrative paperwork is also
reduced by using computers. Many
business use websites to sell their
products and contact their customers.
from http://greatinformer.blogspot.com/2012/11/6-main-fields-where-computers-are.html
USES OF COMPUTERS
EDUCATION
Computers are used in teaching and
research.
The students can solve different
kinds of problems quickly and
efficiently by using computers.
They can also collect different
information on the Internet.
USES OF COMPUTERS
BANKS
Computers are used in banks for
record keeping and maintaining
accounts of customers.
Most of the banks provide the
facility of ATMs. The customers can
draw money through ATM card
from any branch of that bank (or
another bank) at any time of a day.
USES OF COMPUTERS
ENTERTAINMENT
Computer can be used to watch
television programs on the Internet.
People can also watch movies,
listen to music, and play games on
the computer.
USES OF COMPUTERS
HOME
At home, computer is used to
maintain personal records and to
access much other information on
the Internet.
People can also use computer at
home for making home budgets
etc.
USES OF COMPUTERS
MEDICAL
Nearly every area of the medical
field uses computers. For example,
computers are used for maintaining
patient history & other records.
They are also used for patient
monitoring and diagnosis of
diseases etc.
THE INFORMATION
PROCESSING CYCLE
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THE INFORMATION PROCESSING
CYCLE
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CLASSES OF COMPUTERS
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
Mainframe Computer
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
• focused on performing tasks involving
intense numerical calculations such as
weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear
simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and
complex scientific computations.
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
• Supercomputers are at the front-line of
current processing capacity, particularly
speed of calculation.
• Supercomputers processing speeds are
measured in floating point operations per
second (FLOPS)
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
• In terms of computational capability,
memory size and speed, I/O technology,
and topological issues such as bandwidth
and latency, supercomputers are the most
powerful
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
• Supercomputers are very expensive, and
not cost-effective. One supercomputer is
used to perform batch or transaction
processing.
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
The Titan supercomputer
operates on the Cray system and
runs on an Opteron 6274 16-core
2.2GHz processor. This processor
is boosted by NVIDIA GPUs, which
when combined with 561,000
cores delivers 17.6 petaflops of
performance. This supercomputer
is situated in the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory.
http://nextbigfuture.com/2014/05/chinese-34-petaflop-supercomputer-has_12.html
BY SIZE
Supercomputer
The most powerful computer in the
world, the Tianhe-2, whose name
translates to the milk-way 2, has a
performance of 33.9 petaflops and
runs on a mixture of Intel Xeon E5
processors, custom processors and
Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors. Behind
the computer’s amazing performance
are 3,120,000 cores. Furthermore, this
supercomputer’s configuration is
constantly being upgraded on a
monthly basis.
BY SIZE
Mainframe Computer
• The term mainframe computer was created
to distinguish the traditional, large,
institutional computer intended to service
multiple users from the smaller, single user
machines.
BY SIZE
Mainframe Computer
• These computers are capable of handling
and processing very large amounts of data
quickly.
BY SIZE
Mainframe Computer
• Mainframe computers are used in large
institutions such as government, banks and
large corporations.
BY SIZE
Mainframe Computer
• They are measured in MIPS (million
instructions per second) and respond to up
to 100s of millions of users at a time.
BY SIZE
Mainframe Computer
IBM Z900 Mainframe Computer
IBM introduced the Z900 mainframe 10
years after published predictions forecast
that all mainframes would disappear.
http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/182
BY SIZE
Mainframe Computer
VAX 11/780 Computer – CPU
The VAX line of 32-bit “super-
minicomputers” rivaled much more
expensive mainframe computers. Its
success made DEC the second-largest
company in the industry. VAX, a “complex
instruction set computer,” was widely
cloned in Eastern Europe.
BY SIZE
Minicomputer
• Minicomputers (colloquially, minis) are a
class of multi-user computers that lie in the
middle range of the computing spectrum, in
between the smallest mainframe
computers and the largest single-user
systems (microcomputers or personal
computers). from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers
BY SIZE
Minicomputer
• The term superminicomputer or supermini
was used to distinguish more powerful
minicomputers that approached
mainframes in capability.
BY SIZE
Minicomputer
• Superminis were usually 32-bit at a time
when most minicomputers were 16-bit.
BY SIZE
Minicomputer
• The contemporary term for minicomputer
is midrange computer, such as the higher-
end SPARC, POWER and Itanium-based
systems from Oracle Corporation, IBM and
Hewlett-Packard.
BY SIZE
Minicomputer
The 12-bit PDP-8, produced
by Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC), is the first successful
commercial minicomputer. DEC
introduced it on March 22, 1965,
and sold more than 50,000
systems, the most of any
computer up to that date.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8
BY SIZE
Minicomputer
The Data General Nova was a
popular 16-bit minicomputer built
by the American company Data
General starting in 1969. The
Nova was packaged into a
single rack mount case and had
enough power to do most simple
computing tasks. It became
popular in science laboratories
around the world, and eventually
50,000 units were sold. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_General_Nova
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• Microcomputers are the most common kind
of computers in use as of 2014.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• The term “microcomputer” was introduced
with the advent of systems based on single
chip microprocessors.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• The best-known early system was the Altair
8800, introduced in 1975.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
The MITS Altair 8800 is
a microcomputer designed in 1974 based
on the Intel 8080 CPU. Interest grew
quickly after it was featured on the cover
of the January 1975 issue (published in
December 1974) of Popular Electronics,
and was sold by mail order through
advertisements there, in Radio-
Electronics, and in other hobbyist
magazines.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
These computers include:
• Desktop computers – A case
and a display, put under and on
a desk.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• In-car computers (carputers) –
Built into a car, for
entertainment, navigation, etc.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• Game consoles – Fixed
computers specialized for
entertainment purposes (video
games).
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
Smaller microcomputers are also
called mobile devices:
• Laptops and notebook
computers – Portable and all in
one case.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• Tablet computer – Like laptops,
but with a touch-screen, entirely
replacing the physical keyboard.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• Smartphones, smartbooks,
PDAs and palmtop computers –
Small handheld computers with
limited hardware.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• Programmable calculator– Like
small handhelds, but specialized
on mathematical work.
BY SIZE
Microcomputer
• Handheld game consoles – The
same as game consoles, but
small and portable.
BY FUNCTION
Servers
Workstations
Information appliances
Embedded computers
BY FUNCTION
Servers
• usually refers to a computer that is
dedicated to provide a service. For example,
a computer dedicated to a database may be
called a "database server". "file servers"
manage a large collection of computer files.
"Web servers" process web pages and web
applications. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers
BY FUNCTION
Servers
• Many smaller servers are actually personal
computers that have been dedicated to
provide services for other computers.
BY FUNCTION
Workstations
• Workstations are computers that are
intended to serve one user and may contain
special hardware enhancements not found
on a personal computer.
BY FUNCTION
Workstations
• By the mid 1990s personal computers
reached the processing capabilities of Mini
computers and Workstations.
BY FUNCTION
Workstations
• Also, with the release of multi-
tasking systems such as OS/2, Windows
NT and Linux, the operating systems of
personal computers could do the job of this
class of machines.
BY FUNCTION
• Information appliances are computers
specially designed to perform a specific
"user-friendly" function—such as playing
music, photography, or editing text.
BY FUNCTION
• The term is most commonly applied
to mobile devices, though there are also
portable and desktop devices of this class.
BY FUNCTION
Embedded computers
• Embedded computers are computers that
are a part of a machine or device.
BY FUNCTION
Embedded computers
• Embedded computers generally execute
a program that is stored in non-volatile
memory and is only intended to operate a
specific machine or device.
BY FUNCTION
Embedded computers
• Embedded computers are very common.
Embedded computers are typically required
to operate continuously without being reset
or rebooted, and once employed in their
task the software usually cannot be
modified. computer.
BY FUNCTION
Embedded computers
• An automobile may contain a number of
embedded computers; however, a washing
machine and a DVD player would contain
only one.
BY FUNCTION
Embedded computers
• The central processing units (CPUs) used in
embedded computers are often sufficient
only for the computational requirements of
the specific application and may be slower
and cheaper than CPUs found in a personal
computer.
BY USAGE
Public Computer
Personal Computer
Display Computer
BY USAGE
Public Computer
• Computers that are open
for public uses.
• They are normally fire
walled to prevent abuse.
BY USAGE
Public Computer
• Most are restricted to
install software.
• There are many places one
can use them such
as Cybercafés, Schools,
Libraries etc.
BY USAGE
Personal Computer
• Computers that are solely
for one user.
• The user have complete
access to any part of the
computer.
BY USAGE
Display Computer
• Computers that are
displayed in a shop.
• These computers are mainly
for preview.
BY USAGE
Display Computer
• These computers are rarely
firewalled but are
monitored.
• They are likely to have
internet access
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

1.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
EARLY HISTORY
80000 BC - Two notched rib bones may have been used for
counting but they could have been merely decorative.
50000 BC - The first evidence of counting is dated back around
50,000 B.C.
18000 BC - The Ishango bone, may indicate that – even so early –
material objects were used for simple arithmetical
operations, and it may provide evidence of some
knowledge of prime numbers (although this is
disputed)
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_2400_BC%E2%80%931949
c.2400 BC - The abacus – the first known calculator, was
probably invented by the Babylonians as an aid to
simple arithmetic around this time period. This
laid the foundations for positional notation and
later computing developments.
c. 200 BC - The Chinese invented the suanpan (Chinese
abacus) which was widely used until the
invention of the modern calculator, and
continues to be used in some cultures today.
c. 125 BC - The Antikythera mechanism: A
clockwork, analog
computer believed to have been
designed and built in the
Corinthian colony of Syracuse. The
mechanism contained
a differential gear and was
capable of tracking the relative
positions of all then-known
heavenly bodies. It is considered
to be the first analog computer.
1492 - Leonardo da Vinci produced drawings of a device
consisting of interlocking cog wheels which can be
interpreted as a mechanical calculator capable of
addition and subtraction. A working model inspired
by this plan was built in 1968 but it remains
controversial whether Leonardo really had a
calculator in mind. Da Vinci also made plans for a
mechanical man: an early design for a robot.
1613 - The word "computer" was first
recorded as being used in 1613 and
was originally used to describe a
person who performed calculations
or computations.
The definition of a computer
remained the same until the end of
the 19th century when it began
referring to a machine that
performed calculations.
http://www.computerhope.com/history/1600.htm
1614 - Scotsman John Napier
reinvented a form of
logarithms and an ingenious
system of movable rods
(referred to as Napier's Rods
or Napier's bones). These
rods were based on the
lattice or gelosia
multiplication algorithm and
allowed the operator to
multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and
placing them in specially
constructed boards.
1622 - William Oughtred developed slide
rules based on natural logarithms as
developed by John Napier.
1623 - The first gear-driven calculating
machine to actually be built was
probably the calculating clock, so
named by its inventor, the German
professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623.
This device got little publicity because
Schickard died soon afterward in the
bubonic plague.
1642 - French polymath Blaise Pascal invented the
mechanical calculator. Called machine arithmétique,
Pascal's calculator and eventually Pascaline, its
public introduction in 1645 started the development
of mechanical calculators first in Europe and then in
the rest of the world. It was the first machine to
have a controlled carry mechanism. Pascal built 50
prototypes before releasing his first machine
(eventually twenty machines were built). The
Pascaline inspired the works of Gottfried Leibniz
(1671), Thomas de Colmar (1820) and Dorr E. Felt
(1887).
1671 - German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz designed a machine which
multiplied, the 'Stepped Reckoner'. It could multiply numbers of up to
5 and 12 digits to give a 16 digit result. Two machines were built, one in
1694 (it was discovered in an attic in 1879), and one in 1706.
1801 - Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed an automatic loom controlled
by punched cards.
1820 - Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar creates the "Arithometer", the first
reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine. The
calculator could not only add but also subtract, multiply, and divide.
http://www.computerhope.com/people/charles_thomas.htm
1822 - Charles Babbage designed his first mechanical
computer, the first prototype of the
decimal difference engine for tabulating
polynomials.
He is known as the Father of Modern Computers.
Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace
born Augusta Ada Byron and now commonly
known as Ada Lovelace, was an English
mathematician and writer chiefly known for her
work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical
general-purpose computer, the Analytical
Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is
recognized as the first algorithm intended to be
carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is
often regarded as the first computer
programmer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace
1832 - Babbage and Joseph Clement produced a
prototype segment of his difference engine,
which operated on 6-digit numbers and second-
order differences (i.e., it could tabulate quadratic
polynomials). The complete engine, which would
have been room-sized, was planned to operate
both on sixth-order differences with numbers of
about 20 digits, and on third-order differences
with numbers of 30 digits. Each addition would
have been done in two phases, the second one
taking care of any carries generated in the first.
The output digits were to be punched into a soft
metal plate, from which a printing plate might
have been made. But there were various
difficulties, and no more than this prototype
piece was ever finished.
1834 - Babbage conceived, and began to
design, his decimal 'Analytical
Engine'. A program for it was to
be stored on read-only memory, in
the form of punched cards. Babbage
continued to work on the design for
years, though after about 1840 design
changes seem to have been minor.
The machine envisioned would have
been capable of an addition in 3
seconds and a multiplication or
division in 2–4 minutes. It was to be
powered by a steam engine. In the
end, no more than a few parts were
actually built.
1890 - Herman Hollerith developed a method for machines to record and
store information on to punch cards to be used for the US census. He
later formed the company we know as IBM today.
1911 - The company now known
as IBM is founded June 16,
1911 in the state of New
York. IBM (1924) was
originally known as the
Computing – Tabulating -
Recording Company (C-T-R),
a consolidation of the
Computing Scale Company,
and The International Time
Recording Company.
1921 - Czech playwright Karel Capek coins the term "robot" in the 1921 play
RUR (Rosumovi Univerzální Roboti ; Rossum's Universal Robots).
THE FIRST GENERATION (1937 – 1946)
1906 - American physicist Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube, which is
used by the computers of the First Generation
1937- The first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
1943- The Colossus, the first electronic digital programmable computer, was
built for the military.
from http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
THE FIRST GENERATION (1937 – 1946)
1946- The first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this
computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was
used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first
time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this
generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating
system.
THE SECOND GENERATION (1947 – 1962)
1947 - John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockleyinvent the
first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum
tubes which were more reliable.
During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming
languages were developed, computers had memory and operating
systems.
Storage media such as tape and disk were
in use also were printers for output.
1951 - the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public;
the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1).
1953 - The International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series
computers made their mark in the computer world.
1958 - The first integrated circuit is
first developed by Robert
Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor and Jack
Kilby of Texas Instruments. The
first IC is demonstrated on
September 12, 1958.
1961 - Fairchild Semiconductor
introduces the first
commercially
available integrated
circuits (IC's).
1962 - Steve Russell creates "SpaceWar!" and releases it in February 1962.
This game is considered the first game intended for computers.
THE THIRD GENERATION (1963 to present)
1963 - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of
computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more
powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different
programs at the same time.
1971 - Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduces
the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on
November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300
transistors, performed 60,000 operations
per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of
memory, and cost $200.
In addition to the
introduction of the
4004, Intel also
introduced the 4-bit
bus.
1975 - Bill Gates and Paul Allen establish Microsoft April 4, 1975 after creating
Altair BASIC. The program is later developed into Microsoft BASIC.
1976 - Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak demonstrate the first Apple computer
at the Home Brew Computer Club in April of 1976. The Apple I had
6502 MOS 1MHz processor, 8kB of onboard memory, and 1kB of VRAM
for $666.66.
1980 - Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born
1981 - IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use.
1984 - Apple produced the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface
and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.
1986 - IBM PC Division (PCD) announces it's first laptop computer, the PC
Convertible, weighing 12 pounds, which is 18 pounds lighter than the
earlier portable computer.
COMPUTER TECHNICIAN

1.3 COMPUTER TECHNICIAN
Professional PC technicians:
• are good communicators,
• understand their customers’ needs, and are
willing to do their best to meet those needs
• know technology,
• are good problem solvers
• are self-learners
Professional PC technicians:
• assume responsibility for staying abreast of
new technology
• are good investigators and researchers
• know their limitations
• are willing to ask for help from a more
qualified source when necessary
What the client expects from a computer technician
A computer technician is expected to:
• be professional at all times, dress and act
appropriately, be courteous, but keep a
professional distance.
• have technical proficiency and express a
quiet confidence.
• have positive and helpful attitude and a
friendly disposition, and to give his
clients respect.
• be honest; His credibility is one of his most
valuable asset.
• apologize when he or his company has made
a mistake.
• be dependable; do what he say, do
when he say he’ll do it.

• put his client’s needs above his own
• devote his complete, undivided attention to
the issue.
• admit when a problem is beyond his
expertise and use alternative
resources as necessary.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers
http://greatinformer.blogspot.com/2012/11/6-main-fields-where-computers-are.html
https://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/126/lectures/history.html
http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading03.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_case

REFERENCES
http://mindprod.com/bgloss/case.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_General_Nova
http://www.computerhope.com/people/charles_thomas.htm

REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_form_factor
http://kellysclarkson.blogspot.com/2010/10/motherboards-form-factors.html
http://www.gladesvillecomputers.com.au/services/computers-hardware-installation-and-
replacement/
http://componentsincomputer.blogspot.com/2014/12/personal-computer-hardware-
components.html
http://windowssupportnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/
http://www.tomshardware.com/t/cases/
http://pixabay.com/en/photos/motherboard/

IMAGES
http://www.anandtech.com/show/6970/haswell-z87-motherboard-preview-50-
motherboards-from-asus-gigabyte-asrock-msi-ecs-biostar-and-evga/3
http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=521

ICT 9 Basic Computer Concepts

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