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新文化運動(五四文化運動),由胡適、陳獨秀、魯迅、錢玄同等一些受過西方教育(當時稱為新式
教育)的人發起的一次「反傳統、反儒教、反文言」的思想文化革新、文學革命運動,涵蓋了民初在
北京發生的一場深刻的文化政治示威運動五四運動。新文化運動標誌著中國知識分子顛覆中國中心主
義,否認自身的文化價值,認同西方文化以及民主共和制,走向了歐洲中心主義。
1919 年 5 月 4 日前夕,陳獨秀在其主編的《新青年》刊載文章,提倡民主與科學(「德先生」與
「賽先生」),批判傳統純正的中國文化,並傳播馬克思主義思想;一方面,以胡適為代表的溫和
派,則反對馬克思主義,支持白話文運動,主張以實用主義代替儒家學說,即為新文化運動濫觴。
近代以來,為了挽救國家的危亡,中國的知識分子向西方國家尋找真理。辛亥革命的失敗和北洋軍閥
統治的建立,更使人們陷入了深深的絕望、苦悶和彷徨之中。
1915 年陳獨秀創辦《青年雜誌》 ( 後更名為 < 新青年 >) ,成為新文化運動的主要陣地。 一些中國
知識分子認為,以往少數先覺者的救國鬥爭之所以成效甚少,是因為中國國民對之「若觀對岸之火,
熟視而無所容心」。中國國民的性質與行為的墮落,乃是「亡國滅種之病根」。
因此,「欲圖根本之救亡」,必須改造國民性。他們決心發動一場新的啟蒙運動,以期廓清蒙昧、啟
發理智,使中國大眾從封建思想的束縛中即蒙昧狀態中解放出來。
中國國民黨和中國共產黨的歷史觀都肯定五四文化運動,但是各自的表述有所不同。「新文化運動」
和與之相對的「中華文化復興運動」在中國現代歷史上均產生了大影響。
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
Many political and social leaders of the next decades emerged at this time (e.g.
Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai).
The term "May Fourth Movement" in a broader sense often refers to the period
during 1915-1921 more often called the New Culture Movement 新文化運動 .
Following the Xinhai Revolution 辛亥革命 in 1911, the Qing Dynasty disintegrated.
This marked the end of thousands of years of powerful imperial rule, and
theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested with the people.
However, the reality was that China was a fragmented nation dominated by
warlords, who were more concerned with their own political powers and private
armies than national interests
Leaders of the New Culture Movement believed that traditional Confucian values
were responsible for the political weakness of the nation.
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
People like Chen Duxiu 陳獨秀 and Li Dazhao 李大釗 shifted more to the
political Left and were among the leading founders of the 1921
Communist Party of China.
Mao Zedong claimed that the May Fourth Movement was a stage leading
toward revolution: The May 4th Movement twenty years ago marked a
new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against
imperialism and feudalism.
The May Fourth Movement served as an intellectual turning point in
China; it was a seminal event that radicalized Chinese intellectual
thought vis-à-vis Western science and democracy.
五四運動直接影響了中國共產黨的誕生和發展,中國共產黨黨史一般將其定義為
‘反帝反封建的愛國運動’,並以此運動作為舊民主主義革命和新民主主義革命的
分水嶺。
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
In this respect, scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth
Movements as significant turning points, along with the abolition of the
civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy 帝制 in
1911.
Participants at the time, such as Hu Shi 胡適 , referred to this era as the
Chinese Renaissance 中 國 的 文 藝 復 興 because there was an intense
focus on science and experimentation.
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
北洋軍閥統治前期,在中國滿佈陰霾的天空中,響起一聲春雷,爆發了一場崇尚科學、
反對封建迷信、猛烈抨擊幾千年封建思想的文化啟蒙運動——新文化運動。它的興
起,有以下幾個原因——政治方面,帝國主義加緊侵略;軍閥統治,日趨黑暗,必須
繼續進行反帝反封建鬥爭。
經濟方面,一戰期間,中國民族資本主義進一步發展。民族資產階級力量壯大,登上政
治舞台,強烈要求實行民主政治,發展資本主義,這是根本原因。思想文化方面,辛亥
革命後,西方啟蒙思想進一步傳播,民主共和的思想深入人心;北洋軍閥(袁世凱為复
闢帝制)推行“尊孔復古”的逆流(民主共和觀念和尊孔復古逆流勢不兩立);更為重
要的是當時的人們對於辛亥革命失敗的反思。
經過辛亥革命,先進的知識分子認識到,革命失敗的根源在於國民腦中缺乏民主共和意
識,必須從文化思想上沖擊封建思想和封建意識,通過普及共和思想來實現真正的共和
政體。五四運動的性質是一場反帝反封建的革命運動,也是中國近現代史上第一次思想
啟蒙運動。
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
The challenge to traditional Chinese values, however, was also met with strong
opposition, especially from the more conservative Nationalist Party 國民黨 .
From their perspective, the movement destroyed the positive elements of
Chinese tradition and placed a heavy emphasis on direct political actions and
radical attitudes, characteristics associated with the emerging Chinese
Communist Party.
孫中山認為新文化運動源自外來民族的壓迫,不贊同新文化派對中國傳統文化的徹底否定 , 主
張對其繼承、改造。他說:「講到中國固有的道德,中國人至今不能忘記的,首是忠孝,次是
仁愛,其次是信義,其次是和平。這些舊道德,中國人至今還是常講的。但是現在受外來民族
的壓迫,侵入了新文化,那些新文化的勢力,此刻橫行中國,一般醉心新文化的人,便排斥舊
道德。以為有了新文化,便可以不要舊道德。」
孫中山也反對新體白話詩, 1918 年他向胡漢民表明其對古今詩的看法:「今倡為至粗率淺俚
之詩,不復求二千餘年吾國之粹美,或者人人能詩,而中國已無詩矣。」
馮驥才指出魯迅「他的國民性批判源自一八四零年以來西方傳教士那裡。」「魯迅在他那個時
代,並沒有看到西方人的國民性分析里所埋伏著的西方霸權的話語。」
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
五四運動在中國的影響 :
「五四運動」在中國現代史上產生了極巨大的影響,影響層面包括:政治、文化教育、社會
經濟、家庭倫理等方面。
(一) 政治方面:國民黨改組,中國共產黨及其他政治、社會集團誕生,反軍伐主義和反帝
國主義得到發展。
(二) 文化教育方面:新的白話文學從此建立,群眾的普及教育也因此大為推廣。
(三) 社會經濟方面:學生運動和勞工運動抬頭,中國的出版業和民眾輿論的力量都大有進
展。
(四) 家庭倫理方面:加強舊家庭制度的沒落,女權運動的興起。
胡適認為「五四運動」是一種學生愛國運動,但他強調當時文化活動的重要性,而不強調種
種社會和政治的活動。他採納孫文的看法,認為「五四」的學生活動與當時的文學思想運動
有密切的關係。
What Is the “May Forth Movement?”
主要內容
前期 - 提倡新道德,反對舊道德;提倡新文學,反對舊文學;提倡民主與科學,反對
封建專制愚昧。
後期 - 宣傳馬克思主義
代表人物
陳獨秀( 1879-1942 )
胡適( 1891-1962 )
李大釗( 1889-1927 )
劉半農( 1891-1934 )
錢玄同( 1887-1939 )
魯迅( 1881-1936 )
蔡元培( 1868-1940 )
茅盾( 1896-1981 )
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
The New Culture Movement ( 新文化運動 ) of the mid 1910s and 1920s sprang
from the disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure
of the Chinese Republic, founded in 1912 to address China’s problems.
Scholars like Chen Duxiu, Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, and
Hu Shi, had classical educations but began to lead a revolt against
Confucianism.
They called for the creation of a new Chinese culture based on global and
western standards, especially democracy and science.
Younger followers took up their call for: (1) Vernacular literature (2) An
end to the patriarchal family in favor of individual freedom and
women's liberation (3) View that China is a nation among nations,
not as a uniquely Confucian culture.
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
Two major centers of literary and intellectual activity
were Beijing, home to Beijing University and Tsinghua
University, and Shanghai, with its flourishing
publishing sector.
The founders of the New Culture Movement clustered
in Peking University, where they were recruited by
Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 when he became chancellor.
蔡元培對中國社會及陋俗有透徹觀察;兩度遊學歐洲、親炙文
藝復興後的科學精神及法國大革命後的思潮。他把中國文化教
育「從封建專制時代擺渡到民主自由時代」。手定教育方針,
創立現代教育制度。
他把北京大學學術化,奠定中央研究院之基礎。提倡軍國民教
育、實利主義、公民道德及人生觀、世界觀、美學教育。倡導
自由思想、民權與女權,致力革除「讀書為官」之舊俗,開科
學性研究風氣。
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
Chen Duxiu 陳獨秀 as dean and Li Dazhao 李大釗 as librarian in turn recruited
leading figures such as the philosopher Hu Shi, the scholar of Buddhism Liang
Shuming, the historian Gu Jiegang, and many more.
Education was high on the New Culture agenda. Cai Yuanpei headed a New
Education Society, and university students joined the Mass Education
Movement of James Yen and Tao Xingzhi which promoted literacy as a
foundation for wider political participation.
Chinese newspaper journalism was modernized in the 1920s according to
international standards, thanks to the influence of the New Culture Movement.
The roles of journalist and editor were professionalized and became
prestigious careers. The business side gained importance and with a greater
emphasis on advertising and commercial news, the main papers, especially in
Shanghai, moved away from the advocacy journalism that characterized the
1911 revolutionary period.
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
The New Youth journal, which was a leading
forum for debating the causes of China's
weakness, laid the blame on Confucian culture.
Chen Duxiu called for "Mr. Confucius" to be
replaced by "Mr. Science" and "Mr. Democracy."
《新青年》是在 1920 年代中國一份具有影響力的革命雜
誌,是五四運動,在五四運動期間起到重要作用。 16
開,每月一號,每 6 號為一卷。自 1915 年 9 月 15 日創
刊號至 1922 年 7 月終刊共出 9 卷 54 號。
由陳獨秀在上海創立,群益書社發行。由陳獨秀、錢玄
同、高一涵、胡適、李大釗、沈尹默以及魯迅輪流編輯。
自 1918 年後,該刊物改為同人刊物,不接受來稿。該雜
誌發起新文化運動,並且宣傳倡導科學(「賽先
生」, Science )、民主(「德先生」, Democracy )
和新文學。俄國十月革命後,《新青年》又成為宣傳共產
主義的刊物之一,後期成為中共早期的宣傳刊物。
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
Another outcome was the promotion of written vernacular Chinese ( 白
話 ).
Hu Shi proclaimed that “a dead language cannot produce a living
literature.”
In theory, the new format allowed people with little education to read
texts, articles and books.
He charged that literary, or Classical Chinese, which had been the
written language prior to the movement, was understood by only
scholars and officials (ironically, the new vernacular included many
foreign words and Japanese neologisms, which made it difficult for many
to read).
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
For example, Lu Xun's essays and short fiction created
a sensation with their condemnation of Confucian
culture.
A Madman’s Diary" ( 狂人日記 ) is a Chinese short story
published in 1918 by Lu Xun 魯迅 , one of the greatest
writers in 20th-century Chinese literature.
It was one of the first and most influential modern
works written in vernacular Chinese and would become
a cornerstone of the New Culture Movement.
Diary of a Madman directly implied that China's
traditional culture was cannibalistic 吃人 , and The True
Story of Ah Q showed the typical Chinese as weak and
self-deceiving.
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
The diary form was inspired by Nikolai Gogol's
short story “Diary of a Madman,” as was the
idea of the madman who sees reality more
clearly than those around him.
The ‘madman’ sees ‘cannibalism’ both in his
family and the village around him, and he then
finds cannibalism in the Confucian classics
which had long been credited with a humanistic
concern for the mutual obligations of society,
and thus for the superiority of Confucian
civilization.
The story was read as an ironic attack on
traditional Chinese culture and a call for a New
Culture.
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
《狂人日記》是《狂人日記》是魯迅的一篇短篇作品,收錄在魯迅的短篇小說集
《吶喊》中,諷刺了中國封建禮教和中國人的陋俗。它是中國第一部現代白話文小
說,首發於 1918 年 5 月 15 日 4 卷 5 號《新青年》月刊。
小說內容大致上是以一個「狂人」的所見所聞,指出中國文化的朽壞。魯迅透過一
個「狂人」的日記,揭露中國封建社會裏的家族制度和禮教的毒害,指出中國歷史
每頁都寫著「仁義道德」,但字縫裏卻都寫著「吃人」兩個字。最後,日記說:
「沒有吃過人的孩子,或者還有?」因而喊出「救救孩子」的口號。
From New Culture Movement to the
Chinese New Enlightenment
A large number of Western doctrines became fashionable,
particularly those that reinforced the cultural criticism and nation-
building impulses of the movement.
Social Darwinism, which had been influential since the late nineteenth
century, was especially shaping for Lu Xun, among many others.
Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, and Wu Zhihui developed a Chinese variety of
anarchism 無政府主義 .
They argued that Chinese society had to undergo radical social
change before political change would be meaningful.