4 FrequencyControl

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Control of Frequency & Power
1. Introduction
− In any electric system, the active power has to be generated at the same time as it is
consumed.
− Power generated must be maintained in constant equilibrium with power consumed /
demanded, otherwise a power deviation occurs.
− Disturbances in this balance, causing a deviation of the system frequency from its set‐
point values, will be offset initially by the kinetic energy of the rotating generating sets
and motors connected.
− The electric frequency in the network (the system frequency) is a measure for the
rotation speed of the synchronised generators
− By increase in the total demand the system frequency (speed of generators) will decrease,
and by decrease in the demand the system frequency will increase, i.e.
If system generation < system demand ⇒ frequency falls
If system generation > system demand ⇒ frequency rises 1
‐ Regulating units will then perform automatic primary control action in order to re‐establish
the balance between demand and generation
− Primary control allows a balance to be re‐established at a system frequency other than the
frequency set‐point value (at a quasi‐steady‐state frequency deviation Δf)
− The function of secondary control (also known as load‐frequency control) to restore the
system frequency f to its set‐point value of 50 (or 60) Hz (in addition to scheduled power
interchanges with adjacent control areas) thus ensuring that the full reserve of primary
control power activated will be made available again.
− Tertiary control is any automatic or manual change in the working points of generators or
loads participating, in order to:
• guarantee the provision of an adequate secondary control reserve at the right time
• distribute the secondary control power to the various generators in the best possible way, in
terms of economic considerations
‐ Time deviation is the time integral of the frequency deviation. In practice, an electrical clock
(synchronous time) is compared with the astronomical time (UTC)
‐ Time control is a control action carried out to return an existing time deviation between
synchronous time and UTC time to zero 2
1
seconds
minutes
minutes/hours
days
Control scheme and actions in frequency control
3
Overview of AGC logic
4
2
Frequency Restoration under AGC
5
Types of Frequency Variation

a. Small Random
− continuously present and not noticeable
− governors not sensitive enough to response
− met from kinetic energy fluctuation
b. Changes of noticeable value
− usually 0.05Hz and above
− caused by large generator or load changes
− governors will respond
3
Reserves and Interconnections

‒ Reserves:
a) Spinning d) Hot
b) Gas Turbine e)Cold
c) Fast Hydro
− Spinning Reserves:
a) Additional rotation kinetic – good for Type (a) frequency variations
b) Additional power – good for Type (b) frequency variations
− Interconnection:
a) Enhances/shares spinning reserves
b) Limits installed capacity
c) Mutual assistance, e.g. time‐seasonal diversity
d) Emergency support
e) Maintenance flexibility
f) economic trading – run best sets only, especially during light load conditions
7
2. Fundamentals of Speed Governing
4
3. Load Response to Frequency Deviation
10
5
11
12
6
4. Isochronous Governor
13
14
7
5. Governors with Speed‐Droop Characteristics
15
16
8
17
6. Load Sharing by Parallel Units
18
9
19
7. Composite Regulated Power Systems
20
10
21
22
11
Example
Installed Capacity Percent Speed Total Generation Primary (Spinning)
Droop (R%) Reserve
PP‐1 5x100 MW 4% 4x75 MW 100 MW
PP‐2 8x60 MW 4% 5x50 MW 50 MW
PP‐3 3x300 MW 5% 3x250 MW 150 MW
TOTAL 1880 MW ‐ 1300 MW 300 MW
Load varies 1.5% for every 1% change in frequency
1 4 100
  200 MW Hz
Find speed‐changer setting for each unit R1  4 100   50
Hz 1 5  60
  150 MW Hz
fi R2  4 100   50
1 3  300
50   360 MW Hz
R3  5 100   50
P1  300MW  f1  51.500 Hz
 MW P2  250MW  f 2  51.667 Hz
0 Pi Pimax P3  750MW  f 3  52.083 Hz
23
Find steady‐state increase in frequency following 100 MW load loss

1 1 1 1
    710 MW Hz
Req R1 R2 R3
D
1.5 100  1200  36 MW Hz
1 100  50

1
 D  746 MW Hz  PL
f ss   0.134 Hz
Req 
Generations at new equilibrium point

P1  P1  R1 f ss  300   200  0.134  273.19 MW
P2  P2  R2 f ss  250  150  0.134   229.89 MW
P3  P3  R3 f ss  750   360  0.134   701.74 MW
 P1 P2  P3  1204.82 MW
24
12
Find steady‐state decrease in frequency following loss of a unit in PP‐1

1 3100 1 1 1 1

R1  4 100   50
 150 MW Hz      660 MW Hz
R R1 R2 R3
D
1.5 100  1300  39 MW Hz  PL  1300 MW 
1 100  50
1 PG
  D  699 MW Hz  f ss   0.1073 Hz
Req 
Generations at new equilibrium point
P1  P1  R1 f ss  225   150  0.1073  241.095 MW

P2  P2  R2 f ss  250   150  0.1073  266.095 MW
P3  P3  R3 f ss  500   240  0.1073  788.628 MW
 P1 P2  P3  1295.8 MW
25
Find steady‐state decrease in frequency following loss of a unit in PP‐3

1 2  300 1 1 1 1

R3  5 100   50
 240 MW Hz      590 MW Hz
R R1 R2 R3
D
1.5 100  1300  39 MW Hz  PL  1300 MW 
1 100  50
1 P
  D  629 MW Hz  f ss  G  0.3975 Hz
Req
Generations at new equilibrium point:

P1 P1  R1 f ss  300   200  0.3975  379.50 MW
P2  P2  R2 f ss  250   50  0.3975  309.625 MW  P2  300MW 
P3  P3  R3 f ss  500   240  0.3975  595.4 MW
Steady‐state decrease in frequency and generations at new equilibrium point:

P1  P1  R1 f ss  384.74 MW
f ss  0.4237 Hz P2  P2  R2 f ss  300 MW
P3  P3  R3 f ss  600 MW 26
13
8. Response rates of turbine governing systems
Block diagram of a generating unit with a reheat steam turbine
Block diagram of hydraulic unit 27
Special characteristics of hydraulic turbine
For a step change in gate opening, the initial value theorem
gives
1 1  Tw s
 P m (0)  lim s  s  2
s 1  0.5 Tw s
the final value theorem gives
1 1  Tw s
 P m ()  lim s 0 s 1
s 1  0.5 Tw s
the complete time response is given by
 2 Tw t
 P m (t )  1  3e  G Change in turbine mechanical power
  following a unit step change in gate position
28
14
Hydraulic turbine response to a step change and a ramp change in gate position (gate opening reduced
0.1 pu), with initial values of head, power, velocity, and gate position equal to 1 pu (Tw = 1.0s)
29
Tp = pilot valve and servomotor time constant Ks = servo gain

TG = main servo time constant Rp = permanent droop
RT = temporary droop TR = reset time
Hydraulic turbine governor
* Hydro turbines have a peculiar response due to water inertia: a change in gate position produces an
initial turbine power which is opposite to that sought. For stable control performance, a large transient
(temporary) droop with long resetting time is required.
30
15
Steam Turbines
Single reheat tandem‐compound steam
turbine model
Ignore TCO (TCO<<TRH) for simplified
transfer function
Tm FHP 1  FHP

 
TCV 1  sTCH 1  sTCH 1  sTRH 
1  sFHPTRH

1  sTCH 1  sTRH 
TCH = time constant of main inlet volumes and steam chest
TRH = time constant of reheater
TCO = time constant of crossover piping and LP inlet volumes
Tm = total turbine torque in per unit of maximum turbine power
Tmc = total turbine mechanical torque in per unit of common MVA base
PMAX = maximum turbine power in MW
FHP, FIP, FLP = fraction of total turbine power generated by HP, IP, LP sections, respectively
MVABASE = common MVA base
31
Response of units to a small step increase in load demand
(values are shown in per unit of the step change)
32
16
Consider the previous example
System dynamic data
PP‐1 (Hydraulic Units)
R p  0.04; TG  0.2s; M  7.5s; TW  2.0 s; RT  0.40; TR  5.0s
PP‐2 (Thermal units with a reheat steam turbine)

Rp  0.04; TG  0.2s; M  8s; FHP  0.3; TRH  6.0s; TCH  0.25s; FHP  0.7
PP‐3 (Thermal units with a reheat steam turbine)

R p  0.05; TG  0.2 s; M  10s; FHP  0.3; TRH  7.0 s; TCH  0.3s; FHP  0.7
Simulated Scenarios
‐ S1: 100 MW load loss
‐ S2: Loss of a unit in PP‐1 (75 MW generation loss)
‐ S3: Loss of a unit in PP‐3 (250 MW generation loss)
33
760
PP-3 Total Power Generation (MW)
740
720 S1 (100 MW load loss)

700
50.5
680
50.4
660
System Frequency (Hz)
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (s)
50.3
Total power generation in PP‐3
50.2
310
PP-1 Total Power Generation (MW)
305 50.1
300
295 50
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (s)
290
285 System Frequency
280
275
270
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (s)
Total power generation in PP‐1 34
17
810
P P -3 Total P ow er O utput (M W )
800
790
S2 (Loss of a unit in PP‐1
780
– 75 MW generation loss)
770
50
760
49.95

750
0 20 40 60 80 100 49.9
t (s)
49.85
Total power generation in PP‐3 49.8
245
49.75
P P -1 Total P ow er O utput (M W )
240 49.7
49.65
235
49.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (s)
230
System Frequency
225
220
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (s)
620
PP-3 Total P ower Generation (MW )
600
580
S3 (Loss of a unit in PP‐3
560 – 250 MW generation loss)
540
520
500 49.8
49.6
480
0 20 40 60 80 100 49.4
t (s)
49.2
420 48.8
P P -1 Total P ow er G eneration (M W )
400 48.6
380 48.4
0 20 40 60 80 100
360 t (s)
340
System Frequency
320
300
280
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (s)
18
9. Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

− With primary control action, a change in system load will result in a steady‐state frequency
deviation depending on droop characteristic and available primary reserve at each generating
unit, and frequency sensitivity of the load
− Restoration of system frequency to nominal value (secondary control) requires
supplementary control action which adjust the load reference set point of the selected
generating units
− As the system load continually changes, it is necessary to change the output of generators
automatically
− Primary objectives of AGC are
− To hold system frequency at or close to nominal value
− To maintain the correct interchange of power between interconnected control areas
− To ensure each generator unit at the most economic value
37
Overview of AGC logic (isolated system)
38
19
Frequency Restoration under AGC (isolated system)
39
Power flow on tie line from area 1 to area 2:

E1 E2
P12  sin 1   2 
XT
Linearizing about an operating point (δ1 = δ10, δ2 = δ20)
P12  T 12
δ12 = δ1 – δ2 and T is the synchronizing torque coefficient

E1 E2
T cos 10   20 
XT
The steady‐state frequency deviation following a total load change

PL
f  1  2 
1 R1  1 R2    D1  D2 
PL

 1 1   1 R2  D2 
1 R  D
PL

Two area system with only primary control 1   2 40
20
Suppose load change is an increase in area 1 load by ΔPL1
For area‐1 Pm1  P12  PL1  f D1

For area‐2 Pm 2  P21  f D2
The change in mechanical power depends on regulation, i.e.
Pm1   f R1 Pm 2   f R2
The change in steady‐state frequency and tie line
PL1 PL1 PL1 1 R2  D2  PL1  2
f   P12  
1 R1  D1   1 R2  D2  1   2 1 R1  D1   1 R2  D2  1   2
Effect of change in area 1 load
41
‐ Basic objectives:
‐ maintain frequency at scheduled value
‐ maintain interchange power with neighbouring areas at
scheduled values
‐ AGC in a given area ideally corrects only for changes in that area
‐ The control signal (Area Control Error, ACE) is made up of tie line
flow deviation added to frequency deviation weighted by a
bias factor (B).
‐ A suitable bias factor for an area is its frequency response
characteristic β.
The area control error for area 1:

ACE1  P12  B1 f
B1  1  1 R1  D1
The area control error for area 2:

ACE2  P21  B2 f
B2   2  1 R2  D2
Two area system with AGC 42
21
Example
‐Area 1 is operating with spinning reserve of 1000 MW
spread uniformly over 5000 MW capacity (R = 0.05)
‐ Area 2 is operating with spinning reserve of 1000 MW

spread uniformly over 10000 MW capacity (R = 0.05)
‐Consider loss of 1000 MW load in area 1
1 1 5000
   2000 MW Hz
R1 0.05 50 1 1 1
    6000 MW Hz
R R1 R2
1 1 10000
   4000 MW Hz
R2 0.05 50
19000
D1  1  380 MW Hz
50  D  D1  D2  1180 MW Hz
40000
D2  1  800 MW Hz
50
PL   1000 
f    0.1393Hz
1 R  D   6000 1180 43
Changes in loads in two areas due to increase

in frequency:
PD1  D1 f  380  0.1393  53MW
PD 2  D2 f  800  0.1393  112MW
Generation changes in two areas due to speed Area 1 Area 2
regulation: Load = 19053 MW Load =40112 MW
1 Generation = 18722 MW Generation = 40443 MW
PG1   f  2000  0.1393  278MW
R1 P21 = 331 MW
1
PG 2   f  4000  0.1393  557 MW
R2
ACE1  P12  B1 f   331   1000     2380  0.1393  1000MW
ACE2  P21  B2 f   331 1000   4800  0.1393  0MW
Area 1 has a generating capacity of 5000 MW (with 1000MW spinning reserve) on supplementary
control and this will reduce generation so as to bring ACE1 to zero.
44
22
Example
‐Consider loss of 500 MW generation area 1 (lost unit/units are not carrying spinning reserve)
1 1 5000 1 1 10000 1 1 1
   2000 MW Hz ,  
R2 0.05 50
 4000 MW Hz     6000 MW Hz
R1 0.05 50 R R1 R2
D1  1
20000
 400 MW Hz , D2  1
40000
 800 MW Hz  D  D1  D2  1200 MW Hz
50 50
PG 500
f    0.0694Hz
1 R  D   6000 1200
Changes in loads in two areas due to increase in frequency:
PD1  D1 f  400   0.0694   28 MW , PD 2  D2 f  800   0.0694   55 MW
Generation changes in two areas due to speed regulation:
1 1
PG1   f  2000   0.0694   139MW PG 2   f  4000   0.0694   278MW
R1 R2
45
Area 1 Area 2
Load = 19972 MW Load = 39945 MW
Generation = 18639 MW Generation = 41278 MW
P21 = 1333 MW
ACE1  P12  B1 f   1333   1000     2400   0.0694   500MW
ACE2  P21  B2 f  1333 1000    4800   0.0694    0MW
46
23
Example
‐Consider loss of 500 MW generation area 1 (lost unit/units are carrying spinning reserve)
1 1 4500 1 1 10000 1 1 1
   1800 MW Hz , 
R2 0.05

50
 4000 MW Hz     5800 MW Hz
R1 0.05 50 R R1 R2
D1  1
20000
 400 MW Hz , D2  1
40000
 800 MW Hz  D  D1  D2  1200 MW Hz
50 50
PG 500
f    0.0714Hz
1 R  D  5800 1200
Changes in loads in two areas due to increase in frequency:
PD1  D1 f  400   0.0714   29 MW , PD 2  D2 f  800   0.0714   57 MW
Generation changes in two areas due to speed regulation:
1 1
PG1   f  1800   0.0714   129MW PG 2   f  4000   0.0714   286MW
R1 R2
47
Area 1 Area 2
Load = 19971 MW Load = 39943 MW
P21 = 1343 MW
ACE1  P12  B1 f   1343   1000     2200   0.0714   500MW
ACE2  P21  B2 f  1343 1000    4800   0.0714    0MW
48
24
Example
‐Consider loss of 2000 MW generation area 1 (lost unit/units are not carrying spinning reserve)
Half of the generation will be made up by the 1000 MW spinning reserve on supplementary
control in area 1. When this limit is reached, area 1 is no longer able to control ACE.
Supplementary control signal in area2, however, is able to control its ACE.
ACE2  P21  B2 f  0MW  P21  P12  B2 f

P12  B2 f  4800  f
Thus, there is a net reduction in system frequency. This causes a reduction in loads due to
frequency sensitivity.
20000
D1  1  400 MW Hz ,
50
The balance of generation loss in area 1 is made up by a reduction in load and tie flow from area 2.
1000  D1 f  P21   D1  B2  f   400  4800  f
 f  0.1923Hz
49
Change in area 1 load:
PD1  D1 f  400   0.1923  77 MW
The tie flow change:
P12  B2 f  4800   0.1923  923 MW
Area 1 Area 2
Load = 19923 MW Load = 39846 MW
P21 = 1923 MW
50
25
THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical Engineering
EE4031 Power Systems

Tutorial on Control of Frequency and Power
1. An isolated 50 Hz power station has the load frequency control system as shown in Fig.1
with the following parameters.
Governor and turbine time constant, T = 1 sec
Generator inertia constant, H = 5 sec
Governor speed regulation, R = 0.04 pu
It is observed that a sudden increase of load (ǻPL) by 0.1 pu has brought about steady
state frequency drop (ǻZ) of 0.188 Hz.
a) Determine the load-damping constant D.
b) Determine the mechanical power change (ǻPref) needed to restore the nominal
frequency.
c) Obtain an approximated expression for the variation of frequency with time if the
effects of the governor-turbine time constant can be ignored.
d) Plot the system frequency deviation for a period of 10 seconds.
Fig.1
2. Two coherent generator groups, A and B, are interconnected by a tie-line which is

initially unloaded as shown in Fig.2. When a new load of 50MW is applied to group B,
the power flow from A to B increases to 10MW. Under this new loading condition, the
tie-line is tripped and it is found that the frequency difference between the groups is
0.125 Hz.
Fig.2
EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 1

3. In a power station two generators are operating in parallel to supply a total load of
250MW at 50 Hz. The ratings of the generators are 200MW and 250MW, and their
governor droops are 4% and 6%from no-load to full-load, respectively. If the full-load
frequency of the smaller generator is 49 Hz, determine
a) the steady-state load sharing,
b) the no-load frequency of each generator, and
c) the operating frequency when the total load is increased to 400MW.
4. An isolated 50 Hz power system consists of three areas A, B, and C interconnected by

three tie-lines AB, BC and CA as shown in Fig.3. Initially, all the tie-lines are unloaded
and the system is operated at nominal frequency. When an additional 9MW step load is
connected to area B, the power flow in the three tie-lines increases as follows: A to B =
3MW, C to B = 3MW and A to C = 1MW. The tie-lines AB and BC are now tripped and
it is found that the frequency difference between area B and the other two areas is 0.15
Hz.
a) Find the area frequency response characteristics E of the three areas.
b) Find the state-steady system frequency prior to the line tripping.
Fig.3
5. A 50Hz power system consists of three interconnected areas with the characteristics
tabular below:
Area 1 2 3
Generation Capacity (MW) 1000 2000 3000
Area frequency response characteristic (MW/Hz)
_ 350 700 950
Each area is initially generating at half of its generation capacity at 50 Hz without any
tie-line flow when the load in area 1 suddenly increases by 100MW. Neglecting losses
and the dependence of load on frequency, determine
a) the new steady-state frequency in Hz, and
b) the change tie-line flows in MW.
6. Two isolated 50 Hz systems, A and B, have area frequency response characteristics of 40

and 20 pu with initial frequency of 50.1 and 49.9 Hz, respectively. A and B are now
connected with a tie-line.
a) Determine the steady state operating frequency of the combined system and the
power flow of the tie-line which connected the systems together.
b) A new load is added to A in order return the system frequency of the combined
system to its nominal value. What are the size of this new load and the new tie-line
flow?
EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 2

EE4031 Power Systems
Tutorial on Control of Frequency and Power
1. a) +w 0.188 Hz 0.00376 pu
§ 1 +P · § 1 0.1 ·
D ¨ L ¸ ¨ ¸ 1.6 pu
© R +w ¹ © 0.04 0.00376 ¹
b) nominal frequency => +w 0
i.e. + Pref + PL 0.1 pu
1 1
c) +w( s ) +PL ( s ) + PL ( s )
( D 2 Hs )
1 26.6 10s
R
1
sudden load increase of 0.1 pu => + PL ( s )
10s
§ 1 ·§ 1 · 1 § 1 1·
+w( s ) ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© 26.6 10s ¹ © 10s ¹ 266 © s 2.66 s ¹
1
+w(t ) >exp( 2.66t ) 1@
266
c) Plot of the system frequency deviation:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (s)
0
Frequency Deviation (Hz)
-0.05
-0.1
Full system
-0.15
Approximated
-0.2
-0.25
-0.3
10 50 10 A B
2. 'f ǻPT = 0
EA EB
f1 f1
EB 4E A
f3 f1 'f B A B
ǻPT = 10
'f B f1 f3 0.125 Hz f1-'f f1-'f
50MW
50
and 'f B EB 400
EB A B
ǻfȕ = 0.125Hz
E A 100 MW/Hz f3 50MW
f1
EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 3

3. a) For the smaller generator
f f FL 50 u 0.04 (200 P1 ) where f = 50 Hz and fFL = 49 Hz
200
o P1 = 100 MW
o P2 = 250 – P1 = 150 MW
b) No-load frequencies: f NL1 50 50 u 0.04 u 100 51 Hz

200
f NL2 50 u 0.06 u 150 51.8 Hz
50
250
c) Operating frequency: f f NL1 50 u 0.04 u P1

200
f f NL2 50 u 0.06 u P2
250
P1 P2 400 MW
o P1 = 181.82 MW
o P2 = 218.18 MW
o f = 49.18 Hz
4. a) Use 100 MVA as the common base.

With 9 MW added to area B,
'P 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01
'f (1)
E EA EB EC
With tie-line AB and BC tripped, the steady-state frequency changes are

0 0.09
'f A,C , 'f B
E A EC EB
and 'f A,C 'f B 0.15 Hz 0.003 pu
0.09
i.e. 0.003 pu (2)
EB
Solve (1) and (2) EA 40, E B 30, E C 20
'PA 0.03 0.01

b) fA f 0 'f 1 1 0.999 pu 49.95 Hz
EA 40
5. a) E E1 E 2 E3 350 700 950 2000 MW/Hz

'P 'P 100
'f 0.05 Hz
E E1 E 2 E3 2000
f f 0 'f 50 0.05 49.95 Hz
EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 4

b) 'P1 E1'f (350)(0.05) 17.5 MW => P31 = 47.5 MW
'P2 E 2 'f (700)(0.05) 35 MW P21 = 35 MW
'P3 E3 'f (950)(0.05) 47.5 MW P23 = 0 MW
6. a) Let the system frequency be f when the switch closed.
50.1 'f A f 49.9 'f B

A B
PT P PT
where 'f A u 50 T u 50
EA 40 50.1Hz 49.9Hz
PT PT
'f B u 50 u 50
EB 20
PT 0.0533 pu
f 50.0333 Hz
b) Let PL be the new load needed to restore the system frequency back to 50Hz.
PL PL P’T
'f u 50 u 50 0.0333
E A EB 40 20 A
50Hz
B
PL 0.04 pu PL
Now consider system A which returns to 50Hz from the initial 50.1Hz.
PL PT' 0.04 PT'
'f '
u 50 u 50 0.1 Hz
B
EA 40
PT' 0.04 pu
EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 5

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The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Control of Frequency & Power

Types of Frequency Variation

Reserves and Interconnections

Find steady‐state increase in frequency following 100 MW load loss

Generations at new equilibrium point

 P1 P2  P3  1204.82 MW

Find steady‐state decrease in frequency following loss of a unit in PP‐1

Generations at new equilibrium point

P1  P1  R1 f ss  225   150  0.1073  241.095 MW

 P1 P2  P3  1295.8 MW

Find steady‐state decrease in frequency following loss of a unit in PP‐3

Generations at new equilibrium point:

Steady‐state decrease in frequency and generations at new equilibrium point:

Tp = pilot valve and servomotor time constant Ks = servo gain

Tm FHP 1  FHP

PP‐2 (Thermal units with a reheat steam turbine)

PP‐3 (Thermal units with a reheat steam turbine)

720 S1 (100 MW load loss)

System Frequency (Hz)

9. Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

Power flow on tie line from area 1 to area 2:

Linearizing about an operating point (δ1 = δ10, δ2 = δ20)

δ12 = δ1 – δ2 and T is the synchronizing torque coefficient

The steady‐state frequency deviation following a total load change

Suppose load change is an increase in area 1 load by ΔPL1

For area‐1 Pm1  P12  PL1  f D1

The area control error for area 1:

The area control error for area 2:

‐ Area 2 is operating with spinning reserve of 1000 MW

Changes in loads in two areas due to increase

ACE1  P12  B1 f   331   1000     2380  0.1393  1000MW

ACE2  P21  B2 f   331 1000   4800  0.1393  0MW

PD1  D1 f  400   0.0694   28 MW , PD 2  D2 f  800   0.0694   55 MW

Generation changes in two areas due to speed regulation:

ACE1  P12  B1 f   1333   1000     2400   0.0694   500MW

ACE2  P21  B2 f  1333 1000    4800   0.0694    0MW

PD1  D1 f  400   0.0714   29 MW , PD 2  D2 f  800   0.0714   57 MW

Generation changes in two areas due to speed regulation:

ACE1  P12  B1 f   1343   1000     2200   0.0714   500MW

ACE2  P21  B2 f  1343 1000    4800   0.0714    0MW

ACE2  P21  B2 f  0MW  P21  P12  B2 f

1000  D1 f  P21   D1  B2  f   400  4800  f

Change in area 1 load:

PD1  D1 f  400   0.1923  77 MW

The tie flow change:

P12  B2 f  4800   0.1923  923 MW

EE4031 Power Systems

2. Two coherent generator groups, A and B, are interconnected by a tie-line which is

EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 1

4. An isolated 50 Hz power system consists of three areas A, B, and C interconnected by

6. Two isolated 50 Hz systems, A and B, have area frequency response characteristics of 40

EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 2

c) Plot of the system frequency deviation:

EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 3

b) No-load frequencies: f NL1 50  50 u 0.04 u 100 51 Hz

c) Operating frequency: f f NL1  50 u 0.04 u P1

4. a) Use 100 MVA as the common base.

With tie-line AB and BC tripped, the steady-state frequency changes are

and 'f A,C  'f B 0.15 Hz 0.003 pu

Solve (1) and (2) EA 40, E B 30, E C 20

'PA 0.03  0.01

5. a) E E1  E 2  E3 350  700  950 2000 MW/Hz

EE4031, KWCn, 10 Feb 2009 4

b) No-load frequencies: f NL1 50 50 u 0.04 u 100 51 Hz

c) Operating frequency: f f NL1 50 u 0.04 u P1

and 'f A,C 'f B 0.15 Hz 0.003 pu

'PA 0.03 0.01

5. a) E E1 E 2 E3 350 700 950 2000 MW/Hz

50.1 'f A f 49.9 'f B