Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 9: Morphological
Image Processing
http://elearning.najah.edu/OldData/pdfs/Chapter9_Morphological_I
mage_Processing.ppt
Tanggal Akses : 15 Maret 2011
Mathematic Morphology
used to extract image components that are
useful in the representation and description of
region shape, such as
boundaries extraction
skeletons
convex hull
morphological filtering
thinning
pruning
2
Mathematic Morphology
mathematical framework used for:
pre-processing
4
Basic Set Theory
5
Reflection and Translation
Bˆ {w | w b, for b B}
( A) z {c | c a z , for a A}
6
Logic Operations
7
Example
8
Structuring element (SE)
small set to probe the image under study
for each SE, define origo
shape and size must be adapted to geometric
properties for the objects
9
Basic idea
in parallel for each pixel in binary image:
check if SE is ”satisfied”
output pixel is set to 0 or 1 depending on
used operation
10
How to describe SE
many different ways!
information needed:
position of origo for SE
positions of elements belonging to SE
11
Basic morphological operations
Erosion
Dilation
12
Erosion
Does the structuring element fit the
set?
erosion of a set A by structuring element
B: all z in A such that B is in A when
origin of B=z
A B {z|(B)z A}
shrink the object
13
Erosion
14
Erosion
15
Erosion
A B {z|(B)z A}
16
Dilation
Does the structuring element hit the set?
dilation of a set A by structuring element
B: all z in A such that B hits A when origin
of B=z
A B {z|(Bˆ )z A Φ}
grow the object
17
Dilation
18
Dilation
19
Dilation
B = structuring element
A B {z|(Bˆ )z A Φ}
20
Dilation : Bridging gaps
21
useful
erosion
removal of structures of certain shape and
size, given by SE
Dilation
filling of holes of certain shape and size,
given by SE
22
Combining erosion and
dilation
WANTED:
remove structures / fill holes
without affecting remaining parts
SOLUTION:
combine erosion and dilation
(using same SE)
23
Erosion : eliminating irrelevant
detail
A B ( A B) B
eliminates protrusions
breaks necks
smoothes contour
25
Opening
26
Opening
27
Opening
A B ( A B) B
A B {( B ) z | ( B) z A} 28
Closing
dilation followed by erosion, denoted •
A B ( A B) B
smooth contour
fuse narrow breaks and long thin gulfs
eliminate small holes
fill gaps in the contour
29
Closing
30
Closing
31
Closing
A B ( A B) B
32
Properties
Opening
(i) AB is a subset (subimage) of A
(ii) If C is a subset of D, then C B is a subset of D B
(iii) (A B) B = A B
Closing
(i) A is a subset (subimage) of AB
(ii) If C is a subset of D, then C B is a subset of D B
(iii) (A B) B = A B
( A B ) ( A Bˆ )
c c
34
35
36
Useful: open & close
37
Application: filtering
38
Hit-or-Miss Transformation
⊛ (HMT)
find location of one shape among a set of shapes
”template matching
A B ( A X ) [ A (W X )]
c
40
Boundary Extraction
( A) A ( A B )
41
Example
42
Region Filling
X k ( X k 1 B) A c
k 1,2,3,...
43
Example
44
Extraction of connected
components
45
Example
46
X ( X B ) A i 1,2,3,4 and k 1,2,3,...
i
k
i
k
i
Convex hull
A set A is is
said to be
convex if
the straight
line segment
joining any
two points
in A lies
4
entirely
within A. C ( A) D i
i 1 47
48
Thinning
A B A ( A B)
A ( A B) c
49
Thickening
A B A ( A B)
50
K
S ( A) S k ( A)
Skeletons k 0
S k ( A) ( A kB) ( A kB) B
K max{k | ( A kB) }
K
A ( S k ( A) kB)
k 0
51
52
H = 3x3 structuring element of 1’s X 1 A {B}
8
Pruning X 2 ( X1 B )
k 1
k
X3 (X2 H ) A
X 4 X1 X 3
53
54
55
56
57
5 basic structuring elements
58