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Lecture5interference and System Capacity
Lecture5interference and System Capacity
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE 5
1
Overview of the Previous Lecture
New Topics
Channel Allocation Schemes
Hand off Strategies
Interference and System Capacity
2
An Example of a Cellular Cluster
3
Capacity versus interference for
same size cell
Decrease N for More Capacity: If Cluster Size, N is decreased
while cell size remains fixed, more clusters are required to cover the
area (M increases). Therefore, Capacity increases.
4
Frequency Reuse
Geometry of the hexagonal cells is such that to cover adjacent areas
completely, N can have only some of the values.
5
Frequency Reuse (N=7, i=2, j=1)
6
Method of locating co-channel cells
in a cellular system
Example:
N=19
i=3
j=2
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Channel Assignment
Strategies
8
Channel Allocation
Techniques
To satisfy the user, a channel needs to be available on
request.
Reasonable probability of call blockage.
Three types of algorithms for channel allocation:
Fixed channel allocation (FCA)
FCA with Channel Borrowing
Dynamic channel allocation (DCA)
9
Hand Off Strategies
10
HAND OFF:
“When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in
progress, MSC transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new
base station”. (Hard handoff)
11
Desired Behavior:
Prioritize Hand off to new call initiation
Successful transfer of call
Hand off should be as infrequent as possible
Hand off should be imperceptible (very slight)
12
Margin D needs to be neither too small,
nor too large
D too small too short time to perform handoff, The call may be
dropped in the meanwhile.
D too large unnecessary handoff burden. Hand off becomes more
frequent, and occurs even when Power is at the acceptable level.
13
Handoffs – the basics
When to Hand off? MSC needs to ensure:
When to Hand off? MSC needs to ensure:
that the power drop is not temporary: because of FADING.
that MS is actually moving away from the current BS.
MSC measures signal strength for some time (average received signal
power). These calculations are performed to:
Avoid the unnecessary hand off,
Complete the necessary hand off before call drops
The time available to decide hand off depends on the subscriber’s speed.
Speed of the user can be estimated from the slope of the short term
average Power. Steep curve Quick Hand off
15
First Generation Systems:
Signal Strength Measurements are made by base stations and supervised
by MSC.
Each base station constantly monitors power levels of its reverse voice
channels, which tells the relative location of the user.
Reverse Signal Strength Indicators: Power levels of all the calls in a cell.
Locator Receiver: Power levels of Users of neighboring cells are also
measured.
Both these pieces of information are passed to MSC for hand off decision.
In 1G: Hand off processing takes almost 10sec: that requires
D ~= 6-12 dB
16
Second Generation Systems: Digital
TDMA
Concept of Mobile Assisted Hand Off (MAHO)
Mobile station continually measures power levels of surrounding Base
Stations and reports these measurements to the serving Base Station.
Hand off is initiated when power level from BS of neighboring cell exceeds
that of the current cell, for certain time, or by a certain level
MAHO method ensures faster hand off since burden of MSC is shared by
Mobile Stations
MAHO is particularly suited for Micro-Cellular Systems.
In GSM: The time reduces to 1-2 seconds: that needs
D ~= 0-6dB
17
Inter-System Hand Off
Definition: “-----When a mobile moves from one cellular system to
another, with different MSC”.
The situation occurs when
“Signal in the resident cell becomes weak, and no other cell within the
system can take the call”.
Issues:
Local Call becomes long-distance call
Compatibility between two MSCs.
18
Prioritizing Hand off
Systems differ in methods and policies of hand off:
Some systems take hand off like a new call initiation: user will be more
annoyed in case of call drop than call blocking for some time.
Various Methods of Prioritizing Hand off have been devised and
implemented.
Guard Channel Concept
Reserve some channels exclusively for hand off--- do not use them for call
initiation.
Advantage is increased probability of successful hand off. Disadvantage is
lower capacity because of less number of channels for call initiation.
No disadvantage in Dynamic Channel Allocation
19
Queuing of Hand off:
Decreases the probability of forced termination of a call due to lack of
available channels.
Trade off between the “probability of forced termination” and “total
carried traffic”. That is,
“Probability of forced termination” decreases at the cost of reduced Total
Carried Traffic.
20
Practical Hand Off Strategies:
21
The Umbrella Cell Approach
22
Umbrella cell approach:
23
Cell Dragging
Results from Pedestrian users who provide very strong signal
to base station.
For example, in Line Of Sight (LOS) case, power does not drop
to the hand off threshold level even when the user has moved
deep into the neighboring cell.
24
Faster Hand Off
Faster hand off facilitates call “rescue”, that is in need of a hand
off
25
Interference and System
Capacity
26
Interference
It is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular radio systems.
(In comparison with wired comm. Systems, the amount and sources of
interferences in Wireless Systems are greater.)
Creates bottleneck in increasing capacity
Sources of interference are:
1. Mobile Stations
2. Neighboring Cells
3. The same frequency cells
4. Non-cellular signals in the same spectrum
Interference in Voice Channels: Cross-Talk
Interference in Control Channels: missed/blocked calls
Urban areas usually have more interference, because of:
a) Greater RF Noise Floor,
b) More Number of Mobiles
27
Types
1) Co-Channel Interference (CCI)
2) Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
3) Other services: like a competitor cellular service in the same area
28
The yellow cells use the same set of
frequency channels, and hence, interfere
with each other
In the cellular system there are 6 first-
layer co-channels
29
For hexagonal geometry, D/R can be calculated:
30
31
Signal-to-interference ratio
That is, received signal power is inversely related to nth power of the
distance.
32
Then we can express the SIR in terms of distance
33
Worst Case Design
Worst case carrier-to-interference ratio
34
Increasing N from 7 to 12, brings C/I above the 18dB level. However, the
system capacity is decreased.
Reduction of capacity by 7/12 for taking care of the worst case situation
when CIR ~= 17.4 dB is not justified because this situation will occur very
rarely.
35
36
Channel Planning for Wireless
Systems
Judicious assignment of the appropriate radio channels a more difficult
problem in practice. Theoretical analysis provides a guideline.
37
Adjacent Channel Interference
Interference from channels that are adjacent in frequency,
The primary reason for that is Imperfect Receive Filters which cause the
adjacent channel energy to leak into your spectrum.
Problem is severer if the user of adjacent channel is in close proximity.
Near-Far Effect
38
Near-Far Effect: Case 1
39
Near-Far Effect: Case 2
The Base Station faces difficulty in recognizing the actual mobile user,
when the adjacent channel bleed over is too high.
40
Minimization of ACI
Channels in a cell need not be adjacent: For channels within a cell, Keep
frequency separation as large as possible.
Sequentially assigning cells the successive frequency channels.
Also, secondary level of interference can be reduced by not assigning
adjacent channels to neighboring cells.
For tolerable ACI, we either need to increase the frequency separation or
reduce the passband BW.
41
Example 2.3
In the US APMS system the total number of channels is: 416
Out if these 395 are used as voice channels, whereas 21 are
used a control channels.
Two operators share these 416 channels eqyally.
Channel allocation according to Table 3.2 (next slide). Using
subsets iA+
For N=7, each cell in a cluster will have 1 control channel,
neighboring clusters will have remaining 14 control channels.
Control channels will be thus be reused according to N=21
pattern.
42
43
Power Control for Reducing
Interference
Power levels transmitted by every subscriber unit are under constant
control by the Base Station.
Mobile Station should transmit minimum power to maintain quality link
on reverse channel.
This has benefits of longer Battery Life at the Mobile Station Reduced
reverse SIR.
In CDMA systems, it is extremely important to control the power, as the
neighboring cells are using the same channel.
44