Nilai

• Tugas kelompok
• Tugas individu
• Partisipasi kelas
 WATER POLLUTION
• What is water pollution?
• What are major types of water pollution?
• What are the major sources of water
pollution?
• How do we measure water quality?
• What is effect of water pollution?
• How to control of water pollution?
 Human Impact and Pollution
Every living things has an impact on its environment. Therefore a
human impact on the environment is inevitable. The demands of
increasing population coupled with the desire of most people for a
higher material standard of living are resulting in worldwide pollution
on a massive scale.
• Water
Environmental • Air
pollution • Land
Pollutant : a substance present in greater than natural concentration
as a result of human activity that has a net detrimental effect upon its
environment or upon something of value in that environment.
Contaminants, which are not classified as pollutant unless they
have some detrimental effect, cause deviations from the normal
composition of an environment.
 Definition
Any chemical, biological, or physical change
in water quality that has a harmful effect on
living organisms or makes water unsuitable
for desired usage.
Pencemaran air adalah masuk atau
Undang-undang dimasukkannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi
Nomor 23 Tahun dan atau komponen lain ke dalam air dan
atau berubahnya tatanan air oleh kegiatan
1997 manusia atau oleh proses alam, sehingga
Lingkungan kualitas air turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu
Hidup yang menyebabkan air menjadi kurang atau
tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan
peruntukannya
WATER POLLUTION
 Types of Water Pollution

Textbook: Enviromental Chemistry, Manahan, Stanley, 2000.

 Water Analysis
Samples :
surface water (lake, river, sea)
Ground water
Drinking water Water quality
Industrial and municipal wastewater
Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters
• Suspended Solids • Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Turbidity • Chemical Oxygen demand (COD)
• Colour • Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
• Odour • Nutrients
• Taste • pH
• Conductivity • Alkalinity
• Temperature • Hardness
• Toxic Compound (heavy metal,
organic compound)
 Common Problems of
Environmental Analysis

 Low concentration of analyte

 Complex matrices
 High cost both sampling and
analysis
 Reaction of analyte
 No suitable method available
Significant levels
• air pollutants < 1
ug/m3
• Water pollutant 1 ppm
is a very high value
• Others few ppt
General Approach to Environmental Analysis

1.Objectives of study

2. Sampling

3. Preparasi Sample

4. Analysis

5. Calculation and
interpretation of results
1.OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
 Objectives of Environmental and
Analysis

• Regulatory enforcement
• Regulatory compliance Relevant
• Routine monitoring and Valid
• Emergency response data
• Scientific research
Informed about the quality of
our environment and alerts us
to any major pollution
incidents
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2. SAMPLING
 Sampling

Where, When, What, How, and How Many

• Choice of where (spatially) and when

(temporally) to take samples should be based
on sound statistics (judgmental, systematic,
random, stratified, systematic, composite, etc.)

• Best sample number is the largest possible!

Objective:
To obtain a representative sample
 Two type samples
• Grab samples are discrete aliquots
representing a specific location at a specific
time
• Composite samples are samples composited
of two or more specific aliquots collected at
various sampling locations and or at different
times.

15
Sampling Equipment
 Water Sampler

Pond Sampler

17
Sediment Sampler

Ejkman Grab

18
 Air Sampler

High Volume Air Sampler

19
20
 Sample Preservation and Storage
• The purpose: to minimize any physical, chemical, and/or
biological changes that may take place in a sample from the
time of sample collection to the time of sample analysis.

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3. PREPARASI SAMPLE
4. ANALYSIS
Overview on Standard Methodologies

• Regulatory Methods ; approved by

government ex EPA
• Consensus Methods ; published by
professional organizations ex ASTM
(American Society Testing Materials), USGS
(US. Geological Survey), AOAC (Association of
Official Analytical Chemist)
Standard EPA method
 Selection of Standard Methods
• EPA : for environmental compliance or regulatory
monitoring
• USGS methods: for water resources related
survey
• OSHA/NIOSH: for industrial hygiene testing
• AOAC: for food and agricultural product
• EPA/APHA/USGS: for stream water quality
monitoring
• SNI
 TUGAS KELOMPOK
1. CARILAH DATA DARI SUATU KASUS PENCEMARAN DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG
ATAU LAINNYA:
a) Kelompok 1: METODE KLASIK
b) Kelompok 2: METODE SPEKTROSKOPI ABSORPSI ATOM
c) Kelompok 3: METODE SPEKTROSKOPI UV VIS
d) Kelompok 4: METODE KROMATOGRAFI
2. ANALISIS KESESUAIAN METODE YANG DIGUNAKAN
3. UJI KUALITAS DATA BERDASARKAN:
a) ACCURACCY (KETEPATAN)
b) PRECISION (KETELITIAN)
c) Limit Deteksi
d) BERI KOMENTAR/PENJELASAN BAGAIMANA KUALITAS DATA
BERDASARKAN KE TIGA PARAMETER TEREBUT.
4. BANDINGKAN DATA TERSEBUT DENGAN BAKU MUTU YANG ADA
(LAMPIRKAN PERATURAN DARI GUBERNUR ATAU KLH YANG DIRUJUK,
GUNAKAN PERATURAN YANG TERBARU).
5. PRESENTASIKAN
The selection of the appropriate method is based on the
following criteria :
 Purpose of analysis
 Analytical performance
 Expected concentration of analyte in the sample
 Number if samples to be analyzed
 Time that can be devoted to the analysis
 Cost of the analysis
• Accuracy (Akurasi, ketepatan)
• Precision (Presisi, ketelitian, kecermatan)
• Sensitivity (Sensitifitas)
• Selectivity (Selektivitas)
• Linearity (Linearitas)
• Limit Detection (Batas deteksi)
• Limit Quantification (Batas kuantifikasi) 28
QUALITY ASSESMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
Quality in Analytical Laboratory

Analis Akomodasi & Lingkungan

Pendidikan Baku Pembanding,
Reagensia
Pelatihan
Pengalaman
Hasil
Valid &
Preparasi sampel Terpercaya
Verifikasi Kinerja
Presisi

Validitas Kualifikasi

Linieritas
Linieritas Akurasi, LOD,
LOQ Alat/Instrumen Sensitvitas
Selektivitas Kalibrasi
Metode Analisis
Sharing Knowledge 31
 Accuracy
(Ketepatan/kecermatan)
Measurement of agreement between experimental mean and
true value (which may not be known!).
 Precision (Ketelitian)
Relates to repeatability/reproducibility of results.
How similar are values obtained in exactly the same way.
Illustrating the difference between “accuracy” and “precision”

Low accuracy, low precision Low accuracy, high precision

High accuracy, low precision High accuracy, high precision

16-17/02/15 35
Acceptable Precision Percentage
 Limit Detection (Limit Deteksi)
Batas deteksi adalah jumlah terkecil analit dalam sampel yang dapat
dideteksi yang masih memberikan respon signifikan dibandingkan dengan
blangko. Batas deteksi merupakan parameter uji batas.

Q = (k x Sb)/Sl

Q = LOD (batas deteksi) atau LOQ (batas kuantitasi)

k = 3 untuk batas deteksi atau 10 untuk batas kuantitasi
Sb = simpangan baku respon analitik dari blangko
Sl = arah garis linear (kepekaan arah) dari kurva antara respon terhadap
konsentrasi = slope (b pada persamaan garis y = a+bx)
 Baku Mutu Lingkungan
Peraturan pemerintah resmi yang harus dilaksanakan yang berisi spesifikasi
dari jumlah bahan pencemar yang boleh dibuang atau jumlah kandungan
yang boleh berada dalam media ambien.
Jenis-Jenis Baku Mutu Lingkungan
Sehubungan dengan fungsi baku mutu lingkungan maka dalam hal
menentukan apakah telah terjadi pencemaran dari kegiatan industri atau
pabrik dipergunakan dua buah sistem baku mutu lingkungan yaitu:

a. Effluent Standard
Effluent Standard merupakan kadar maksimum limbah yang diperbolehkan
untuk dibuang ke lingkungan.

b. Stream Standard
Stream Standard merupakan batas kadar untuk sumberdaya tertentu, seperti
sungai, waduk, dan danau. Kadar yang diterapkan ini didasarkan pada
kemampuan sumberdaya beserta sifat peruntukannya. Misalnya batas kadar
badan air untuk air minum akan berlainan dengan batas kadar bagi badan air
untuk pertanian.
 Jenis dan contoh BML
Ambient :
Timah hitam (Ob) hanya boleh berjumlah 0.06 mg/m3 di
dalam 24 jam udara

Effluent :
Jumlah timah hitam (Pb) yangboleh dibuang ke udara oleh
suatupabrik tidak lebih dari 0.025 mg/m3
 TUGAS KELOMPOK
1. CARILAH DATA DARI SUATU KASUS PENCEMARAN DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG
ATAU LAINNYA:
a) Kelompok 1: METODE KLASIK
b) Kelompok 2: METODE SPEKTROSKOPI ABSORPSI ATOM
c) Kelompok 3: METODE SPEKTROSKOPI UV VIS
d) Kelompok 4: METODE KROMATOGRAFI
2. ANALISIS KESESUAIAN METODE YANG DIGUNAKAN
3. UJI KUALITAS DATA BERDASARKAN:
a) ACCURACCY (KETEPATAN)
b) PRECISION (KETELITIAN)
c) Limit Deteksi
d) BERI KOMENTAR/PENJELASAN BAGAIMANA KUALITAS DATA
BERDASARKAN KE TIGA PARAMETER TEREBUT.
4. BANDINGKAN DATA TERSEBUT DENGAN BAKU MUTU YANG ADA
(LAMPIRKAN PERATURAN DARI GUBERNUR ATAU KLH YANG DIRUJUK,
GUNAKAN PERATURAN YANG TERBARU).
5. PRESENTASIKAN