Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

About Human Development

Chapter One

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

I. Human Development:
Basic Concepts
A. Study of Human Development
1. Developmental Change
a. Quantitative Change
b. Qualitative Change
2. Four goals
a. Description
b. Explanation
c. Prediction
d. Modification

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

B. Periods of the Life Span
1. Prenatal (conception to birth)
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to age 3)
3. Early Childhood (3 to 6 years)
4. Middle Childhood (6 to 12 years)
5. Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
6. Young Adulthood (20 to 40 years)
7. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
8. Late Adulthood (65 years and older)

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

C. Aspects of Development
1. Physical Development
2. Cognitive Development
3. Psychosocial Development

D. Individual Differences

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E. Influences on Development
1. Heredity
2. Environment
3. Normative Influences
4. Nonnormative Life Events
5. Timing of Influences: Critical Periods
6. Influences in Context:
An Ecological Approach

F. The Role of Culture

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

II. Human Development:
How the Study has Evolved
A. Studying Childhood
B. Studying Adolescence, Adulthood
and Aging
C. Studying the Life Span
1. Multidirectionality
2. Plasticity
3. History and Context
4. Multiple Causation
D. Life-span Issue:
Can Early Personality Traits Predict
Midlife Development?
Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
III. Human Development:
Research Methods
A. Steps in the Scientific Method
B. Sampling
1. Generalizability
2. Random Selection
C. Forms of Data Collection
1. Self-Reports
2. Behavioral Measures
3. Observation

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

D. Basic Research Design
1. Case Studies
2. Correlational Studies
3. Experiments
E. Studying Age Effects:
Quasi-Experimental Methods
1. Longitudinal Studies
2. Cross-Sectional Studies
3. Cross-Sequential Studies

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F. Ethics of Research
1. Right to Informed Consent
2. Right to Self-Esteem
3. Right to Privacy

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

IV. Human Development:
Theoretical Perspectives
A. Psychoanalytic Perspective
1. Freud: Psychosexual Theory
a. Stages of Development
b. Personality
2. Erikson: Psychosocial Theory
3. Miller: Relational Theory

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

B. Learning Perspective
1. Behaviorism
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Operant Conditioning
2. Social-Learning Theory
a. Contrast to Behaviorism
b. Observational Learning

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

C. Cognitive Perspective
1. Piaget: Stage Model
a. Four stages
b. Organization
c. Adaptation
d. Equilibration
2. Information Processing

Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

D. Ethological Perspective
1. Imprinting
2. Attachment
E. Contextual Perspective
1. Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky)
2. Zone of Proximal Development
3. Scaffolding

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