INTRODUCTION

 The pulp and paper industry is one of the oldest industries in our country. But there has
been a tremendous expansion in this industry during the last twenty-five years.

 The paper industry, as it stands now, is one of the largest industries in our country. And
also this is one of the major industries which contributes a lot towards the pollution of
our environment.

 The paper mills use the "pulp' as the raw material, which is again produced utilizing
different cellulosic materials like wood, bamboo etc. in the pulp mills.

 However, most of the paper producing units in India are integrated pulp and paper
mills. Few mills in our country produce pulp only.
 WATER STEAM CHEMICAL WATER BLEACHING AGENTS

RAW
CHIPPING DIGESTION FIBER SEPERATOR BLEACHING
WOOD

PULP
WATER
STEAM
Glue
PAPER
DRYING SCREENS JORDAN BEATER Alum
MACHINE Talc

REALERS PAPER
CHIPPING
• Raw wood contains a large amount of impurities in it.
• In this process, the soils, dirt's, and barks are removed from the wood
and chips are separated from the barks and water is used to clean the
wood.
• Therefore, we can find wastewater from this source with suspended
solids, BOD, dirt. grit, fibers etc.
DIGESTION
• The chipped wood contains (water, fibers and lignin) in it. In order to
remove the lignin, we use this process.
• In this, wood chips and chemical solution (White Liquor) are added in
a high pressure cooker and steam is supplied to it.
• Lignin dissolves with water and can be taken out.
• The wastewater generated from digester house is called "black liquor"
which contains lignin, resins , fatty acids , colour , BOD, COD, AOX,
VOCs.
FIBER SEPERATOR
• During this process, Black liquor and the pulp(Fibers) are separated.
• This causes waste as Black liquor, Lignin, resins, COD, BOD.
• This process will give us the pulp solution which is yellowish in colour,
textured and have weak fibers.
• In order to make it make it homogenous, smooth and white it is sent
for bleaching.
BLEACHING
• Bleaching is the chemical process of whitening the pulp.
• Pulp is mixed with clay and calcium carbonate so that after finishing of the
product, we could obtain smooth finish and even surface.
• Then, to whiten them we use bleaching agents.
• Bleaching agents – (with chlorine/ chlorine compounds, ozone/oxygen in
different from as well as hydrogen peroxide).
• Fillers – (calcium carbonate, clay, titanium dioxide).
• Additives – (Dye, Optical brightening agent).
• Binders – (Latex and Starch products).
• The wastewater generated from bleaching contains dissolved lignin,
carbohydrate, color. COD, AOX, inorganic chlorine such as chlorate.
Organo chlorine compound such as chloroform, chloromethane,
trichloroethane etc.
JORDAN
• After beating the pulp is refined in a machine known as ‘Jordan’.
• Jordan is a chamber with metal bars mounted around the inside of
the container.
• The material to be refined is pumped into the chamber at high-
pressure rate in order to create an abrasive effect as the material is
forced through the machine by the help of metal bars.
• This cuts the fibers to the final size desired with help of conical drums
with knives.
SCREENS AND PAPER MACHINE
• The pulp is then diluted to proper consistency for paper making and
passed through the screen to remove lumps or knots.
• This pulp is carried by traveling belt of fine screen to series of ‘Rolls’
where the paper is produced.
• The drain water called ‘white water’ forms the wastewater from the
paper mill section. This contains fine fibers, alum and talc.
• Usually fibers are recovered and rest liquid is reused for the wet
chipping process.
 DRYING AND REELING
• The wet paper is then passed through a series of squeeze rollers
covered with felt from outside and heated by steam from inside.
• The dried paper is then wound into rolls and sent to storage
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF
PAPER
• The wood from forest are transported and chipped into smaller parts.
• The chipped part contains 50% of water, 25% of cellulose fibers, 25%
of lignin.
• Then the chipped raw wood with chemical called as white liquor, is
added to digester at very high temperature and pressure. In order to
dissolve the lignin compound from wood.
• After that the mixture is added gently and through suction, fibers are
separated.
• Later to it, solution is mixed with bleaching agents and bleaching is
done in 3-different process.
• After the bleaching, we can see a white compound which is known as
pulp.
Major types of pollution
• Water effluents
• Suspended solids including bark particles, fiber, pigments and dirt.
• Dissolved colloidal organics like hemicelluloses, sugars, lignin compounds, alcohols,
turpentine, sizing agents, adhesives like starch and synthetics.
• Colour bodies, primarily lignin compounds and dyes.
• Dissolved inorganics such as NaOH, Na2SO4 and bleach chemicals.
• Thermal loads.
• Microorganisms such as coliform group.
• Toxic chemicals.
• Gases
• Malodorous sulphur gases such as mercaptans and H2S released from various stages in Kraft
pulping and recovery process.
• Oxide of sulphur from power plants, Kraft recovery furnace and lime kiln.
• Steam.

• Particulates
• Fly ash from coal fired power boilers.
• Chemical particles primarily sodium and calcium based.
• Char from bark burners.

• Solid wastes
• Sludge's from primary and secondary treatment and caustic zing in Kraft mill recovery
section.
• Solids such as grit bark and other mill wastes.
• Ash from coal fired boilers.
CLEANER PRODUCTION IN PAPER
AND PULP INDUSTRY
• Source Reduction: It includes the change in existing practices or introducing
new techniques in operating and maintaining equipment's. The prevention
of spills and leakages are typical house keeping measures.
• Process change: It includes four options viz: change in input material, better
process control, equipment modifications, and change in technology.
• Recycling : This covers on site recovery and reuse of materials and energy
which otherwise was a waste. Recovered material is better used in same
process or for other purposes.
• Product Modification: Produce high yield varieties of paper in order to
minimize the environmental impact from the disposal of the product.