Korea Camber&Erection

TDV Seminar
Seoul, 2006 Heinz Bokan

Camber Calculation &
Erection Control
Camber Calculation & Erection Control

PRESENTATION PARTS
Part I : Camber Calculation

Erection Control
Part II : Erection Control
Part III : Conclusions-Discussion

Erection Control PART I
CAMBER CALCULATION
Camber
Erection Control
What´s the camber Calculation for ?

Explanation Camber
Erection Control
Due to the loads and creep & shrinkage the bridge

has some deformations
Explanation Camber
Erection Control
We have to build a bridge so, that finally (at time infinity)

the construction reaches the predefined position:
“The gradient”
Explanation Camber
Erection Control
We have to build the bridge with the
“CAMBER”
Definition of Camber
Erection Control
The following procedure defines the
“CAMBER”
Definition of Camber
• The Camber is the summation of the deformations

Erection Control
due to all permanent loading cases during the

construction stages.
• Camber:
   *  1
n
i 1 i
Position of the Construction
• On site, the constructor has to check the position of

Erection Control
the construction at any time during the construction

sequence
• The design engineer has to deliver the data for this

check !
Calculation of the position
The position at the end of stage i can be calculated

Erection Control
as follows:
i   Camber   i 1
j 1  
j
Example 1- Cantilever
self weight
Erection Control
5 construction stages
L
Erection Control Example 1- Cantilever
load case
5
2
4
1
3
Example 1
Cantilever Overview
Erection Control
Summation Loadcase (SUMLC)
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
Example 1- Cantilever Camber
and Position
Camber Line Summation Loadcase (SUMLC) · (-1)
Erection Control
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
Example 1-
Cantilever Stage 1
0.0
Erection Control
-0.2
-0.4
vy / vy,max
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/L
Example 1-
Cantilever Stage 2
0.0
Erection Control
-0.2
-0.4
vy / v y,max
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/L
Example 1-
Cantilever Stage 3
0.0
Erection Control
-0.2
-0.4
vy / v y,max
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/L
Example 1-
Cantilever Stage 4
0.0
Erection Control
-0.2
-0.4
vy / v y,max
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/L
Example 1-
Cantilever Stage 5
0.0
Erection Control
-0.2
-0.4
vy / v y,max
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/L
Example 1 - Cantilever
Final Structure – Camber Line
0.0
Erection Control
-0.2
-0.4
vy / v y,max
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/L
Example 1 – Cantilever
Deflection Stage 2
1
Erection Control
0.8
0.6
vy / vy,max
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L
Deflection Stage 3
1
Erection Control
0.8
0.6
vy / vy,max
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L
Deflection Stage 4
1
Erection Control
0.8
0.6
vy / vy,max
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L
Deflection Stage 5
1
Erection Control
0.8
0.6
vy / vy,max
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L
Final Structure
1
Erection Control
0.8
0.6
vy / vy,max
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L
Example 2 – 3-Span Bridge
Camber Line
G2
G1
Erection Control
1 2 3
Stage 1
1.0
0.8
Erection Control
0.6
0.4
vy / vy,max
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.00 0.33 x/L 0.67 1.00
Stage 2
1.0
0.8
Erection Control
0.6
0.4
vy / vy,max
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.00 0.33 x/L 0.67 1.00
Stage 3
1.0
0.8
Erection Control
0.6
0.4
vy / vy,max
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.00 0.33 x/L 0.67 1.00
G2
1.0
0.8
Erection Control
0.6
0.4
vy / vy,max
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.00 0.33 x/L 0.67 1.00
Pre-camber &
Fabrication Shape
1.0
0.8
fabrication shape
Erection Control
0.6
0.4
vy / vy,max
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
pre-camber
-0.6
0.00 0.33 x/L 0.67 1.00
Definition in the Software
• What has the User to define for the Camber –

Calculation ?
Erection Control
• 1.Rmset for the relevant Nodes

• 2.Activate the initialization Load Manager
• 3.Activate the storing of load cases at the end of a
construction sequence or certain label
• 4.Execute the DoCamber action
Initialization of Load Manager
Erection Control
RMSET for the relevant Nodes
Erection Control
Storing of Load cases (Label)
• Activate the storing procedure at the end of the

construction stage
(SUMLC)
Erection Control
Storing of Load cases (Label)
• Activate the storing procedure at a certain level

during the construction stage (SUMLC)

Erection Control
Storing of Load cases (Level)
Erection Control
Camber Calculation
• Define an additional Construction stage

Erection Control
Camber Calculation
• Define the command DoCamber

Erection Control
Results
Camber Calculation
• The generated load cases for the camber

calculation
Erection Control
Results
Camber Calculation
• The generated load cases for the graphic

presentation
Erection Control
Results
Generated EXCEL Sheet
• The program generates a EXCEL Sheet

Erection Control
Results
Generated EXCEL Sheet
Erection Control
The EXCEL Sheet template

Erection Control
Results
Final EXCEL Sheet
Results
The usage of generated load case
Erection Control
Results
The usage of generated load case
Erection Control
Erection Control
Results
Results
Camber calculation for a project
Erection Control
Results
Camber calculation for a project
Erection Control
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Erection Control
Thank you for your attention! – End of Part I

Erection Control PART II
ERECTION CONTROL
Basic definitions
•Fabrication shape:
–Definition of the bridge segment stress free geometry

Erection Control
WITHOUT rigid body part

–There is only one fabrication shape per bridge segment
•Precamber line:
–Displaced line showing particular state of the bridge
structure (deck, pylon) in specific time during the
construction
–There are many pre-camber lines within construction
sequence
–In general within pre-camber line both fabrication shape and
all loading up to this state are included
Basic definitions
•Shop form:
–Geometrical form showing connected segments taking only

Erection Control
fabrication shape into account and no other loading (even no

selfweight)
–Not all shop forms can be stress free assembled – some of
them can be assembled only using force constraints
•Fabrication shape for cable element:

–The best choise is to use stress free length of the cable „L0“
–There is one stress free length of the cable per one cable
jacking
–If the cable is stressed for example three times – we will have
three different stress free lengths of one cable
Pre-camber &
Fabrication Shape
1.0
0.8
fabrication shape
Erection Control
0.6
0.4
vy / vy,max
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
pre-camber
-0.6
0.00 0.33 x/L 0.67 1.00
Basic definitions
•Bridge design
–Design is basically based on forces and not on displacements

Erection Control
–During design, pre-cambering and fabrication shape is treated as

additional future correction to completely fit in the final state
–Fabrication shape is not treated statically in the calculation
–Therefore, there is usually different set of results for the final state
analysis and for the stage by stage (construction) analysis
•Bridge construction
–The goal is to follow the construction procedure on site step by
step
–All segments are defined by its fabrication shape
–All cables are defined by stress free lengths for each stressing
sequence of the cable
–It is necessary to add additional corrections (kink between
segments, loadings etc) to the design
Basic definitions
•Bridge design
–INPUT:
Target geometry
–INPUT: Construction Schedule & Loading history
Erection Control
–INPUT: All loading is only „By Force“. Loading „By Displacement“ is

basicaly not possible
–OUTPUT: Final forces in the structure and difference between the
target geometry and final displacement of the structure
–RESULT: This difference is converted to the fabrication shape (***)
–INPUT: Fabrication shape for all elements/cables (***)
–INPUT: Construction Schedule & Loading history
–INPUT: All loading can be either „By Force“ or By Displacement“.
Additional displacement correction – additional loading
–OUTPUT: Real forces in the structure and real displacement of the
structure
Basic definitions
•Bridge design
–IGNORED: Statical effects of the fabrication shape

Erection Control
–UKNOWN: Real displacement of the structure
–INPUT: Element fabrication shape
–INPUT: Additional corrections
–INPUT: Loading history
–OUTPUT: Real displacement of the structure
–It is necessary to add additional corrections (kink between
segments, loadings etc) to the design
Classical calculation of the
fabrication shape
•Assumption: Defined structure represents final stage
–Step 1: Running structural analysis up to the final stage
–Step 2: Reversing the final displacement shape of the full structure

Erection Control
(12 dofs for each beam segment)

–Step 3: Removing rigid body part for each segment
–Step 4: Choosing the reference system (6 dofs) and recalculating the
values per segments
•In this way all structural displacements will be fully compensated
•Advantage:
–It is rather simple procedure and straight forward
•Dissadvantage:
–For each new correction it is necessary to go to the final stage
–It is not accurate for erection control
–All additional corrections (kink correction etc) will be compensated as well
Example :
Small Cable Stayed bridge
Erection Control
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
S1100 S1200
L=88m
Left support represents pylon

The Loads
Erection Control
Live Load 80kN/m
Self Weight 100kN/m

S1100 S1200
L=88m
Calculations
DEFAULT
Erection Control
Final Stage
Desirable Values DESIGN
Optimisation for Cables
Construction Stages
BUILD
Recalc: ?
1st ADDCON ERECTION

CONTROL
2nd ADDCON
Erection Control
DEFAULT
DEFAULT
No Forces in Cables.
Erection Control
-121940 ?
ADDCON
E   E  E  E 
con 1,con 2 ,con mc ,con

Erection Control
Variable Variable Constant
V   V
y y
LC 1210
 f  V
1 y
LC 1220
 f  V 
2 y
SW
Weighting factor
Overall Deflection from
for LC1210
Deflection Self Weight
Deflection from
LC1210
DESIGN
Optimisation to get Cable factors, forces and

Mz in mid span.
Erection Control
Fx=5000 (Engineering guess)
Weighting factor f1 = ?
Weighting factor f2 = ?
Vy = 0 Vy = 0
(Tolerance: -1e-5<>1e5)
Erection Control
DESIGN
DESIGN (Desirable Values)
Optimisation to get Cable factors, forces and

Mz in mid span.
Erection Control
Fx=5000 (Engineering guess)
LC1210,1220 : Variables
Vy=0 constraint
Vy = 0 Vy = 0
Mz = -18967
BUILD – Construction Stages
Activation + Self weight

110 111 112 113 114 Live Load

STG1
Erection Control
STG2 110 111 112 113 114
STG3 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

STG4
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
STG5
L=88m
Erection Control
BUILD
Erection Control
?
BUILD
Erection Control
Mz = 52391  18967
Build – RECALC ?
Erection Control
1st ADDCON
1st ADDCON: Correction N
Element 1210: N= 9090.81

Erection Control
Element 1220: N= 10392.688
Moment Diagram Wrong

Erection Control
?
ADDCON 1
1st ADDCON: Correction N
Element 1210: N= 9090.81

Erection Control
Element 1220: N= 10392.688
Moment Diagram Wrong
2nd Correction Necessary

Erection Control
2nd ADDCON
2nd ADDCON: JACK
2nd ADDCON
Erection Control
DESIGN
-18967
ERECTION CONTROL
DEFAULT
Erection Control
DESIGN
BUILD
1st ADDCON : N ERECTION

CONTROL
2nd ADDCON : JACK

NO ADDCON!!!
Erection Control Erection Control
Erection Control
ERECTION CONTROL
Erection Control
Erection Control
IDENTICAL TO
“DESIGN”
Mz = -18967
Step 1
Erection Control
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
Step 2
Camber Line Summation Loadcase (SUMLC) · (-1)

Erection Control
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
Linear vs. Non-Linear
• System works exact for linear-elastic analysis.

Erection Control
• System is an approximation for non-linear analysis.

• Problem:
?
Reference System
Erection Control
• Node-coordinates define a reference system.

• In most cases, this reference system is the final
position (target geometry) of the structure.
• Loading of structure leads to displacements.
Displacements
Erection Control
• Linear-Elastic Theory: Displacements are small deviations from the

reference system.
• Non-linear Theory: Structural system is deflected, loaded and in
equilibrium. Displacements can only be defined in comparison with
an idealised reference system. Linear-elastic analysis: system
properties are not affected by displacements.
• Non-linear analysis: system properties depend on displacements.
System Properties
Erection Control
• Linear-Elastic Theory: system parameters are not affected by

displacements. Camber calculation is “exact” within the limits of the theory.
• Non-Linear Theory: displacements influence system parameters. Camber

calculation is (good) approximation. Iterative process is necessary to
improve approximation.
Erection Control
Complete new general calculation type is implemented in RM2006 for

Erection Control
Erection Control
•This new calculation type should be used for the monitoring of the
bridge construction sequence
•In addition to the new calculation type some additional inputs are
extended in order to:
–Input exactly fabrication shape of each segment/cable
–Input additional geometrical correction on joint between
two segments
•The new calculation type works without problems with third

order theory (large displacement)
Erection Control
All additional inputs like

•fabrication shape and
Erection Control
•geometrical correction
are implemented as
NEW LOADING TYPE
changing the right side of the equation system.

Erection Control –
technical background
•At the begin of the each iteration within new loading case each
element is first „moved“ to the last known position (summation loading

Erection Control
case). The information of this „movement“ is stored for the later force
calculation
•This „movement“ will produce no additional forces in the

element/structure:
F  K ( ) * (   0 )
 Total displacement vector
0 Displacements from old summation
loading case
Erection Control –
technical background
•To be able to do any necessary correction there is additional

item in displacement vector

Erection Control
•This „correction displacement item“ allows user to input any

kind of corrections in the calculation of third order
F  K ( ) * ( LC   corr   0 )
 LC Additional new displacement
 corr Displacement correction (if any)
Displacements from old summation
0 loading case
   LC   corr
Erection Control Erection Control – beam
Erection Control Erection Control – cable
KINK correction
Kink correction - How does it work?

 corr   
Erection Control
Node Element
Iteration
With erection control
Erection Control
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
Correction loading types
and options
•There is new general option automatic kink correction (can

be activated by the user)

Erection Control
•In addition, set of new loading types are implemented in

RM2006 for erection control:
–CSCORR (kink correction from sumation LC)
–DSPA (additional correction element begin)
–DSPE (additional correction element end)
Kink Correction load types
Construction Stage Kink

Correction
Erection Control
CSCOR
- Kink Correction
displacements only
CSCOR
- Kink Correction
displacements and
rotations
Kink Correction load types
Additional
Element Begin/End
Displacements
Erection Control
DSPA
DSPE
-Angles can be corrected
j -Displacement can be corrected as

well (normally no need for this)
Fabrication shape loading
types
•Set of new loading types are implemented in RM2006 for

erection control:
Erection Control
–FSHP
–FSHPA
–FSHPE
•Already existing loading types for cables can be used:

–LX0
–FX0
Fabrication Shape of Cables
Load Types „LX0“ „FX0“
Erection Control
Lsys
Lsys
LX0
FX0
EA
FX0   (L sys  LX 0)
LX 0
Fabrication Shape of Beam
and Spring - Load Type „FSHP“
Erection Control
Ry(E)
Rz(E)
∆Rx
Ry(B) ∆Vx
Rz(B)
and Spring - Load Type „FSHPB“
Erection Control
Vx(B)
Vy(B)
Vz(B)
Rx(B)
Ry(B)
Rz(B)
and Spring - Load Type „FSHPE“
Erection Control
Rx(E)
Ry(E)
Rz(E)
Vx(E)
Vy(E)
Vz(E)
Application of Loading Cases
for Erection Control
Load Type Element Type

CSCOR
Erection Control
BEAM, CABLE,
DSPA
SPRING
DSPE
FSHP
FSHPA BEAM, SPRING
FSHPE
FX0
CABLE
LX0
Erection Control Recalc „Settings“
Erection Control Load types for fabrication shape
Erection Control PART III
CONCLUSIONS & DISCUSSION

Conclusions
With camber calculation functions

Erection Control
implemented in RM2006 the user gets

very easily all the information for the
check on site in a compact excel sheet
Erection control can be used for design

and later for checking or correcting the
fabrication shapes in the erection
sequence
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Erection Control
Thank you for your attention!! - Discussion

Korea Camber&amp;Erection

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TDV Seminar

Seoul, 2006 Heinz Bokan

Camber Calculation & Erection Control

Part I : Camber Calculation

Part II : Erection Control

Part III : Conclusions-Discussion

What´s the camber Calculation for ?

Due to the loads and creep & shrinkage the bridge

We have to build a bridge so, that finally (at time infinity)

We have to build the bridge with the

The following procedure defines the

• The Camber is the summation of the deformations

due to all permanent loading cases during the

• On site, the constructor has to check the position of

the construction at any time during the construction

• The design engineer has to deliver the data for this

The position at the end of stage i can be calculated

Summation Loadcase (SUMLC)

• What has the User to define for the Camber –

• 1.Rmset for the relevant Nodes

• Activate the storing procedure at the end of the

• Activate the storing procedure at a certain level

during the construction stage (SUMLC)

• Define an additional Construction stage

• Define the command DoCamber

• The generated load cases for the camber

• The generated load cases for the graphic

• The program generates a EXCEL Sheet

The EXCEL Sheet template

Thank you for your attention! – End of Part I

–Definition of the bridge segment stress free geometry

WITHOUT rigid body part

–Geometrical form showing connected segments taking only

fabrication shape into account and no other loading (even no

•Fabrication shape for cable element:

–Design is basically based on forces and not on displacements

–During design, pre-cambering and fabrication shape is treated as

–INPUT: All loading is only „By Force“. Loading „By Displacement“ is

–IGNORED: Statical effects of the fabrication shape

–UKNOWN: Real displacement of the structure

–Step 2: Reversing the final displacement shape of the full structure

(12 dofs for each beam segment)

•In this way all structural displacements will be fully compensated

Left support represents pylon

Live Load 80kN/m

Self Weight 100kN/m

1st ADDCON ERECTION

con 1,con 2 ,con mc ,con

Variable Variable Constant

Optimisation to get Cable factors, forces and

Fx=5000 (Engineering guess)

Optimisation to get Cable factors, forces and

Fx=5000 (Engineering guess)

Activation + Self weight

110 111 112 113 114 Live Load

STG2 110 111 112 113 114

STG3 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

Element 1210: N= 9090.81

Element 1220: N= 10392.688

Moment Diagram Wrong

Element 1210: N= 9090.81

Element 1220: N= 10392.688

Korea Camber&Erection

Korea Camber&Erection