International Standards,

Recommendations and
Regulatory Authorities
Standard
• An agreed repeatable way of doing something
• Designed for voluntary use and do not impose any regulations
• Sometimes laws and regulations may refer to certain standards

Advantages
• Interpretability of different vendor products
• Helps governs, administrators and other legal professionals in
making policies
• Although standards are considered to be inefficient, they are a
pragmatic approach when there is uncertainly about the
effects of pollution on the environment
Disadvantages
• Socially acceptable standard may not be economically
efficient
• Firms have no incentives to reduce pollution beyond the
standard
- Since it tends to discourage the development of
technologies that might otherwise result in greater levels of
pollution control
• Penalties for violating standards tend to be too low and
enforcement tends to be weak
• The standards are not updated or revised with the
rapidly changing environment
• Implementing and monitoring standards by control
authorities includes administration cost
 Types of Standards

8 Types
• Active standards
• Reactive standards
• De facto standards
• De jure standards
• Voluntary standards
• Mandatory standards
• Recommendations
• Functional standards
Active Standard
• Is a constantly operational standard
• An active standard supersedes previous historical versions of
a standard

Reactive Standard
• Type of standard that only responds to a problem when
stimulated typically by a user request

De facto Standard
• Informal standards
• Has evolved without any formal plan
• These standards are in practice but not necessarily ordained
by law
De jure Standard
• Formal standards adopted legally by an authorized standards
body
• Available as documents
• They include technical standards used by business to align
products or services with market or regulatory needs and quality
management system standards (QMS), which establish best
practice for the management of process
Voluntary Standard
• A standard with which there is no obligation to comply either
legally or informally
• Standards organizations often have more diverse input and
usually develop voluntary standards :these might become
mandatory if adopted by a government business contract
Mandatory Standard

• A standard with which it is obligatory to

comply and established by an authority
endowed with the necessary legal policies
• The purpose of a mandatory standard is to
make particular safety or information
features on consumer products
compulsory for legal supply of the product
into the market
International Standard Bodies

• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

• ISO (International Organization for standardization)
• ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
• ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• IEC (International Electro technical Commission)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers)

• Develops standards for telecommunication and

data networks
• IEEE forms a project group to develop the
standard with sponsorship of industry
• The group comes up with a draft and comments
of the professionals and the members shapes up
the draft
• Finally it is reviewed by a special committee and
approved by a voting process
ISO (International Organization for
standardization)

• ISO develops standards for data communication

• ISO technical committees (TC)and subcommittees (SC)
develops standards in six stages
 Stage 1 : Proposal Stage
 Stage 2 : Preparatory Stage
 Stage 3 : Committee Stage
 Stage 4 : Enquiry Stage
 Stage 5 : Approval Stage
 Stage 6 : Publication Stage
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

• Develops standards for

telecommunication
• The Telecommunication standardization
sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for
telecommunications
ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute)

• Independent, non-profit, standardization

organization in the telecommunication industry
- Both manufactures and operators
• Produce globally applicable standards for
information and communications technologies
including fixed, mobile, radio, broadcast,
internet, aeronautical and other areas
• GSM was standardized by ETSI
ANSI (American National Standards
Institute)

• Private non-profit organization that oversees the

development of standards for products,
services, processes, systems and personal in the
united states
• The organization also coordinates US standards
with international standards so that American
products can be used worldwide
IEC (International Electro technical
Commission)

• It prepares and publishes international standards

for all electrical, electronic and related
technologies collectively known as “Electro
technology”
• IEC defines standards for safety and
performance the environment, electrical energy
efficiency and renewable energies
Joint Development of Standards

• The worlds leading international standards organizations

have adopted a harmonized approach to address the
inclusion of patented technology in standards
- Under the banner of the world standards cooperation
(WSC), ISO, ITU and IEC have aligned their policies to use R
and D results of companies still protecting the
intellectual rights of the information
• In general, each country or economy has a single
recognized standards body and it acts as a member of
ISO for having unified standards all around the world
- Sri Lanka standards Institute also align with ISO
 Request for Comments (RFC)
• In computer network engineering, a request for comments (RFC) is a document
published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods,
behaviors, research or innovations applicable to the working of the internet and
internet- connected systems
• Through the internet society, engineers and computer scientists may publish
discourse in the form of an RFC either for peer review or simply to convey new
concepts, information
• When IETF is preparing a standard they publish this as a RFC
• Then the professionals, companies and other organizations put their comments
on the draft
• These comments are used to modify the draft and finally convert it to a internet
standard
• The IETF adopts some of the proposals published as RFCs by non IETF
organizations or individuals as internet standards
• But some RFCs might not end as standards
Use of RFC in Developing Standards

• RFC becomes an open environment to

comment on any standard that has to be
developed or being developed
• It is useful to get the ideas of the professionals
and the equipment manufactures on the
standard
• On the other hand it gives a hint to the
industries, about the possible changes of the
existing standards
Local Loop Unbundling

• LLU allows multiple vendors to use the local loop (from

customer premises to Local Exchange) so that customer
can choose the vendor without changing the access
connection
• This increases the competition between vendors and
increase the quality of the services with low price

Etisalat

Dialog

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