LRFD / PBKT Fondasi :

Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

Widjojo A. Prakoso
Universitas Indonesia
–––
GeoTalk HATTI Oktober 2018
 Presidential Address 1st ICSMFE
Karl Terzaghi, 1936
Soils are made by nature and not by man, and
the products of nature are always complex
• 1st: … the earth in its natural state is never
uniform.
• 2nd: … its properties are too complicated for
rigorous theoretical treatment.
• 3rd: … even an approximate mathematical
solution of some of the most common
problems is extremely difficult.
 Presidential Address 1st ICSMFE
Karl Terzaghi, 1936
• In soil mechanics, the accuracy of computed
results never exceeds that of a crude estimate
…
• … the principal function of theory consists in
teaching us what and how to observe in the
field.
 Presidential Address 1st ICSMFE
Karl Terzaghi, 1936
• To get information on the importance of the
error produced by our inadequate knowledge
of the deposits, we are compelled to compare
the results of our forecast to those of direct
measurement …
 Presidential Address 1st ICSMFE
Karl Terzaghi, 1936
• … successful work in soil mechanics and
foundation engineering requires not only a
thorough grounding in theory combined with
an open eye for the possible sources of error,
but also an amount of observation and of
measurement in the field …
 Presidential Address 1st ICSMFE
Karl Terzaghi, 1936
• The major part of the college training in civil
engineers consists of … simple and well-defined
materials, such as steel and concrete.
• … breeds the illusions that everything connected
with engineering should and can be computed on
the basis of a priori assumptions.
• The design of … purely artificial structures requires
only a knowledge of mechanics.
 Presentasi
• Lintasan Sejarah
• Sekilas Dasar Teoretis : Ketidakpastian Dalam
Rekayasa Fondasi dan Reliability-Based Design
+ LRFD
• Aplikasi LRFD / PBKT Rekayasa Fondasi
• Wacana Masa Depan
LRFD / PBKT Fondasi : Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

LINTASAN SEJARAH
 Structural Codes

All using LRFD approach

 Bridge Design Manual 1992
• Bridge Management System : Prepared by
SMEC-Kinhill Joint Venture for Ministry of
Public Works of Indonesia
“… working stress design method is the lack of
rationality… .”
“… application of limit-states principles will … be
more economical and will result in bridges of
more uniform capacity or strength reserves.”
 Idea Level
• Limasalle (1994) : “… cara LRFD sudah dapat
diterapkan di Indonesia. … Untuk tahap pertama,
… penentuan faktor ketahanannya dapat
dilakukan dengan hanya melakukan penyesuaian
kembali faktor keamanan … Kemudian secara
perlahan-lahan, ketentuan faktor ketahanannya
diubah berdasarkan hasil statistik & probabilistik”.
• Limasalle (2003) : “ … untuk sama-sama
memikirkan dan mencermati kemungkinan
menerapkan cara LRFD untuk rekayasa geoteknik
dan tidak asal mengambil faktor reduksi tahanan
dari literatur luar negeri begitu saja.”.
 Idea Level
• Djajaputra (2005)

• Agung & Widodo (2002)

• Hutapea & Praptarjo (2004)
• Prakoso (2005, 2006), Prakoso & Aldiamar
(2013)
• Lastiasih – Irsyam – Toha – Sidi (2013)
PUSJATAN 2011/2012
SNI 8460-2017
 ASCE 7-16 >> RSNI 1726-201x
• ASCE 7-16
– 12.13.5 Strength Design for Foundation
Geotechnical Capacity
• 12.13.5.1 Nominal Strength
• 12.13.5.2 Resistance Factors
• 12.13.5.3 Acceptance Criteria
– 12.13.6 Allowable Stress Design for Foundation
Geotechnical Capacity

• RSNI 1726-201x : 7.13.5 Kapasitas geoteknik

fondasi berdasarkan metode tegangan ijin
 Workshop HATTI – DGGT
• Geotechnical Code
• Practice Specifications
LRFD / PBKT Fondasi : Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

SEKILAS DASAR TEORETIS :

KETIDAKPASTIAN DALAM REKAYASA
FONDASI & RBD + LRFD
LRFD / PBKT Fondasi : Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

SEKILAS DASAR TEORETIS :

KETIDAKPASTIAN DALAM REKAYASA
FONDASI & RBD + LRFD
 Geotechnical Uncertainty
• 1st: … the earth in its natural state is never uniform.
• 2nd: … its properties are too complicated for rigorous theoretical
treatment.
• 3rd: … even an approximate mathematical solution of some of the
most common problems is extremely difficult.

• How to predict:
– Uncertainty of soils
– Uncertainty of calculation models
– [Construction induced]
 Geotechnical Uncertainty

Galambos et al. 1982 Phoon & Kulhawy 1999

Geotechnical Uncertainty
Geotechnical Uncertainty

Kulhawy & Mayne 1990

Geotechnical Uncertainty
SNI 8460 : 2017

SNI 8460 : 2017

 Case 1
qc (MPa) Rf (%) COV (%)

0
0 4 8 12 0 5 10 15 0 50 100
Uncertainty in Soil Data

-5 qc > 15 MPa @ depths = 19.2 m - 22.4 m

-10 COV = SD / Mean = 16% to 34%

Mean COV = 25.1%
-15

-20

Mean Mean qc
Mean SD Mean SD Rf
-25
 Case 1
• 400 mm square prestressed concrete piles
• 7 axial compression load tests
• pile lengths = 20 m to 23 m
 Case 1
2.5 Uncertainty in Pile Performance

2.0 Pile Head Settlement @ 2 MN:

Mean = 12.90 mm, SD = 2.86 mm,
1.5
COV = 22.2%
Load (MN)

1.0 4

Frequency
3

0.5 2

0.0 0
0 5 10 15 20 < 10 mm 10-15 mm > 15 mm
Pile Head Settlement (mm) Settlement @ 2 MN (mm)
 Case 1
• Uncertainty of pile performance appears to be
related to uncertainty of soils ?

• Uncertainty of structural elements much

lower
• Driven piles less susceptible to construction-
induced uncertainties
Geotechnical Uncertainty
 Case 2

Chandra et al. 1994

 Case 2

• Perfect models ?
How much ‘error’ introduced by
calculation models?
Case 2 :
Bias Factor

Chen & Kulhawy 1994

Case 2 : Bias Factor

Prakoso 2002
 Case 3
• 1 load test – several interpretation methods
 0.012

Displacement / Load (inch / ton)

0.01
y = 0.00673x + 0.00103
0.008 Q = 1/0.00673
Q = 149 ton
0.006

0.004

0.002

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Displacement (inch)
 Case 3
METHOD “LIMITING” RESISTANCE (kN)
• Davisson 1,220
• Mansur & Kaufman 1,200
• Mazurkiwiecz 1,290
• Chin 1,490
LRFD / PBKT Fondasi : Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

SEKILAS DASAR TEORETIS :

KETIDAKPASTIAN DALAM REKAYASA
FONDASI & RBD + LRFD
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Uncertainty of soils
• Uncertainty of calculation models

• Uncertainty of pile foundation performance

 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Prof. Harr (2013):
“Probability is not a means of accommodating
ignorance. Rather, it is the rational language of
the uncertainty of nature”
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Loads and Resistances
0.4

Probability Density Function

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 200 400 600 800
Allowable Axial Compressive Resistance (kN)
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Loads and Resistances
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Loads and Resistances
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Load & Resistance calculated based on codes
 nominal Load & Resistance

• Nominal Load & Resistance ≠ mean nominal

Load & Resistance
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
F : Load
Probability Density Function

sF
Q : Resistance
Load, F
sQ
Capacity, Q

mF mQ
nction

Reliability Index = mM/sM

= (mQ-mF)/(sQ2+sF2)0.5
Probability
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
mF mQ
F : Load
Probability Density Function

Reliability Index = mM/sM Q : Resistance

= (mQ-mF)/(sQ2+sF2)0.5
sM

pf

mM
Safety Margin, M = Q - F
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Pile foundation design : to ensure that
performance of foundation system within
governing performance criteria

• Sufficiently low
probability of failure
• Safety factor 
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
Q : Load
R : Resistance
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD

ASCE 7-16
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Safety factor 

• RBD: uncertainty in Load & Resistance

considered explicitly on respective sides
• FS : uncertainty in Load & Resistance NOT
considered explicitly, and assigned on
Resistance side
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
• Reliability theory : cumbersome for typical
design projects

• Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 

viable solution
 Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
Calibration Process

• First Order Second Moment

• First Order Reliability Method
• Monte Carlo Simulation
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
F : Load
Q : Resistance
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
Q : Load
R : Resistance
 F : Load
R : Resistance
RBD & LRFD

Fenton et al. 2015

Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
Q : Load
Reliability-Based Design & LRFD
SNI 2847:2013
D, L, R, W, E : Load
LRFD / PBKT Fondasi : Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

APLIKASI LRFD / PBKT REKAYASA

FONDASI
 Aplikasi LRFD / PBKT
• EPRI – Cornell U
• EC 7
• AASHTO : Evolusi
Studies by EPRI – Cornell U

Resistance Factors
Bored Piles in Clays
Kulhawy & Phoon
(2002)
 Studies by EPRI – Cornell U
• Low variability : good quality direct lab or field
measurements;
Medium : typical of most indirect correlations
High : represents strictly empirical
correlations
• Relative contribution of each resistance
component (side, tip, weight) to overall
capacity is not constant, and degrees of
uncertainty associated with each component
are different.
 EC 7
• FS ~ f(ξ)
• ξ = correlation factor depending on the
number of piles tested or of profiles of tests
• ξ = correlation factor depending on test types;
ξ for static LT < ξ for dynamic LT
EC 7
EC 7
AASHTO 5th (2010)
AASHTO 6th (2012) – 8th (2017)
 5th v 6th –8th
• Driving criteria established by dynamic test with
signal matching at beginning of redrive (BOR)
conditions only of at least one production pile per
pier, but no less than the number of tests per site
provided in Table 10.5.5.2.3-3.
>> 0.65
• Driving criteria established by dynamic testing,*
quality control by dynamic testing* of at least
two piles per site condition, but no less than 2%
of the production piles
>> 0.65
 5th v 6th –8th
• Wave equation analysis, without pile dynamic
measurements or load test, at end of drive
conditions only
>> 0.40
• Wave equation analysis, without pile dynamic
measurements or load test but with field
confirmation of hammer performance
>> 0.50
AASHTO 5th (2010)
AASHTO 6th (2012) – 8th (2017)
 AASHTO 5th (2010)

• NA in 6th – 8th
 AASHTO 5th (2010)

• NA in 6th – 8th
LRFD / PBKT Fondasi : Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

WACANA MASA DEPAN

 Idea Level
• Limasalle (1994) : “… cara LRFD sudah dapat
diterapkan di Indonesia. … Untuk tahap pertama,
… penentuan faktor ketahanannya dapat
dilakukan dengan hanya melakukan penyesuaian
kembali faktor keamanan … Kemudian secara
perlahan-lahan, ketentuan faktor ketahanannya
diubah berdasarkan hasil statistik & probabilistik”.
• Limasalle (2003) : “ … untuk sama-sama
memikirkan dan mencermati kemungkinan
menerapkan cara LRFD untuk rekayasa geoteknik
dan tidak asal mengambil faktor reduksi tahanan
dari literatur luar negeri begitu saja.”.
 Future
• Road Map ?
• Time Table ?

• Technical Contents ?
– Local experiences ?
– Consensus on calculation models (e.g., AASHTO model
v. EN model) ?
– Factored Strength Approach (e.g., EN part) v. Factored
Resistance Approach (e.g., AASHTO) ?
– Detailed or simplified set of resistance factors ?
–…
Calculation Model : AASHTO
Calculation Model : EC 7
 Becker 1996

FRA
v.
FSA
Detailed or
Simplified
RF ?
 Future

• Government agencies (Pusjatan / Puskim) –

HATTI – universities – companies ?
 Presentasi
• Lintasan Sejarah
• Sekilas Dasar Teoretis : Ketidakpastian Dalam
Rekayasa Fondasi dan Reliability-Based Design
+ LRFD
• Aplikasi LRFD / PBKT Rekayasa Fondasi
• Wacana Masa Depan
 LRFD / PBKT Fondasi :
Sebuah Wacana Masa Depan

Widjojo A. Prakoso
Universitas Indonesia
–––
GeoTalk HATTI Oktober 2018