EE2030: Electromagnetics (I)

Text Book:
- Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford University

References:
- William Hayt, Engineering Electromagnetics, Tata McGraw Hill

1-1
 Part 1:
Vector Analysis
 Vector Addition

Associative Law:

Distributive Law:

1-3
Rectangular Coordinate System

1-4
Point Locations in Rectangular Coordinates

1-5
Differential Volume Element

1-6
Summary

1-7
Orthogonal Vector Components

1-8
Orthogonal Unit Vectors

1-9
 Vector Representation in Terms of
Orthogonal Rectangular Components

1-10
Summary

1-11
 Vector Expressions in Rectangular
Coordinates

General Vector, B:

Magnitude of B:

Unit Vector in the

Direction of B:

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Example

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 Vector Field
We are accustomed to thinking of a specific vector:

A vector field is a function defined in space that has magnitude

and direction at all points:

where r = (x,y,z)

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 The Dot Product

Commutative Law:

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 Vector Projections Using the Dot Product

B • a gives the component of B (B • a) a gives the vector component

in the horizontal direction of B in the horizontal direction

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Projection of a vector on another
vector
 Operational Use of the Dot Product

Given

Find

where we have used:

Note also:

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Cross Product

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 Operational Definition of the Cross Product in
Rectangular Coordinates

Begin with:

where
Therefore:

Or…

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Vector Product or Cross Product
Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

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Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

1-23
Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

1-24
Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

1-25
Differential Volume in Cylindrical
Coordinates

dV = dddz
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Point Transformations in Cylindrical
Coordinates

1-27
Dot Products of Unit Vectors in Cylindrical and
Rectangular Coordinate Systems

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 Example
Transform the vector, into cylindrical coordinates:

Start with:

Then:

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 Example: cont.

Finally:
Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates

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Spherical Coordinates

Point P has coordinates

Specified by P(r)

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 Differential Volume in Spherical Coordinates

dV = r2sindrdd

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Dot Products of Unit Vectors in the Spherical
and Rectangular Coordinate Systems

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Example: Vector Component Transformation
Transform the field, , into spherical coordinates and components

1-39
 Constant coordinate surfaces-
Cartesian system
 If we keep one of the coordinate
variables constant and allow the
other two to vary, constant
coordinate surfaces are generated in
rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems.
 We can have infinite planes:
X=constant,
Y=constant,
Z=constant
 These surfaces are perpendicular to x, y and z axes respectively.
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 Constant coordinate surfaces-
cylindrical system
 Orthogonal surfaces in cylindrical
coordinate system can be generated as
ρ=constnt
Φ=constant
z=constant
 ρ=constant is a circular cylinder,
 Φ=constant is a semi infinite plane with
its edge along z axis
 z=constant is an infinite plane as in the
rectangular system.

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 Constant coordinate surfaces-
Spherical system
 Orthogonal surfaces in spherical
coordinate system can be generated
as
r=constant
θ=constant
Φ=constant

 r=constant is a sphere with its centre at the origin,

 θ =constant is a circular cone with z axis as its axis and origin at
the vertex,

 Φ =constant is a semi infinite plane as in the cylindrical system.

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Differential elements in rectangular
coordinate systems

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Differential elements in Cylindrical
coordinate systems

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Differential elements in Spherical
coordinate systems

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 Line integrals

 Line integral is defined as any integral that is to be evaluated

along a line. A line indicates a path along a curve in space.

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Surface integrals

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Volume integrals

1-48
 DEL Operator

 DEL Operator in cylindrical coordinates:

 DEL Operator in spherical coordinates:

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 Gradient of a scalar field
 The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents the
magnitude and direction of the maximum space rate of increase of V.
 For Cartesian Coordinates

 For Cylindrical Coordinates

 For Spherical Coordinates

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 Divergence of a vector

 In Cartesian Coordinates:

 In Cylindrical Coordinates:

 In Spherical Coordinates:
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Gauss’s Divergence theorem

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Curl of a vector

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 Curl of a vector
 In Cartesian Coordinates:

 In Cylindrical Coordinates:

 In Spherical Coordinates:

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Stoke’s theorem

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Laplacian of a scalar

1-57
Laplacian of a scalar

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