Engine Design and

Operating
Parameters
IMPORTANT ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS
 Design Requirements
Good Engine Performance over entire operating
range
Minimum Fuel consumption within this range
Cost of fuel to be kept within limits
Low Engine noise and Pollution in this range
Low Initial cost and installation costs
Reliability and durability
maintenance requirements and how they affect
engine cost etc.
Engine Performance is defined by:

1.Maximum power (or max. torque)

available at each speed within useful
range.
2.Range of speed power over which
engine operation is satisfactory.
 Some definitions:

Max. rated power. Highest power engine is

allowed to develop for short periods
Also referred to as “Intermittent power rating”
Normal rated power. Highest power engine
allowed to develop in continuous running
Also referred to as “Continuous rating”
Rated speed. Speed at which rated power is
developed
Geometrical Properties
Compression ratio rc = Vc+Vs/Vc
Bore:stroke = Rbs = B/L
Conn rod length/crank radius R = l/a
Now L = 2a
rc = 8-12 for SI and 12-24 for CI
Rbs = 0.8-1.2 for small and medium engine
= 0.5 for large slow speed CI engines
R = 3-4 for small & medium sized engines
= 5-9 for large slow speed CI engines
Geometrical Properties (cont.)
Cylinder Volume V at any crank position θ :
V = Vc + (πB2/4)(l+a-s)
S = dist. between crank and piston pin axes
= acosθ + (l2 – a2sin2θ)2
θ is the crank angle
We can obtain an equation for V/Vc as
V/Vc = 1 + ½(rc – 1)[R+1-cosθ-(R2 – sin2θ)1/2]
Geometrical Properties (cont.)
Comb. Chamber surface area:
A = Ach + Ap + Asl
Ach = cyl. head surface area
Ap = piston crown surface area
Asl = sleeve surface area = πB(l+a-s)
For flat top pistons and cyl heads, Ach = Ap = πB2/4
and
Asl = (πBL/2)[R+1-cosθ-(R2 – sin2θ)1/2]
Mean Piston Speed:

S p  2LN
Instantaneous Piston Velocity Sp:
ds
Sp 
dt
 
Sp   cos  
 sin  1 
 1/ 2 
Sp 2

2

R  sin 
2
 
Typical values of Mean Piston Speed

Gas flow velocities in the intake manifold and cylinder all scale with
mean piston speed
Values vary between about 8 to 15 m/s
Automobile engines operate at the higher end of this range
Large marine engines operate at the lower end of range
Brake Torque and Power:

P  2NT
3
P(kW )  2N (rev / s)T ( N .m) 10

Indicated Work per Cycle

Wc,i   pdV
INDICATOR DIAGRAM
Gross indicated work per cycle Wc,ig : Work
delivered to the Piston Over the compression
and expansion only

Net indicated Work per cycle Wc,i: Work

delivered to the Piston Over the
entire four strokes.

The power per cylinder is given by

Wc ,i N
Pi 
nR
 Mechanical Efficiency:
We have:
Pig = Pb + Pf where Pf is the friction power
Ratio of brake power to indicated power is
the mechanical efficiency:
ηm = Pb/Pig = 1 – (Pf/Pig)
For modern automobile engines at WOT
ηm is about 0.9 at 30-40rev/s decreasing to
0.75 at rated speed. It decreases as engine is
throttled
Mean Effective Pressure

Work per cycle = P.nR/N

Then Mep is given by
mep = P.nR/(N.Vd)
And in SI units:
mep (kPa) = P(kW)nR x 103
V(dm3) N (rev/s)
Mep can also be expressed in terms of torque
so that
 Mep (kPa) = 6.28nR T (N.m)
Vd (dm3)
Typical values:
NA (SI): Max. values 850-1050 kPa
where max. torque is obtained (at
about 3000 rev/min). At max. rated
power, bmep values are 10-15% lower.
For turbocharged SI corresponding
values are 1250-1700 and 900-1400
kPa respectively
For NA 4-stroke Diesels: Max. bmep is
700-900 kPa. At maximum rated power
it is about 700 kPa
For turbocharged 4-stroke Diesels
maximum bmep values are 1000-1200
kPa which can rise to 1400 kPa for
TC/AC. At max. rated power bmep is
about 950 kPa. Two-stroke diesels have
comparative performance.
Large low speed 2 stroke engines can
achieve bmep values of about 1600 kPa
Power per unit displacement
Typical values for modern naturally aspirated gasoline
engines – 50 to 65 kW/L.
Some high performance car engines, for example, BMW
and Ford have values - up to 75 kW/L
Maruti 800 has a value of 34.67 kW/L
The Hyundai Santro Xing, with 3 cylinders like the
Maruti 800 but with a higher displacement has a value
of 42.6 kW/L
Maruti Alto, with same displacement as Maruti 800, has
a value of 47.4 kW/L
Maruti Swift and Esteem have a value of 50 kW/L
Specific Fuel consumption(sfc)
The fuel flow rate per unit power output is
the specific fuel consumption

Best bsfc
For SI Engines: 75µg/j = 270g/kwh
For CI Engines: 55µg/j = 200 g/kwh
Fuel Conversion Efficiency
/Thermal Efficiency/Enthalpy
Efficiency
The ratio of work produced per cycle to the
amount of fuel energy supplied per cycle
that can be released in the combustion
process
AIR/FUEL AND FUEL/AIR
RATIOS
 Volumetric Efficiency:

Measures the effectiveness of the engine

induction process. Used only with 4 stroke
engines which have a distinctive induction
process. It is given by

M
v  i
N
Vd  i
2
 2M 
 i
 i Vd N

where is the mass flow rate of fresh

mixture.
 N is the engine speed in rev/unit
Mi
time.
Vd is the piston displacement
(swept volume).
ρi is the inlet density.
Relationship between Performance Parameters

 f ma NQHV ( F / A)
P
nR
with volumetric efficiency ,
 f v NVd QHV a ,i ( F / A)
P
2
replacing volume term,
 f v NLAp QHV a ,i ( F / A)
P
2
with mean piston speed ,
 f v S p Ap QHV a ,i ( F / A)
P
4
for torque T,
 f vVd QHV a ,i ( F / A)
T
4
From relationship, we require

• High fuel conversion efficiency

• High volumetric efficiency

• Increasing the output of a given displacement

engine by increasing the inlet air density

• Maximum fuel/air ratio that can be usefully

burned in the engine
• High mean piston speed
Example # 1
Example # 2
Examples:3
Example # 4