Seminar

on
“Brain Computer Interface”

Under the guidance of : Presented by:

Dr. Satish Kumar Singh Pradeep Yadav
Assistant Professor B. tech 3rd year
ECE Department 1604331034

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 CONTENTS

• OBJECTIVE
• INTRODUCTION
• HOW BRAIN TURNS THOUGHT INTO ACTION
• WORKING PRINCIPLE
• BCI MODEL
• BASIC INTERFACE MECHANISM
• BCI TYPES
• APPLICATION
• ADVANTAGES
• DRAWBACKS
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OBJECTIVE

The aim of BCI technology is to help the

disabled person who are suffering from
locked-in condition so that individual
dependency can be decreased.

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 INTRODUCTION
• Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing emergent
technology, in which researchers aim to build a direct
channel between the human brain and the computer so that
brain accepts and controls a mechanical device as a natural
part of its representation of the body.
• BCI extracts Electro-physical signal from brain and process
them to generate control signals for Computers, Robotic
Machines or Comunication devices.

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1 Wolpaw J R, Birbaumer N, McFarland D J, Pfurtscheller G and Vaughan T M 2002 Brain computer interfaces for communication and control Clinical Neurophysiology.
Volume 113 Issue 6, June 2002, Pages (767–91).
 How Brain Turns Thought Into Action ?

• The brain is full of neurons.

• Neurons are connected to each other by axons and
dendrites.
• Forms path for travel of impulses from neuron to neuron.
• To produces thoughts, hearing, speech, or movement.
• If you have an itch and you reach to scratch it.
• In this process you received a stimulus (an itch) and reacted
in response to stimulus by scratching.
• In both process electrical signal is generated.
• Axon is a part of neuron forms an Action Potential for
travelling of that electrical signal from neuron to neuron,
muscles or glands.
[2] Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J., Schacter, D.: The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1–38 (2008)

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 Brain Waves

Type Frequency Use

Delta <4 Hz occur during sleep, coma

Theta 4-7 Hz correlated with emotional stress

(frustration & disappointment)
Alpha 8-12 Hz closing the eyes and by relaxation

Beta 12-36 Hz during intense mental activity

Mu 9-11 Hz diminishes with movement or intention of

movement
Lambda sharp, jagged correlated with visual attention
3 Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Ouyang, G.: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for classification of background EEG signals from ESES patients and controls.
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Sci. World J. 2014, 140863 (2014)
GENERAL WORKING PRINCIPLE

Fig.1 BCI Interface Working

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computer-interface2.htm 7
 BCI MODEL

Fig 2 Block Diagram

https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2008/10/mco2008100058/13rRUxlgy6Z

4 Tamara, B., Howard, J.: Privacy by design in brain-computer interfaces. University of Washington, UWEE, technical report number UWEETR-2013-0001 (2013) 8
Signal Acquisition

• Signal acquisition process is required to

capture the brain electric signals. The electric
signals could be recorded from the scalp, the
surface of the brain, or from the neural
activity. Since the capture signals strength are
usually low, they need to be amplified. Then,
to be used by computer applications, they
need to be digitized. Fig 3. 14 Channel Emotive Epoc Device

https://www.emotiv.com/product/emotiv-epoc-14-channel-mobile-eeg/ 9
Preprocessing :
The first part of signal processing is preparing the recording
electric signal for processing like enhancement to make the
features clear for detection. Filters are used to remove the
interference of power supply 50 Hz with the desired signal . And in
this the signal is digitalized so it can be used in next stage.
Feature Extraction :
Simply, feature extraction means extracting specific signal features.
EEG recordings not only contain electrical signals from the brain,
but also several unwanted signals. Those unwanted signals may
bias the analysis of the EEG and may lead to wrong conclusions.
Therefore, the digitized signals are subjected to feature extraction
procedures.
Signal Translation :
The next stage, the translation algorithm, in which it translate the
extracted signal features into device commands orders that carry
out the user’s intent. 10
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 Invasive BCI

• Invasive BCIs are implanted

directly to brain neurons.
• Invasive devices produces the
highest quality signals.
• But are prone to scar tissue
formation, causing the signal to
become weaker.

Fig 4. Invasive BCI technique

http://braincomputerinterfacetbc.yolasite.com/bci-systems.php 12
5 Anupama, H., Cauvery, N., Lingaraju, G.: Brain computer interface and its types-a study. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol (IJAET) 3(2), 739–745 (2012)
 Partial Invasive

• It is another Brain signal reading

process which is applied inside
the skull but outside the grey
matter.
• Electrocorticography(ECoG) a
method of partially invasive BCI.
• An ECoG records the activity of
brain inside the skull, but from
the surface of the membranes
that protect it.
• An electrode grid is being
implanted by surgery.
Fig 5. Partial Invasive Technique

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Chapter-2-Basics-of-Brain-Computer-Interface-Ramadan-Refat/444617ec6a720a7291faf1b70d5bd0cfd82461f6
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5 Anupama, H., Cauvery, N., Lingaraju, G.: Brain computer interface and its types-a study. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol (IJAET) 3(2), 739–745 (2012)
 NON - INVASIVE

• It is the most useful neuron

signal imaging method which is
applied to the outside of skull,
just on the scalp.
Techniques :-
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Magnetoencephalography(MEG)
• Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging(FMRI)

Fig 6. BCI for complete Locked In State

https://www.medgadget.com/2017/02/non-invasive-brain-computer-interface-completely-locked-patients-interview-dr-ujwal-chaudhary.html
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5 Anupama, H., Cauvery, N., Lingaraju, G.: Brain computer interface and its types-a study. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol (IJAET) 3(2), 739–745 (2012)
 Fig 7. EEG and MEG techniques shown
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5 Anupama, H., Cauvery, N., Lingaraju, G.: Brain computer interface and its types-a study. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol (IJAET) 3(2), 739–745 (2012)
 http://www.martinos.org/neurorecovery/technology.htm Fig 8 A sample showing fMRI
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5 Anupama, H., Cauvery, N., Lingaraju, G.: Brain computer interface and its types-a study. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol (IJAET) 3(2), 739–745 (2012)
 APPLICATION

• Provide disabled person with communication , and movement

restoration.
• Provide enhanced control of devices such as wheelchairs , vehicles,
or robots.
• Provide additional channel of control in computer games.
• Control robots that function in dangerous situations (e.g. underwater
or in extreme heat or cold.

6 Jan, B., Van, E., Fabien, L., Michael, T.: Brain computer interfaces: beyond medical applications. IEEE Comput. Soc. 45(4), 26–34 (2012)
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 ADVANTAGES

Eventually, this technology could:

• Allow paralyzed people to control wheelchair.
• Transmit visual images to the mind of a blind person, allowing them
to see.
• Transmit auditory data to the mind of a deaf person, allowing them
to hear.
• Allow a mute person to have their thought through computer.
• Allow gamers to control video games with their minds.

7 Alwasiti, H., Aris, I., Jantan, A.A.: Brain computer interface design and applications: challenges and future. World Appl. Sci. J. 11(7), 819–825 (2010) 18
 Drawbacks And Challenges
Drawbacks
Solution
• Undergone through brain surgery in
invasive and partial invasive types. • Use of external devices is
good option.
• The brain surgery are too risky and
complex. • Use non invasive methods
for signal acquisition.
• Plantation of bionic eyes or machines
in body can lead to diseases.

Challenges
• Electrodes placed outside the skull detects very few signal.
• Low signal are not detected.
• New design of electrode required which can detect the low signal.
• Development of such electrode is challenging problem.
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6 Alwasiti, H., Aris, I., Jantan, A.A.: Brain computer interface design and applications: challenges and future. World Appl. Sci. J. 11(7), 819–825 (2010)
CONCLUSION

• It is no longer the realm of science fiction.

• BCI is an advancing technology promising in areas like Machine
Control, Human Enhancement, Virtual reality and etc.
• For BCI system to be used in the real word at home and office, they
must be simple, small and wearable so researches are going on.
• Intense R&D in future to attain more efficiency So that it can be used
independently .

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 REFERENCES
1.Wolpaw J R, Birbaumer N, McFarland D J, Pfurtscheller G and Vaughan T M 2002
Brain computer interfaces for communication and control Clinical Neurophysiology.
Volume 113 Issue 6, June 2002, Pages (767–91).
2.Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J., Schacter, D.: The brain’s default network: anatomy,
function, and relevance to disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1–38 (2008)
3.Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Ouyang, G.: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for
classification of background EEG signals from ESES patients and controls. Sci. World
J. 2014, 140863 (2014)
4.Tamara, B., Howard, J.: Privacy by design in brain-computer interfaces. University of
Washington, UWEE, technical report number UWEETR-2013-0001 (2013
5. Anupama, H., Cauvery, N., Lingaraju, G.: Brain computer interface and its types-a
study. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol (IJAET) 3(2), 739–745 (2012)
6.Jan, B., Van, E., Fabien, L., Michael, T.: Brain computer interfaces: beyond medical
applications. IEEE Comput. Soc. 45(4), 26–34 (2012)
7.Alwasiti, H., Aris, I., Jantan, A.A.: Brain computer interface design and applications:
challenges and future. World Appl. Sci. J. 11(7), 819–825 (2010)

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THANK YOU

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