By: Omaima

Khan
Roll No:19
» European Council.
» Council of the European Union (or "the Council")
» European Commission.
» European Parliament.
» Court of Justice of the European Union.
» Court of Auditors.
» European Central Bank
» Idea dates back to 1974.

» Members of European Council

» Role of the president.

» Role of the European Council.

» Function of the council of the European Union

» Processes for decision making:-

˃ Voting by simple majority

˃ Voting by qualified majority

˃ Voting by unanimity
» Central administrative machinery
» “Eurocrats” or “technocrats”
» Community legislation
» In charge of the implementation of the budget of EU.
» European political affairs.

» Citizens appoint their deputies.

» Role of the deputies.

» Function of the European Parliament

» Members of the court of Justice.
» Appeal to the court of justice.
» Forms of appeal.
The Court of Auditors:-
» Financial Management.
» Financial Report.
» Implements European economic and monetary policy.
» Keeps the price stable.
» Decision making bodies.
˃ Governing Council
˃ Executive Board
˃ General Council
» Promote peace, its values and the well-being of its
citizens.
» Offer freedom, security and justice without internal
borders.
» Sustainable development based on balanced economic
growth and price stability, a highly competitive market
economy with full employment and social progress, and
environmental protection.
» Combat social exclusion and discrimination.

» Promote scientific and technological progress.

» Enhance economic, social and territorial

cohesion and solidarity among member
countries.

» Respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity.

By : Afia Mehmood
Roll no : 37
Greece Debt Crisis

By
Rimsha Tahir
Roll no 24
» Euro zone crisis also known as European debt crisis
is the failure of euro .
» Portugal, Ireland, Italy ,Greece ,Spain economies
has teetered down on the brink of financial
collapse.
 Greece’s economic relationship with the rest of
Europe has been a turbulent one since the
creation of European union in1992.
 Chronic fiscal mismanagement of Greece has
threatened stability of Euro zone.
» In 1974 Greece democracy restored.
» In 1981 Greece joined the European Economic
Community under the Leadership of Constantine
Karamanlis .
» In 1999 Euro was launched as an accounting currency
–GREECE was unable to adopt Euro as it failed to
meet the fiscal
Criteria –inflation below1.5%,
Budget deficit below 3%.
» In 2001 Greece joined the
Euro zone.
» US Bank Goldman Sachs
helped Greece.
» In 2004 Greece hosted OLYMPIC GAMES .which
cost the state in excess of 9 billion Euros .Resultant
public borrowing contributes to a rising deficit.
» In 2007 there was an onset of global financial crisis.
» In 2009 Papandreou’s revealed that Greece budget
deficit will exceed 12%of GDP.
» IN 2010 to avoid default
IMF and EU agreed to
provide Greece with 110
billion Euros.
» PM Commits to the austerity
measures.
» IN 2012 approved second EU-IMF Bailout for
Greece worth 130 billion Euros.
» ECB president MARI DRAGHI announced an
open ended
program to buy
bonds of struggling
Euro zone states and
said “do whatever it
takes to preserve the
Euro”.
» IN 2013 Greek Parliament approves austerity
measures .The legislation included layoffs of
» 25000 public servants as well as wage cuts and other
budget cuts. Labour union called a general strike in
protest.
» IN 2015 SYRIZA anti Austerity party won Victory in
snap elections and said he will push for the re-
negotiations of the bailout terms.
» Third bailout was approved worth 86 billion Euros.
EU Creditors required Greece to implement tax
reforms ,cut public spending ,privatize state assets
and reform labor laws.
» In 2017 Greece creditors tussle over debt relief.
Brexit an abbreviation of Britain
exit from EU
Britain + Exit = Brexit
» The UK had eventually joined the European
Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, following a
campaign under Prime Minister Edward Heath,
after two previous unsuccessful attempts to
become part of the bloc in 1963 and 1967 both
opposed by France’s President Charles de
Gaulle.
» Euroscepticism
» Rise of the UKIP
 The UK Independence Party is a Eurosceptic and
right-wing populist political party in the United
Kingdom
» David Cameron promised in/out referendum
» Immigration
» Cost of membership
» Sovereignty
» Article 50 is a plan for any country that wishes to exit
the EU. It was created as part of the Treaty of Lisbon -
an agreement signed up to by all EU states which
became law in 2009
» United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty
on European Union happened on 29 March 2017, and it
began the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the
European Union (EU), commonly referred to as Brexit
» The period for negotiation stated in Article 50 is two
years from notification, unless an extension is agreed.
» Theresa May surprised almost everyone after the 2017
Easter Bank Holiday by calling an election for 8 June (it
had been due in 2020)
» She said she wanted to strengthen her hand in Brexit
negotiations with European leaders. She said Labour,
the SNP and other opposition parties - and members of
the House of Lords - would try to block and frustrate
her strategy.
» May formed hung parliament with DUP
» Brexit divorce bill
» Citizenship
» Borders
» Trade
» Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said in the
wake of the Leave result that it was "democratically
unacceptable" that Scotland faced being taken out of
the EU when it voted to Remain. Nicola Sturgeon has
officially asked for permission for a second referendum
to be held. She had wanted the vote to be held
between the autumn of 2018 and spring 2019, but after
losing seats at the 2017 general election she has put her
plans on hold with no referendum likely until 2021.
Theresa May has said a second referendum should not
be held during the Brexit process.
By
Amna Chaudhry
Roll no 07
» David Cameron and his chancellor George
Osborne wanted to stay in EU.
» Prediction of immediate crisis.
» Pound 10%lower than dollar.
» 15% down against euro.
» UK’s economy have grown 1.8% in 2016, second to
Germany's 1.9%.
» Inflation has risen standing at 3.9%.
» Unemployment continued to fall at 4.3%.
» Political crisis.
» Resignation of David Cameron.
» Theresa May as the new prime minister.
» Careful analyses of treaties and agreements.
» The post-Brexit trade deal is likely to be the
most complex part of the negotiation.
» Unanimous approval of more than 30 national
and regional parliaments.
» Leaving the EU with no
deal would be better than
signing the UK up to a bad
one (May).
» UK would have to operate
under World Trade
Organization rules.
 US and UK
• Mr. Wilbur Ross set out the US’s ambitions
for a “historic trade deal” that would
establish the UK as its “number one
trading
partner worldwide”.
• The two countries were holding “preliminary
scoping discussions” that “put us in a good
position for eventual trade talks”.
• In less than two years, the UK will need to
settled new trading arrangements if the EU does
not agree on UK having full approach to EU
single market.
• Also Britain could join NAFTA, a formal trade
alliance with the United States , Canada and
Mexico if the European Union refuses to a post-
Brexit trade deal.
» PM May’s speech was the intention of “taking back a
control of our own laws”, which includes bringing an
end to the jurisdiction of court of justice of the
European Union.
» UK should strive for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
with the EU that is “freest possible”.
» Aim is not a “single market membership” but rather at
“single market access”.
» It would wish to retain some aspect of Customs
Union, by becoming “associate members” of the
Customs Union in some way, or to remain
signatories of part of it.
» Norway’s trade is dominated by the EU, and
Norway is the trading bloc’s fifth most
important import partner. European Economic
Area membership gives Norway full access to
the EU’s internal market.
» Norway has representatives in EU institutions.
» The country has been granted participation
rights, but no voting rights, in several of the
union’s programmes, bodies and initiatives.
» Iceland and Liechtenstein are also members of
the EEA.
» Member of the European Free Trade Association but
not the EEA, access to EU market governed by series
of bilateral agreements, covers some but not all areas
of trade, also makes a financial contribution but
smaller than Norway's.
» Not a general duty to apply EU laws but does have to
implement some EU regulations to enable trade.
» Does not have full access to the single market.

» The Swiss voted against joining the EEA in

December 1992. Instead, the country, which sells
over 50% of its exports to the EU, has agreed more
than 120 bilateral agreements with Brussels, designed
to secure Swiss access to Europe's markets.

» Switzerland contributes billions of dollars to EU

projects.
» Bilateral deals are now in danger.

» A referendum, in favour of restricting the number of

workers arriving from the EU.

» Brussels retaliated swiftly, stalling agreements and

freezing participation in education projects.
» Customs union with the EU, meaning no tariffs or
quotas on industrial goods exported to EU countries.
» Turkey is not part of the EEA or the European Free
Trade Association but does - like tiny Andorra and
San Marino - have a customs union with the EU.
» The customs union does not apply to agricultural
goods, or services. Turkey also has no say on the
tariffs it has to impose on goods it imports from non-
EU countries, as it has to apply the EU's common
external tariffs.
» The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
(CETA)free trade deal with the EU.
» It gives Canada access to the EU single market.
» Canadian exporters will have to prove that their
goods are entirely "made in Canada“.
» A Ceta-type deal would not give UK financial
services the EU market access that they have now.
» Hard for London-based banks to get "pass porting"
rights for their services in the EU - rights that they value
hugely now.

» Firms that export to the EU would have to comply with

EU product standards and technical requirements
without having any say in setting them.

» Critics of such a plan point out that the UK has a

complex web of ties to the EU - much more than
Canada.
» No free movement or financial contribution.
» No obligation to apply EU laws .
» Some tariffs would be in place on trade with the EU.
» If talks with the EU and others do not reach a deal
before Brexit, trade rules would default to World
Trade Organisation (WTO) rules.
» WTO rules allow countries to discriminate in favour
of a trade partner only in a limited number of
circumstances - including a full bilateral trade deal.
» Advantage for UK is that it can prevent the free
flow of people.
» Main disadvantage is that Brexit will slow the
growth of UK.
» UK's Treasury chief Philip Hammond reported
that his country's growth will slow to 2.4
percent in 2018, 1.9 percent in 2019, and 1.6
percent in 2020
» Potential loss of
Britain's tariff-free trade
status with the other
European Union members.

» Brexit would be harmful for

The City, the UK's financial
center.

» UK will lose the advantages

of EU state of the art
technologies.
» Under Brexit, the UK may lose Scotland.
» It will try to stop Brexit.
» Nicola sturgeon has also warned she may call for
another referendum to leave the UK.
» The Brexit vote could strengthen anti-
immigration parties in all Europe. It could
lead to the destruction of EU.

» If France or Germany left, the EU would

lose its strongest economies, and would
disintegrate.
» New polls show that many in Europe feel a new
integration.

» International Monetary Fund Director Christine

Lagarde said, “The years are over when Europe
cannot follow a course because the British will
object.” She added, “Now the British are going,
Europe can find a new plan.”
Catalonia Crisis
But first, where is
Catalonia?
 Catalonia
want to be independent country

but Why?
Catalonia is rich and wealthy

 One of most industrialized regions

of Spain.
 It pays more taxes to Spain than it
gets back in benefits.
Different culture and
language
• Catalans, their language is very
different
from Spain. Catalans have a
different culture too.
Independent region in the
past
CATALONIA was not part of
SPAIN always. It has had a long
history annexation by Spain
and autonomy.
 Referendum 2014
 A non-binding Catalan self-
determination referendum.
 Held on 9 Nov, 2014.
 Statement of Spanish Justice
regarding the day of
referendum.
 Voters were asked two questions

 Whether they wanted Catalonia to be

a state
And
 Whether they wanted that state to be
a independent
 no, 4.54%
blank, 0.56%
yes-blank,
0.97%

yes-no,
10.00%

yes-yes,
80.72%
 Referendum 2017
 The referendum was held in Oct
1, 2017.
 Same questions were asked to the
voters.
 Madrid send national police in
Catalonia.
October 1, 2017
Spanish Police, acting on the
order of the Judiciary, tried to
stop voting.
At least 12 police officers were Officers from the Guardia Civil tried to prevent these
injured in clashes people from voting in the referendum

National riot police carried this woman

Hundreds of people were injured, away from a gathering outside a school in
Barcelona's mayor said Barcelona
Result
 More than 2.25 million
people turned out to
Sunday's referendum
across Catalonia.
 90% of voters were in favor
of a split from Madrid.
 The Catalan Minister
of Foreign Affairs Raül
Romeva said,

"Today Europe has to

choose, shame or
dignity. Violence or
democracy, this is our
demand,"
 Where the European Union Is?
 The truth is, there is plenty
of blame to go around for
the Catalonia crisis, and
the European Union
certainly shares some of it.
 European Union held no
action for the safety of
people in referendum, 2017.
Effect on European Union
 Catalonia has “deepened
the cracks”
of the disunity created by
the existence of the euro.
 Professor of Economics at
Westminster Business
School, Franz Buscha
said,
“The Catalonia referendum
has deepened cracks in the EU’s
plan for greater integration”.
Impact of Catalonia Crisis on
the Stability of EU
 Pushing Europe into yet
another period of damaging
uncertainty as Rabobank senior
currency strategist Jane Foley
warned.
 Spanish economy minister
Luis de Guindos said the
continued protest against
Madrid demonstrated the
Catalan independence
movement was "insane”.
What is Madrid
doing?

 Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has moved to fire

special powers in Spain’s constitution.

 Mr Rajoy said he had tried to avoid imposing direct rule on

the wealthy region under the constitution’s Article 155.

 Madrid has moved to ensure that it will have police

muscle on hand to back its decisions if Catalonia’s leaders
refuse to accept the implications of article 155.
 Suggestions
 According to Pablo
Simon;
•Use article 155 very
selectively if the Catalan
government takes any actual
steps towards
implementation.

• Apply article 155 in all its

force and with all its
consequences.
 Duty of European Union
 The first necessary step is a resolution passed
by the European Parliament and the general
affairs council of the Council of Ministers.

 The second action that will be required is for the

EU to act as an impartial mediator in the
dialogue.

 Third, as a mediator, the EU needs to offer a

way out of the conflict.