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Bridge-Structural Foundations and Earth Retaining Structures
Bridge-Structural Foundations and Earth Retaining Structures
higiQi ≤ Rr = fRn
hi = Load modifier (eta)
gi = Load factor (gamma)
Qi = Force effect
Rr = Factored resistance
f = Resistance factor (phi)
Rn = Nominal resistance
higiQi ≤ Rr = fRn
Qn Rn
f(g,f)
h g Qn
Probability of
Occurrence
f Rn R
Q
Q or R
Subsurface Materials
* Soil
* Rock
* Water
* Organics
10.4 SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTIES
10.4.1 Informational Needs
10.4.2 Subsurface Exploration
10.4.3 Laboratory Tests
10.4.3.1 Soil Tests
10.4.3.2 Rock Tests
10.4.4 In-situ Tests
10.4.5 Geophysical Tests
10.4.6 Selection of Design Properties
10.4.6.1 Soil Strength
10.4.6.1.1 Undrained strength of Cohesive Soils
10.4.6.1.2 Drained Strength of Cohesive Soils
10.4.6.1.3 Drained strength of Granular Soils
10.4.6.2 Soil Deformation
10.4.6.3 Rock Mass Strength
10.4.6.4 Rock Mass Deformation
10.4.6.5 erodibility of rock
Soil Characteristics
* Strength
* Intermediate
geomaterials,
qu = 50-1500 psi
* Hard rock,
qu > 1500 psi
* Rock mass
properties
Undrained Strength of Cohesive
Soils, su
f=0
su
s
qu
Unconfined Compression
su = qu/2 Typical Values
su = 250 - 4000 psf
Drained Strength of Cohesive
Soils, c’ and f’f
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (days)
eo sp’ = Preconsolidation
1 Stress
Cr
Void Ratio (e)
Cc
Cs
0.5
0.1 1 10 100
Log10 sv’
Stress Range, 40 – 80 kPa
2.65
2.6
2.55
One log cycle
De=Ca=0.06
Void ratio (e)
2.5
2.45
2.4
2.35
2.3
tp
2.25
Young’s Modulus, Es
Typical values, 20 – 2000 tsf
Poisson’s Ratio, u
Typical values, 0.2 – 0.5
Shear Modulus, G
Typical values, Es / [2 (1 + u)]
Determination by correlation to N160
or su, or in-situ tests
Rock Properties
Laboratory testing is for small intact rock
specimens
Rock mass is too large to be tested in lab
or field
Rock mass properties are obtained by
correlating intact rock to large-scale rock
mass behavior – failures in tunnels and
mine slopes
Requires geologic expertise
Intact Rock Strength
Unconfined Compression, qu
0.6 ft Sound
f’i
t
C1’
stm s3 s s1
Effective Normal Stress, s’
f’i = tan-1(4 h cos2[30+0.33sin-1(h-3/2)]-1)-1/2
t = (cot f’i – cos f’i)mqu/8
h = 1 + 16(ms’n+squ)/(3m2qu)
Intact Rock Deformation, Ei
Typical values range from 1000 to 13000
ksi
Poisson’s Ratio, u
Typical values range from 0.1 to 0.3
Rock Mass Deformation
In situ modulus of deformation, EM (GPa)
10 30 50 70 90
Rock mass rating RMR
GEC 5
FHWA-IF-02-034
Jerry A. DiMaggio P. E.
Principal Bridge Engineer
TEL: (202) 366-1569
FAX: (202) 366-3077
The best Geotechnical web site in
town! www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge