CHAPTER 4:

INTERACTION
BETWEEN LIVING
ORGANISMS
 INTERACTION
BETWEEN
ORGANISMS

Prey predator Competition Symbiosis

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Prey-predator
A relationship where an animal captures and
eat other animals.

Snake eats and

kills rat
(predator)

Rat is the victim

(prey)
 Owl
(Predator) Rat
(Prey)

Insects
(Prey)
Frog
(Predator)
Predator Prey

Owl Rat

Tiger Goat/deer

Frog Insect
 Competition
Competition is a relationship where organisms
compete with each other for food, light, water,
shelter, mate or minerals.

Compete for food Compete for light

This is Intra-specific competition.
Competition among organisms of the same species.
This is Inter-specific competition.
Competition among organisms of different species.
 INTERACTION
BETWEEN
ORGANISMS

Prey predator Competition Symbiosis

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

 Commensalism
 Commensalism is a relationship between two
organisms.
 The commensal benefits from the host.
 Remora fish
Gets
- free transport
- feeds on food
Shark scraps left by shark
-not receive any
benefits or harm
 Bird’s nest fern
-Grows on a tree
-To obtain sunlight

Tree
-not receive any
benefits or harm
 b

Barnacles
- gets shelter

Mussels
- Not affected
 INTERACTION
BETWEEN
ORGANISMS

Prey predator Competition Symbiosis

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

 Mutualism
Mutualism is an interaction that benefits
both organisms. (+,+)
 Mutualism (+,+)
Lichen consists of fungi and algae living together.

Algae
- produce food

Fungi
- Provide shelter
 Mutualism (+,+)

Nodule
(contain
Nitrogen fixing
bacteria)

- Plant needs nitrogen

- But it must be changed
to nitrates first.
- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
change nitrogen to nitrates
Peanut plant root
-Provide shelter and food
bacteria
 INTERACTION
BETWEEN
ORGANISMS Organisms
live together

Prey predator Competition Symbiosis

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Parasitism (+,-)
 Parasitism is an interaction that benefits the
parasites.

 On the other hand, the host is harmed by the

parasites.
 Parasitism (+,-)

Tapeworm

- A parasite Host (Human)

- Live in human intestine -Loses weight
- Obtain food and shelter -Becomes weak
from human
Parasitism (+,-)

Wood fungus

- Obtains food and

shelter from tree

Host (Tree)
-Is weakened and
may die
 Parasitism (+,-)

Rafflesia

- Obtains food and

shelter from tree

Host (Tree)
-Is weakened and
may die
 Interaction Effects
Prey-predator + (predator)
- (prey)

Competition + (stronger organism)

- (weaker organism)

Commensalism + (the commensal)

0 (the host)
Symbiosis
(“Living
together’’) Mutualism +,+ (both organisms)

Parasitism + (the parasite)

- (the host)
Indicator :
+  benefits - harm 0  not affected (neither benefit nor harm)
 Biological control
Oil palm plantation

Attack,destroy
The fruits
Which method is better to kill
the pests and save
environment?

versus
Biological control
Pesticide
- A method of using living things to kill the pests.
- Use prey-predator relationship.

kill
 Biological control

Aphids (insects)

- destroy the plant

Ladybird

- eat aphids
-to save the plant
 Biological control

Biological control has many advantages as compared to using

pesticides.

Some of them are :

a. does not pollute the environment

b. does not kill other pests because natural
enemies are used
c. is cheap and safe to use.