3D MODELLING
By
Dr Rajesh Panda
STO – CAD/CAM – CIPET.
3D MODELLING
Making a model in all x, y, and z
coordinates termed to be three
dimensional modeling
3D MODELLING
The three dimensional modelling is
divided into three categories:
[Link] modelling
[Link] modelling
[Link] modelling
[Link] modelling
• A wireframe model is described solely
in terms of points and lines.
• This is low level of 3D modelling.
• This can be adequate for some tasks
involving simple shapes.
• This is also called 2 ½ D geometry.
[Link] modelling
• One of the very common applications
of wireframe modelling is the use of
3D tool path simulation displays for
simple machining operations, such as
2 ½ axis and 3 axis milling.
• It is less demanding on computer
memory compared to the other two 3D
modelling techniques.
Limitations of Wireframe modelling
[Link] of the great disadvantages of
wireframe models is the confusion
caused by their ambiguity of
orientation and viewing plane.
[Link] cannot distinguish between visible
and hidden edges.
[Link] to recognise curved profiles.
Limitations of Wireframe modelling
[Link] to detect interference between
components. Eg. In machining tool
collisions cannot be automatically
detected.
[Link] in calculating physical
properties such as mass, surface area,
centre of gravity, etc.
[Link] facility for automatic shading.
2. Surface modelling
• A surface model is defined in terms of
points, lines and faces.
• It may be considered as a higher level
model than wireframe and is
consequently far more versatile and
advantageous.
2. Surface modelling
• Surface modelling at present gives the
most suitable choice in some
applications, especially those which
involve the design and manufacture of
complex curved surfaces, such as car
body design and aerospace
applications.
Advantages of Surface modelling
over Wireframe modelling
[Link] to recognize and display
complex curved profiles.
[Link] to recognize faces and thus
provide the facility of shaded surfaces
in 3D.
[Link] to recognize facial features
such as holes, bosses, etc.
Advantages of Surface modelling
over Wireframe modelling
[Link] to display superior tool-path
simulations in 3D for multi-axis
machining operations and complex
shapes, with ease of CNC
manufacture interface.
Advantages of Surface modelling
over Wireframe modelling
[Link] facility for simulation of
Robot handling.
[Link] to calculate cross-sectional
areas, surface areas, and volumes.
[Link] to interface with a finite stress
analysis package.
Types of Surfaces
Two basic types of surfaces are;
1. Analytical Surface
2. Synthetical Surface
1. Analytical Surface
Four Types of Analytical surfaces are;
[Link] Surfaces
[Link] (or) Lofted Surfaces
[Link] Surfaces
[Link] Surfaces
[Link] Surfaces
It is the simplest surface. It requires
three non coincident points to define
plane. The plane surface can be used
to generate cross sections by
intersecting a solid with it.
[Link] Surfaces
[Link] (or) Lofted Surfaces
It is a linear surface. It interpolates
linearly between two boundary curves
that define the surface (rails). Rails
can be any curves. This surface is
ideal for representing surfaces that do
not have any twists.
[Link] (or) Lofted Surfaces
[Link] Surfaces
It is a surface generated by translating
a planer curve a certain distance along
a specified direction (axis of the
cylinder or directrix). The plane of the
curve is perpendicular to the directrix.
[Link] Surfaces
[Link] Surfaces
It is an axisymmetric surface that can
model axisymmetric objects. It is
generated by rotating a planer curve
in space about the axis of symmetry
to a certain angle.
[Link] Surfaces
2. Synthetical Surface
Five Types of Synthetical surfaces are;
a. Bezier Surface
b. B-Spline Surface
c. Coons Surfaces
d. Fillet Surface
e. Offset Surface
a. Bezier Surface
It is a surface that approximates or
interpolates given input data. It extends
the Bezier curve to surfaces. It is a
general surface that permits twists.
Bezier surface allows only global
control of the surface.
a. Bezier Surface
b. B-Spline Surface
It is a surface that can approximate or
interpolate given input data. It is a
general surface like a Bezier surface
but with the advantage of permitting
local control of the surface.
b. B-Spline Surface
c. Coons Surfaces
The previously described surfaces are
used with either open boundaries or
given data points. A Coons patch is
used to create a surface using curves
that form closed boundaries.
c. Coons Surfaces
d. Fillet Surface
It is a B-spline surface that blends two
surfaces together. The two original
surfaces may or may not be trimmed.
d. Fillet Surface
e. Offset Surface
Existing surfaces can be offset to
create new ones identical in shape
but with different dimensions. It is a
useful surface to use to speed up
surface creation.
e. Offset Surface
Limitations of Surface modeling
[Link] comprehension of solid volume
with resulting ambiguities.
[Link] lines cannot be removed
easily.
[Link] surface model gives unreliable
volume data depending on the
accuracy of surface definitions.
[Link] Modelling
• A solid model is described in terms of
the volumetric shape which it occupies.
• Solid modelling is thus the only
technique which provides a full,
unambiguous description of a 3D
shape.
• This type of modelling is the very
recent and the most advanced of the
three models.
Advantages of Solid Modelling
1. Complete definition of volumetric
shape, (ie) easy to calculate area,
volume, mass, centre of gravity &
moment of inertia etc.
2. Ability to distinguish between the
inside and outside of an object.
3. Ability to detect unwanted interference
between components.
4. Ability to provide automatic removal of
hidden lines.
Advantages of Solid Modelling
[Link] to assemble 3d models and to
see the exploded views.
[Link] modeling greatly improves
efficiency in many design and
manufacturing applications.
[Link] linkage of data between all
views.
[Link] amount of editing is possible.
[Link] simulation of mechanism
dynamics, tool path verification, and
robot handling.
Advantages of Solid Modelling
[Link] to provide clear, automatic 3d
section views through components.
[Link] advantages, including
efficient construction of finite elements
for analysis.
[Link] to incorporate extensive colour
choice & tone control and also possible
to manipulate the light source and
produce shadow effects and background
settings.
[Link] Modelling
Three types of Solid Modelling are;
[Link] Solid Geometry (CSG)
modelling
[Link] Representation (C-Rep)
modelling
c. Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
modelling
[Link] Solid
Geometry (CSG) modelling
In CSG a complex model can be
constructed in a building block manner
using primitives by combining shapes
or subtracting or intersecting them from
each other. It is relatively easy to
construct. It is compact in storage
requirement, but slow in producing
pictures.
[Link] Representation
(C-Rep) modelling
Constructing the C-Rep model, solid
primitives may be created by sweeping
2D areas in 3D space as with surface
modelling, but with the essential
difference that one solid volume is now
generated. Then by doing Boolean
operations solid models are
constructed.
c. Boundary Representation
(B-Rep) modelling
To create models using B-Rep, the
same techniques may be used. Ie.
Primitives may be formed with linear
or rotational sweeps and composite
shapes built up using Boolean
operations.
c. Boundary Representation
(B-Rep) modelling
C-Rep modellers recognize a composite
body in terms of the primitive solids from
which it was built, where as a B-Rep
modeller recognize that body in terms of
the edges and faces.
c. Boundary Representation
(B-Rep) modelling
• The main advantage of B-Rep
modelling is the boundary profiles
which may be more easily modified.
• B-Rep systems are more demanding
on memory capacity.
c. Boundary Representation
(B-Rep) modelling
• CAD/CAM softwares employs C-Rep,
CSG and B-Rep modelling concepts.
B-Rep modelling gives the designer
more freedom in building complex
models.
• It also more expensive on memory
requirement.
Solid modelling Primitives
Solid models are built from basic building
blocks called solid modelling primitives.
These are defined in terms of their solid
shape, size, position and orientation. The
primitives are combined by a
mathematical set of Boolean operations
to create solid.
Solid modelling Primitives
Basic modelling primitives are;
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Boolean Operators
These are the essential tools in
building up the solid model. In this
they define the relationship between
neighbouring primitives. Boolean
operators are based on algebraic set
theory.
Boolean Operators
The three Boolean operators are;
[Link]
[Link] (or) subtract
[Link]
SURFACE MODELS
SOLID MODELS
THANK YOU
