Practical 1

Introductiontogeometric Modeling
There are basically three types of geometric modeling in CAD.
Wireframe modeling 1/3
Surface modeling
Solid modeling
Wireframe modeling
In this type of modeling object is represented by only vertexes and lines and curves. A wireframe model of an
object is the simplest and represents mathematically in the computers. It is most commonly used technique and
all commercial CAD/CAM systems are wire-frame based. Wireframe is a collection of edges, there is no skin
defining the area between the edges

ireframe Model
(Lines, arcs & curves in 3D)

Fig-1 Wireframe modeling

Advantages of wireframe modeling

Can quickly and efficiently convey information than multi view drawings.
The only lines seen are the intersections of surfaces.
C a n be used for finite element analysis.
C a n be used as input for CNC machines to generate simple parts.
Contain most of the information needed to create surface, solid and higher order models.

Disadvantages of wireframe modeling

Geometric entities are lines and curves in 3D
Volume or surfaces of object not defined
H a r d to interpret-ambiguous
Hidden lines are not removed
F o r complex items, the result can be a jumble of lines that is impossible to determine.
No ability to determine computationally information such as the line of intersect between two faces of
intersecting models
D o not represent an actual solids
Subject human interpretation

Surfacemodeling
A surface model represents the skin of an object, these skins have no thickness or material type Surface models
define the surface features, as well as the edges, of objects. Surfaces are edited as single entities.
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Surface Model
Half Section

Advantages of Surface modeling

Fig-2 Surface modeling
Renders the model for better visualization and presentation, objects appear more realistic
Provides the surface geometry for CNC machining.
Provides the geometry needed for mold and die design.
Can be used to design and analyze complex free formed surfaces (ship hulls, airplane fuselages, car
bodies,).
Surtace properties such as roughness, color and reflectivity can be assigned and demonstrated.

Disadvantages of Surface modeling

Surface models provide no information about the inside of an object.
Complicated computation, depending on the number of surfaces

Solid Modeling
There are three methods in solid modeling.

Pure primitives
Constructive solid geometry
Boundary representation (B-rep)

Pure primitives
This features proved basic shapes of 3D model like Box, Cylinder, Sphere, Cone, Pyramid, Wedge, and Torus.
By using pure primitives feature, any simple 3D model can be constructed easily.

Cone cylinder

wedge sphere torus

box pyramid
Fig-3 Pure Primitives
Constructive solid geometry
In this type of method of solid modeling the 3D object is constructed using some basic 3D shapes like, box,
Box, Cylinder, Sphere, Cone, Pyramid, Wedge, and Torus and apply some Boolean operation like union,
differences,intersection.

Original Union Difference Intersrction

Fig-4 Constructive solid geometry

Boundary representation (B-rep)

Models are a more explicit representation than CSG. The object is represented by a complicated data structure
giving information about each of the object's faces, edges and vertices and how they are joined together.
Appears to be a more natural representation for Vision since surface information is readily available.

Body

Faces 3/3

Edges Surface

Points
Fig-5 Boundary representation (B-rep)