ATA Ommunication and Etwork: Hapter

(zafar_ayub@hotmail.
com)
Copyright revised for Zafar Ayub
DATA COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORK
CHAPTER - 1
1 Compile by Zafar Ayub
WHAT IS DATA COMMUNICATION?
 Electronic transmission of information that has been
encoded digitally with some standard from one network
(systems) to other network (systems) via certain medium,
knows as Data Communication.
Elements of Data Communication;
(zafar_ayub@hotmail.com)

 Information / Data
 Digital encoded
 Transfer of data / sender and receiver
 Specific medium
2
WHAT IS NETWORK?
 A computer network often simply referred to as a
network, is a collection of hardware components, which are
interconnected by communication channels that allow
sharing of resources and information with respect to
certain set of rules / protocols via OS / software.
 Elements of Network;
 Hardware equipments
 Network OS / software
 Communication channel
 Information / Data / Recourse
 Protocols
3
TERMINOLOGIES
 Data transmission process between sender and receiver is
refer to data communication, and deployed physical
environment (hardware / software / protocols / channel ) is
network.
 Data: digital information over computer / network, which
may define with certain type of file extension; like .doc,
.ppt, .pdf, .exe, and etc. File extension dominate
nature of data file
4
Resource: all sharable / accessible items over network,
which may physical / virtual, knows as resource.
physical resource - may be hard drive, printer, servers and
etc.
virtual resource - may be data files, online application, web
site, internet and etc.
Share Resource: a shared resource or network share is a
device / piece of information means file / software or
application, on a computer that can be remotely accessed
from another computer.
5
Channel: communication channel is a medium on which
resource can be access over network and establish
connectivity between sender and receiver. Channel speed /
network speed is depends upon bandwidth.
bandwidth - channel capacity known as bandwidth.
There are two types of channels;
physical channel like; network cable, fiber optic,
electrical wire, and etc.
logical or virtual channel like; wireless, radio
frequency, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and Bluetooth
6
Protocols: a communications protocol is a system of digital
message formats and rules for exchanging those messages
in or between computer systems and in network /
telecommunications.
Protocols regulate the following characteristics of a
network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types
of cabling, and speed of data transfer.
Protocols may include signaling, authentication, error
detection method, and network policies.
A protocol can be implement at hardware or software or
both, and with respect to assignment these are
implemented like; for web http, for security SSL, for email
POP3 / SMTP, for LAN network Ethernet, for routing BGP
/ RIP, etc.
7
Digital Encryption: in encryption is the process of
transforming information / data using an algorithm to
make it unreadable to anyone (except those possessing
special knowledge, usually referred to as a key).
The result of the process is encrypted information and the
reverse process, i.e. to make the encrypted information
readable again is referred to as decryption.
algorithm – set of steps for assembling / reassembling of
data with respect to define network technology.
Types of digital encryption;

Software Based Encryption – a software program to
facilitate encryption process on data / file with respect to
256-bit AES / 448-bit Blowfish algorithms. Hardware is
only responsible to deliver encrypted file to other end
computer where again via software program file may be
decrypt for original data / file.
8
Drawbacks
all encryption perform on data / file during file transfer.
data / file size is also increase with addition of certain
algorithms.
security risk for confidentiality documents.
Hardware Based Encryption – all data intensive encryption
tasks are done onboard storage device, rather than on file,
by this file size remain standard with maximum speed.
Most important factor is hardware security protocols which
are only configure same end device
Hardware encryption is also apply with specialize network
equipment.
Drawbacks
higher cost of equipments
9
Network Hardware: all equipments / devices which may
used on network and facilitate for resource sharing and
data connectivity like; router, switch, firewall, and servers
etc.
Network Software: specialize software / OS which may
establish logical connectivity, authentication, and
management of network, commonly built-in with operating
system. Some are like; teamviewer, skype, etc
10
Sender: a computer / device from which data / files are send
to specific destination.
Receiver a computer / device at which data / files are

received by source.
11
DATA TRANSMISSION
 Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over a
point-to-point or point-to-multipoint channel.
Data transmission is a subset of the field of data
communications, which also includes computer networking
or computer communication applications and networking
protocols, for example routing and switching.
 Point – to –point : In telecommunications a point-to-point
connection refers to a communications connection between
two nodes or endpoints.
 Point – to –multipoint : refers to communication which is
accomplished via a specific and distinct type of one-to-many
connection
12
DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Serial Transmission - is the process of sending data one bit
at a time, in sequentially, over a communication channel /
computer bus. A data channel that transfers digital data in a
serial mode, one bit after the other over one wire, with start
and stop bit.
Serial interfaces may have multiple lines, but only one line is
used for data. On earlier PCs, the serial port was a serial
interface for attaching modems and data acquisition
terminals, and sometimes mouse.
13
Parallel Transmission - is a method of sending several data
signals simultaneously over several parallel channels.
In parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a

byte/character) are sent simultaneously on different channels
(wires, frequency channels) within the same cable, or radio
path, and synchronized to a clock. Due to multi channels lines
in parallel transmission, it may comparatively fast as serial
transmission.
14
Transmission Characteristic - The advantages, limitations
and typical applications of parallel and serial transmission
methodologies are summarized in chart;
Transmission Serial Parallel

Characteristic
Transmission One bit comes after another, one by All bits in a single character and
description one transmit simultaneously
Comparative Speed Slower Faster
Distance Limitation Farther Shorter
Application Between two computer, from Within a computer the along

computer to external devices, and computer buses, between drive
local and wide network controller to hard drive
Cable Description All bits travel down in single wire, Each bit travel down its own wire
one bit at one time simultaneously with other bits
15
DATA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
There are three data communication channels like;
Simplex communication- refers to communication that occurs
in one direction only. Examples radio broadcast, keyboard /
mouse inputs to CPU, internet multicast, and one – lane and
one side road only.
Half duplex communication - system provides
communication in both directions, but only one direction at a
time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins
receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop
transmitting, before replying. Examples walkie-talkie, one-
lane road with traffic controllers at each end.
16
Full duplex communication- sometimes called double-duplex
system allows communication in both directions
simultaneously. Virtually no collisions take place on a full-
duplex transmission. Perhaps a bigger benefit is the increase
in overall throughput- since we are sending and receiving on
two different channels, we just theoretically doubled our data
transfer rate. Examples landline / mobile phone, two way
double side road.
17
DATA COMMUNICATION MODES
Data communication modes define behavior of data flow
during communication which is based on interval of time.
When devices are communicating, they must be know when

ever data has to send or receive (in period of time). The two
devices must establish and maintain some type of timing
between them so that signals are produced, transmitted, and
detected accurately.
There are two main alternatives to establishing and

maintaining the timing for the sampling of the signals. These
two timing alternatives are known as asynchronous and
synchronous, also known as data communication modes.
Data Link Layer : all synchronization occurs on the data link

layer (2nd layer of TCP/IP), where the data in form of frame.
18
Asynchronous communication- The transmission of data in
which each character is a self-contained unit with its own
start and stop bits. Intervals between characters may be
irregular.
19
 Start bit inform that transmission has to start with binary
value of “0”.
 Stop bit inform to equipment that transmission has been
stop with binary value of “1”.
 When no character is being transmitted, the line between transmitter
and receiver is in an idle state (binary 1 level).
 A minimum length for the stop element is specified, and this is
usually 1, 1.5, or 2 times the duration of an ordinary bit.
 Data contain may be 5 -8 character bits.
Parity bit : Character bit may include parity bit, set by the transmitter
such that the total number of ones in the character, including the parity
bit, is even (even parity) or odd (odd parity). The receiver uses this bit
for error detection.
20
 There are two types of parity bit
even parity bit
odd parity bit
Even parity bit - when using even parity, the parity bit is set
to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not including
the parity bit) is odd, making the number of ones in the entire
set of bits (including the parity bit) even. If the number of
ones in a given set of bits is already even, it is set to a 0.
an even parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1s + 1 is even
Odd parity bit - when using odd parity, the parity bit is set to
1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not including the
parity bit) is even, keeping the number of ones in the entire
set of bits (including the parity bit) odd. And when the
number of set bits is already odd, the odd parity bit is set to 0.
an odd parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1s +1 is odd
21
 at end of transmission no maximum value is specified, because
the stop element is the same as the idle state, the transmitter will
continue to transmit the stop element until it is ready to send the next
character.
Synchronous communication- The transmission of data in

block set and time intervals between characters may be
regular.
 each block of data is formatted as a frame that includes a starting
and an ending flag, and is transmitted in a steady stream without start
and stop codes.
Clock speed : time interval (clock speed) must be synchronized, to

prevent timing drift between transmitter and receiver;
can use separate clock line
embed clock signal in data 22
By adding clock line – add specific time of break between
sender and receiver.
By adding clock signal – add clock information in frame.
 In synchronous transmission, there is another level of

synchronization required, to allow the receiver to determine the
beginning and end of a block of data.
 each block begins with a preamble bit pattern (opening flag) and
generally ends with a post-amble bit pattern (closing flag).
23
preamble bit – The preamble is a 64-bit (8 byte) field that
contains a synchronization pattern consisting of alternating
ones and zeros and ending with two consecutive ones. After
synchronization is established, the preamble is used to locate
the first bit of the packet. The preamble is generated by the
LAN interface card.
post-amble bit – commonly used end of synchronous
transmission.
Control bit : start control bit contain destination MAC, source

MAC, and protocol; and similar stop control bit contain CRC
information.
24
Comparison - some comparison between asynchronous
communication and Synchronous communication as follow;
Characteristic Asynchronous Synchronous
Transmission techniques Used serial communication Used parallel communication
Comparative capacity Data transmit one character at Data transmit block (bunch of
one time character) at one time
Distance limitation Farther (long) Shorter
Sync method Start and stop bit Clock speed
Comparative speed Low speed due to serial More efficient due to parallel
transmission transmission
Costing Simple and cheap Much cost due to mechanism
Bandwidth loss 20% to 30% over capacity 5% over capacity
25
DATA COMMUNICATION PORTS
For interconnection with other device every data
communication device have specific port / interface, by data
communication mechanism two types of ports are available;
Serial port- a serial port is a serial communication physical
interface through which information transfers in or out one
bit at a time.
Serial port available in DB-9, DB-25 and Mini Din-8 (apple
format);
DB-9 DB-25 Mini Din-8
male male male
female female female

26
DB- 9 – DB-9 also known as RS-422, pin configuration as
follows;
DB- 25 – DB -25 also know as RS-232, pin configuration as
follows;
27
Mini Din -8 – Din-8 also known as RS-422, pin configuration
as follows;
Note : serial port commonly used in old mouse port, game
controller, modem port and some old printers.
28
Parallel port- a parallel port is a parallel communication
physical interface. It is also known as a printer port or
centronics port.
Parallel port is standard of IBM known as (DB-25) 25-pin

combinations. Some available speed of parallel ports;
oBi-directional – 150 Kbps
oEPP – 1.5 Mbps
oECP – 2.5 Mbps
oEPP PCI – 4.5 Mbps
Before the advent of USB, the parallel interface was adapted

to access a number of peripheral devices other than printers.
List are bellow here;
Hardware dongles, Zip drives, Scanners, Webcam, External
modem, Sound card, External HDD and CD Rom
29
DB- 25 – DB-25 standard of IEEE 1284 as printer port;
Centronics – port with 36-pins interface;
30
USB - Universal Serial Bus is also serial port with high speed
data flow.
USB 1.0 with speed of 1.5 Mbps

USB 1.1 with speed of 12 Mbps
USB 2.0 with speed of 480 Mbps
USB 3.0 with speed of 5 Gbps (Super Speed)
USB 1 USB 2 USB 3
31
USB - Data Transfer Rate Comparison
USB Revision USB1.0 USB2.0 USB3.0
Media (Data Size) Transfer Time
Song / Pic (4 MB) 5.3 sec 0.1 sec 0.01 sec
256 Flash (256 MB) 5.7 min 8.5 sec 0.8 sec
USB Flash (1 GB) 22 min 33 sec 3.3 sec
SD-Movie (6 GB) 2.2 hr 3.3 min 20 sec
USB Flash (16 GB) 5.9 hr 8.9 min 53.3 sec
HD-Movie (25GB) 9.3 hr 13.9 min 70 sec 32

SIGNALS AND SYSTEM
A signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to
convey data from one place to another.
The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is

switched on and off; this is the principle by which the early
telegraph worked. More complex signals consist of an
alternating-current (AC) or electromagnetic carrier that
contains one or more data streams.
Data is superimposed on a carrier current or wave by means

of a process called modulation. Signal modulation can be done
in either of two main ways: analog and digital.
Note : In recent years, digital modulation has been getting

more common, while analog modulation methods have been
used less and less. There are still plenty of analog signals
33
around, however, and they will probably never become totally
extinct.
There are three data transmissions core aspect;
Data – Actual information being sent / received, possibly

Analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
Analog Data – Takes on continuous values. Ex. Voice or video
Digital Data – Takes on discrete values. Ex. Text and
integers
Signal - Electronic or electromagnetic representation of data,
possibly Analog or digital.
Analog Signal – Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
representing data carried over a variety of medium.
Digital Signal – Sequence of voltage pulses representing data
transmitted over a wire medium
Transmission – Communication of data by sending /

receiving, and processing data.
Analog Transmission – Communication of analog signals
Digital Transmission – Communication of digital signals 34
Analog Signals - An analog signal is any continuous signals
for which the time is variable of the signal.
Digital Signals - A digital signal is a physical signal that is a
representation of a sequence of discrete values.
35
Comparison - some comparison between analog and digital
signals as follow;
Characteristic Analog Digital
Number of range Analog signals can have an Digital signals can have only a
infinite number of values in a limited number of values (1 / 0)
range
Type of data Continuous Discrete
Value of data More exact values, but more Not as exact as analog, but
difficult to work with easier to work with
Wave types Sing waves Square waves
Type of value Negative / positive Positive
Medium Wire / un-wire Wire
Device Amplifier for signals boosting Repeater for signals regenerating
(noise also be amplify) (noise isn’t boost)
Security Non-encryption Encryption
Capacity / Bandwidth Low High
Examples Voice, video, file format on Text, integers, images, computer

36
tape, Radio / TV transmission format files (CD, HDD)
waves
Analog Signal Example - Telephones take sound vibrations
and turn them into electrical vibrations of the same shape
before they are transmitted over traditional telephone lines.
Radio wave transmissions work in the same way. Computers,
which handle data in digital form, require modems to turn
signals from digital to analog before transmitting those
signals over communication lines such as telephone lines that
carry only analog signals. The signals are turned back into
digital form (demodulated) at the receiving end so that the
computer can process the data in its digital format.
Digital Signal Example - This is the principle behind compact

discs (CDs). The music itself exists in an analog form, as
waves in the air, but these sounds are then translated into a
digital form that is encoded onto the disk. When you play a
compact disc, the CD player reads the digital data, translates
it back into its original analog form, and sends it to the
amplifier and eventually the speakers.
37

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Types of digital encryption;

Receiver a computer / device at which data / files are

In parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a

Transmission Serial Parallel

Comparative Speed Slower Faster

Distance Limitation Farther Shorter

Application Between two computer, from Within a computer the along

When devices are communicating, they must be know when

There are two main alternatives to establishing and

Data Link Layer : all synchronization occurs on the data link

Synchronous communication- The transmission of data in

Clock speed : time interval (clock speed) must be synchronized, to

 In synchronous transmission, there is another level of

Control bit : start control bit contain destination MAC, source

Characteristic Asynchronous Synchronous

Sync method Start and stop bit Clock speed

Bandwidth loss 20% to 30% over capacity 5% over capacity

Serial port- a serial port is a serial communication physical

female female female

Parallel port is standard of IBM known as (DB-25) 25-pin

Before the advent of USB, the parallel interface was adapted

USB 1.0 with speed of 1.5 Mbps

USB Revision USB1.0 USB2.0 USB3.0

Media (Data Size) Transfer Time

USB Flash (1 GB) 22 min 33 sec 3.3 sec

SD-Movie (6 GB) 2.2 hr 3.3 min 20 sec

USB Flash (16 GB) 5.9 hr 8.9 min 53.3 sec

HD-Movie (25GB) 9.3 hr 13.9 min 70 sec 32

The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is

Data is superimposed on a carrier current or wave by means

Note : In recent years, digital modulation has been getting

Data – Actual information being sent / received, possibly

Transmission – Communication of data by sending /

Characteristic Analog Digital

Examples Voice, video, file format on Text, integers, images, computer

Digital Signal Example - This is the principle behind compact

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