INTRODUCTION :
Energy is the basic requirement for the sustainance of Ambient temperature The temperature of air in a shaded (but well
human life . The energy is of many forms among those the most basic
and essential kind are solar energy , wind energy etc. At the
beginning the humans used natural resources for all the purposes
such as shelter and daily usage purposes and gradually in the wheel
of time due to the development of knowledge the life style has
changed in various aspects in every manner. Due to the rapid growth
of population throughout the world , The over usage of natural
resources has become predominant in the society leading to the
exhaustion of the natural resources in a tremendous scale.
The primary function of any building is to provide
comfortable indoor environment. Traditional buildings of earlier
times had many built in architectural features for achieving comfort.
Unlike animals and birds that build their shelters intuitively and
adapt themselves to environmental changes ,man has relied on
various sources to build shelters for protection from heat, cold and
rain. they are shaped and planned to take maximum advantage of
the climate and surroundings. gradually, answer materials and
techniques of construction developed ,vernacular built forms evolved
to provide a harmonious balance between buildings , climate and
peoples lifestyle's number of passive solar techniques were adopted
in the vernacular architecture in the various climatic zones. control
micro climate around the building was always an important design
consideration.
With the increase in the standard of living, the
consumption of energy in the buildings is progressively rising. the
boom in the building sector is going to create further demands,
resulting in the pressure of energy supply situation. in the context,
the conservation of energy in buildings through appropriate
construction , operation and maintenance practices assume prime
importance.
So then the bio-climatic buildings has to come in motion in
order reverse these effects and retain the natural order. The process
of being reconnected to the environment, during the design of
buildings are called bio-climatic architecture. The term bio-climatic
means the climate which is required to maintain the comfort level for
users. This is achieved through the use of natural resources of energy
upto a great extent and by decreasing the usage of artificial sources.
Bio- climatic architecture mixes building design, constructive details,
architectural spaces and exterior elements. All of this, applied to a
series of techniques and managing some certain elements.
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE :
Both climate and weather are characterized by certain variables
known as climatic factors they are as follows :
a)Solar radiation.
b)Ambient temperature.
c)Air humidity.
d)Precipitation.
e)Wind.
f)Sky condition.
a)Solar radiation
Solar radiation is the radiant energy received from the sun. The
radiation incident on a surface varies from moment to moment on its
geographic location (latitude and longitude of the place), orientation
of day and atmospheric conditions Solar radiation is the most
b)Ambient temperature
ventilated) enclosure is known as the ambient temperature; Temperature at
a given site depends on wind as well as local factors such as shading,
presence of water body, sunny condition, etc. When the wind speed is low,
local factors strongly influence the temperature of air close to the ground.
With higher wind speeds, the temperature of the incoming air is less
affected by local factors.
c)Air humidity :
Air humidity, which represents the amount of moisture present in the air, is
usually expressed in terms of 'relative humidity'. Relative humidity is
defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour in a certain volume of
moist air at a given temperature, to the mass of water vapour in the same
volume of saturated air at the same temperature; it is normally expressed
as a percentage. It varies considerably, tending to be the highest close to
dawn when the air temperature is at its lowest, and decreasing as the air
temperature rises. The decrease in the relative humidity towards midday
tends to be the largest in summer. In areas with high humidity levels, the
transmission of solar radiation is reduced because of atmospheric
absorption and scattering. High humidity reduces evaporation of water and
sweat. Consequently, high humidity accompanied by high ambient
temperature causes a lot of discomfort.
d.) Precipitation :
Precipitation is the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls
under the gravity. Precipitation includes water in all its forms: rain, snow,
hail or dew. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere
becomes saturated with water vapour, so that the water condenses and
"precipitates".
e)Wind :
Wind is the movement of air due to a difference in atmospheric pressure,
caused by differential heating of land and water mass on the earth's
surface by solar radiation and rotation of earth. It is a major design
consideration for architects because it affects indoor comfort conditions by
influencing the convective heat exchanges of a building envelope, as well as
causing air infiltration into the building .
f)Sky condition :
Sky condition generally refers to the extent of cloud cover in the sky or the
duration of sunshine. Under clear sky conditions, the intensity of solar
radiation increases; whereas it reduces in monsoon due to cloud cover. The
re-radiation losses from the external surfaces of buildings increase when
facing clear skies than covered skies. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.6. The
measurement of sky cover is expressed in oktas. For example, 3 oktas
Objectives of bio- climatic buildings : 3.)Means of heat transmission :
Bioclimatic design aiming at the construction of buildings that Transmission mechanism affect to the thermal performance of a
are in harmony with the natural surroundings and local climate, building
ensuring conditions of thermal comfort inside. The process of designing in different ways.
is achieved through following the objectives as shown in the figure.

A.CONTEXT.
B.FORM.
C.NEED. - conduction: some buildings could lose some heat during the winter if
walls are conductive. To avoid this, insulating materials is an option.
- convection: convection can be natural, as it’s the case of hot air, or
forced, as ventilators which move the air.
- radiation : electromagnetic radiation intensity depends on the
The bioclimatic design of the buildings serves four main objectives: temperature of the material.
-Saving conventional energy : 4.) Heat capacity and thermal inertia :
Thrift in oil consumption through renewable energy sources
a certain structure is said to have a high capacity when it
(RES), that leads to energy saving.
accumulates much heat, and much thermal inertia when its temperature
-Saving money :
rises or get low slowly. Buildings should accumulate and free heat slowly
Using inexpensive solar energy for heating and / or cool wind
in order to avoid great temperature changes.
for cooling. This is an economic challenge resulting in cutting down
heating and cooling expenses by 50%, possibly more.
-Protection of the environment :
Less usage of fossil fuels and electricity reduces the waste
which harms the environment and cause air pollution.
-Improvement of the indoor living conditions :
Bioclimatic design ensures thermal comfort and air-quality 5.) Location and weather :
thus creating a healthy living environment. All the elements of environment influence on the building’s
performance ( temperature radiation, land slopes, air speed...).
 Some of the most important elements of bio-climatic architecture are
:
1.) Direct, diffused and reflected radiation.
2.) Solar Path.
3.) Means of heat transmission.
4.) Heat capacity and thermal inertia.
5.) Location and weather.
6.) Shape and orientation.
7.) Insulation and thermal mass. 6.) Shape and orientation :
8.) Climate uses of floor. This will determine the contact surface with the exterior, the quality
of solar light that it receives and its answer to the wind.
1.) Direct, diffuse and reflected radiation :
The way incident solar radiation effects on the building.
"Direct radiation" is also sometimes called "beam radiation" or "direct
beam radiation". It is used to describe solar radiation travelling on a
straight line from the sun down to the surface of the earth.
"Diffuse radiation", on the other hand, describes the sunlight that has
been scattered by molecules and particles in the atmosphere but that
7.) Insulation and thermal mass :
has still made it down to the surface of the earth.
Those elements look for storing optimization and heat release, and
Reflected radiation describes sunlight that has been reflected off of
for reducind great temperatures. The most convenient to the buildings is to
non-atmospheric things such as the ground.
accumulate solar heat during the day and get rid of it during the night.

2.) Sun path:

Light intensity changes depending on the season, this affects to the
radiation that facades recieve. Sun intensity refers to the amount of Principles of bio- climatic design :
incoming solar energy, or radiation, that reaches the Earth’s surface. The process of a energy conscious (or) bio-climatic design involves in
The angle at which the rays from the sun hit the Earth determines this the proper planning and implementation of various techniques and
intensity. The sun’s angle -- and hence intensity -- varies significantly standards according to the requirement of user and local climatic
depending on a particular geographic location. conditions.
The factors involved in the process of bio-climatic design are
1.) Building envelope.
2.) Passive heating.
3.) Passive cooling.
4.) Day lighting.
5.) Building materials.
6.) Types of insulation.