ES 423-ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING THU(1:00-4:00
PM)

BSME IV-A
GROUP 2

ENGR. JAMES A. HINAYON

INSTRUCTOR
 INTRODUCTION
 We could live about a month without food. We
could even live for several days without water. But
without air, we cannot live more than a few
minutes.
 We might foul the air so badly in some places that
it could become unfit to breath. In some areas, the
air is so bad that people become sick from
breathing it, and some even die because of it.
 The World Health Organization estimates that a
billion people live in places where the air is
substandard and that air pollution kills 8,000
people a day worldwide. About 90% of the deaths
occur in developing countries.
WHAT IS AIR?

 Airis the general name for

the mixture of gases that makes up the
Earth's atmosphere. On the Earth, this
gas is primarily nitrogen (78 percent),
with oxygen (21 percent), water vapor
(variable), argon (0.9 percent), carbon
dioxide (0.04 percent), and many trace
gases. Pure air has no discernible scent
and no color.
WHAT IS POLLUTION?

 Pollution is the introduction

of contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse change.
Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution,
can be either foreign substances/energies or
naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution
is often classed as point source or nonpoint
source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9
million people in the world.
WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?
 COMMON CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
 Burning of Fossil Fuels:
Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil
fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory
combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution.
Pollution emitting from vehicles including trucks,
jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount
of pollution. We rely on them to fulfill our daily basic
needs of transportation. But, there overuse is killing
our environment as dangerous gases are polluting the
environment. Carbon Monoxide caused by improper
or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from
vehicles is another major pollutant along with
Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural
and man made processes.
 Agricultural activities:
Ammonia is a very common by
product from agriculture related
activities and is one of the most
hazardous gases in the atmosphere.
Use of insecticides, pesticides and
fertilizers in agricultural activities
has grown quite a lot. They emit
harmful chemicals into the air and
can also cause water pollution.
 Exhaust from factories and
industries:
Manufacturing industries release large
amount of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and
chemicals into the air thereby depleting
the quality of air. Manufacturing
industries can be found at every corner of
the earth and there is no area that has not
been affected by it. Petroleum refineries
also release hydrocarbons and various
other chemicals that pollute the air and
also cause land pollution.
 Mining operations:
Mining is a process wherein minerals
below the earth are extracted using large
equipments. During the process dust and
chemicals are released in the air causing
massive air pollution. This is one of the
reason which is responsible for the
deteriorating health conditions of workers
and nearby residents.
 Indoor air pollution
Household cleaning products,
painting supplies emit toxic
chemicals in the air and cause air
pollution. Have you ever noticed that
once you paint walls of your house, it
creates some sort of smell which
makes it literally impossible for you
to breathe.
 TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
 Primarily air pollutants

can be caused by primary sources or

secondary sources. The pollutants that are
a direct result of the process can be called
primary pollutants. A classic example of a
primary pollutant would be the sulfur-
dioxide emitted from factories
 Secondary pollutants

are the ones that are caused by the inter

mingling and reactions of primary
pollutants. Smog created by the
interactions of several primary pollutants
is known to be as secondary pollutant.
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
MAJOR CLASSES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
 Particulate Material
 Nitrogen Oxides

 Sulfur Oxides

 Carbon Oxides

 Hydrocarbons

 Ozone
PARTICULATE MATERIAL
 Thousands of different solid or liquid particles
suspended in air
 Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt,
and sulfuric acid droplets
 Dangerous for 2 reasons
 May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic
effects
 Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs
NITROGEN AND SULFUR OXIDES
 Nitrogen Oxides
 Gases produced by the chemical interactions between
atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature
 Problems
 Greenhouse gases
 Cause difficulty breathing

 Sulfur Oxides
 Gases produced by the chemical interactions between
sulfur and oxygen
 Causes acid precipitation
CARBON OXIDES AND HYDROCARBONS
 Carbon Oxides
 Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Greenhouse gases

 Hydrocarbons
 Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only
hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4- methane)
 Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse
gases
OZONE
 Tropospheric Ozone
 Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
 Secondary air pollutant
 Component of photochemical smog

 Stratospheric Ozone
 Essential component that screens out UV radiation in
the upper atmosphere
 Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it
SOURCES OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
 Two main sources
 Transportation
 Industry

 Intentional forest fires

is also high
 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
 Respiratory and heart problems
The effects of Air pollution are alarming.
They are known to create several
respiratory and heart conditions along
with Cancer, among other threats to the
body. Several millions are known to have
died due to direct or indirect effects of Air
pollution. Children in areas exposed to air
pollutants are said to commonly suffer
from pneumonia and asthma.
 Global warming:
Another direct effect is the immediate
alterations that the world is witnessing
due to Global warming. With increased
temperatures world wide, increase in sea
levels and melting of ice from colder
regions and icebergs, displacement and
loss of habitat have already signalled an
impending disaster if actions for
preservation and normalization aren’t
undertaken soon.
 Acid Rain:
Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides
and sulfur oxides are released into
the atmosphere during the burning
of fossil fuels. When it rains, the
water droplets combines with these
air pollutants, becomes acidic and
then falls on the ground in the form
of acid rain. Acid rain can cause
great damage to human, animals
and crops.
 Eutrophication:
Eutrophication is a condition where
high amount of nitrogen present in
some pollutants gets developed on
sea’s surface and turns itself into
algae and adversely affect fish,
plants and animal species. The green
colored algae that is present on lakes
and ponds is due to presence of this
chemical only.
 Effect on Wildlife:
Just like humans, animals also face
some devastating affects of air
pollution. Toxic chemicals present in
the air can force wildlife species to
move to new place and change their
habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit
over the surface of the water and can
also affect sea animals.
 Depletion of Ozone layer:
Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is
responsible for protecting humans from
harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s
ozone layer is depleting due to the
presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro
chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As
ozone layer will go thin, it will emit
harmful rays back on earth and can cause
skin and eye related problems. UV rays
also have the capability to affect crops.
 MOST POLLUTED CITY IN THE
PHILIPPINES

 MANILA, Philippines -A number of cities in

Metro Manila were "severely polluted" at the
start of 2017, according to an initial report of the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR).
 MOST POLLUTED CITY IN THE WORLD

 The WHO’s database of more than 4,300 cities

showed Indian cities such as New Delhi,
Varanasi and Patna were among the most
polluted, based on the amount of particulate
matter under 2.5 micrograms found in every
cubic meter of air.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT -
DENR
 Provides the policy framework for the country’s air quality
management program.
 Seeks to uphold the right of every Filipino to breathe clean air by
addressing air pollution from mobile and stationary sources.
 Focuses primarily on pollution prevention rather than control by
encouraging cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and
industries.
 Contains 7 chapters and 56 sections and approved on June 23,
1999
STATE
PRINCIPLES:
 The State shall protect and advance the right of the people
to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the
rhythm and harmony of nature.
 The State shall promote and protect the global environment
to attain sustainable development while recognizing the
primary responsibility of local government units to deal
with environmental problems.
 The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the
habitat and environment is primarily area-based.
 The State also recognizes the principle that “polluters must
pay”.
 The State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment
is for the good of all and should, therefore, be the concern of
all.
RECOGNITION OF RIGHTS OF CITIZENS

 The right to breathe clean air

 The right to utilize and enjoy all natural resources
according to the principles of sustainable development
 The right to participate in the formulation, planning,
implementation and monitoring of environmental policies
and programs and in the decision- making process
 The right to participate in the decision-making process
concerning development policies, plans and programs
projects or activities that may have adverse impact on the
environment and public health
 The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the
potential hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and
to be served timely notice of any significant rise in the level
of pollution and the accidental or deliberate release into the
atmosphere of harmful or hazardous substances
 The right of access to public records which a citizen may
need to exercise his or her rights effectively under this Act.
 The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to
enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and
regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of
affected area, and to seek the imposition of penal sanctions
against violators of environmental laws
 The right to bring action in court for compensation of
personal damages resulting from the adverse environmental
and public health impact of a project or activity.
 WHAT ARE COVERED BY THE CLEAN AIR ACT

All potential sources of air pollution (mobile, point and area

sources) must comply with the provisions of the law. All
emissions must be within the air quality standards.

• Mobile sources refer to vehicle like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys,

tricycles, motorcycles and vans.

• Point sources refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms

and smokestacks of power plants, hotels and other
establishments. •Area sources refer to sources of emission other
than the above.

• These include smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from

construction, unpaved grounds, etc.
WHAT ARE THE COMPLIANCE MANDATES
FOR MOBILE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION?

Exhaust emission standards for various mobile sources that are

either in-use, new, rebuilt, and imported second hand have been
set.

•All new motor vehicles classified under the Philippine National

Standards 1891 of the Bureau of Product Standards of Department of
Trade and Industry, whether locally assembled/ manufactures or
imported are to be covered by a Certificate of Conformity (COC). The
COC is to be issued by the DENR to the motor vehicle manufacturer,
assembler or importer.
WHAT ARE THE COMPLIANCE MANDATES
FOR MOBILE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION?
• In-use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their
registration upon proof of compliance with emission standards
through actual testing by the Motor Vehicle Inspection System
(MVIS) of the DOTC/LTO, and authorized private emission testing
centers.

• Rebuilt motor vehicles or imported second hand completely built-

up or pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with secondhand engines
will only be allowed registration or renewal of registration upon
submission of a valid Certificate of Compliance to Emission
Standards (CCES) issued by the DOTC. The CCES will only be
issued if the exhaust emission standard for that specific motor
vehicle is met, as verified by actual testing through the Motor
Vehicle Inspection System (MVIS).
WHAT WILL BE DONE TO SMOKE
BELCHING VEHICLES ON THE ROAD?

Smoke belching vehicles on the road shall be subjected to

emission testing by properly equipped enforcement teams
from the DOTC/LTO or its duly deputized agents. Violators
will be subject to the following fines/ penalties:

 1st offense - ONE THOUSAND PESOS (P1,000.00)

 2nd offense -THREE THOUSAND PESOS (P3,000.00)

 3rd offense -FIVE THOUSAND PESOS (P5,000.00)

plus seminar on pollution management
 FUELS…
CLEAN FUELS ARE NEEDED TO ACHIEVE CLEAN AIR

1. The complete phase out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year
2000

2. The lowering of the sulfur content of industrial and automotive

diesel, respectively, from 0.5% to 0.3% and from 0.2% to 0.05%.

3. The lowering of aromatics in unleaded gasoline from 45% maximum

to 35% maximum; and the lowering of benzene in unleaded gasoline
from 4% maximum to 2% maximum.

4. Further improvements on the fuel quality, excluding cleaner

alternative fuels, will be spearheaded by the Department of Energy.
WHAT WILL BE DONE TO POLLUTING
INDUSTRIES???

 A fine of not more than 100,000 for every day of violation

shall be charged against the owner of a stationary source,
until such time that standards have been met.

 For gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not less

than six years but not more than 10 years upon the
discretion of the court. At the same time, the Pollution
Adjudication Board (PAB) could close the firm through the
issuance of a Cease and Desist Order.
WHAT WILL BE DONE TO POLLUTING
INDUSTRIES???

There is gross violation of the law or its rules when any of the
following occurs:

1. Three or more specific offenses within a period of one year

2. Three or more offenses within three consecutive years

3. Blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such as, but not
limited to the breaking of seals, padlocks and other similar
devices, or operating despite the existence of an order for
closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation.

4. Irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a

consequence of any violation or omission of the provisions of
the Act or its IRR.
SMOKING IS BANNED BEGINNING MAY 25, 2001,
IN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS:

The local government units are mandated to implement this

provisions of the law. Penalty to violation of this provision is
six months and one day to one year imprisonment, or a fine
of ten thousand pesos:

inside a public building.

enclosed public places including public vehicles and other means of

transport.

in any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence, private

place of work.

any duly designated area which will be enclosed

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP
CLEAN THE AIR???

 For vehicle owners/motorists:

• Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000

kilometers)

• Keep the engine well tuned following the owner’s manual

• Keep tires properly inflated

• Plan trips and observe proper driving habits

• Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload

and travel only at speed required by traffic regulations and
road conditions.
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP
CLEAN THE AIR???

 For commuters:

• Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high

health risks of poor vehicle maintenance and improper driving
practices.

• Patronize mass railway transit

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP
CLEAN THE AIR???

o At home

• Use low watt bulbs or energy saving lights

• Limit the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature a few
degrees higher

• Don’t burn garbage

• Avoid using aerosols

• Properly dispose of refrigerant, refrigeration equipment and used

coolant
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP
CLEAN THE AIR???

 FOR EVERYONE

• Report smoke belchers to LTO, MMDA and/or appropriate

local government units.

• Walk or ride your bike to places • Work with residential

association to stop burning of garbage

• Spread the word about the ban of smoking in public places.

• Plant trees
SOME OF THE PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES
IMPLEMENTED

1. Linis/Ligtas Hangin Program with the Bantay Tambutso,

Bantay Tsimnea and Bantay Sunog

2. Industrial enforcement program for stationary sources

3. Designation of attainment and non-attainment area

sources; promotion of clean fuel

4. Strong collaboration between government and

stakeholders on measures to address pollution
RA8749 assigns the DENR, through its Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB), as the lead agency in the overall
implementation of the law’s provisions, but mandates the following
government agencies to support the Act:

 Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)

 Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
 Department of Energy (DOE)
 Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher
Education (CHED)
 Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the
Local Government Units (LGUs)
 Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAG-ASA)
 Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
GLOBAL/INTERNATIONAL LAW
 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

o International Environmental Law (IEL) is

concerned with the attempt to control pollution and the
depletion of natural resources within a framework of
sustainable development. It is a branch of Public
International Law - a body of law created by states
for states to govern problems that arise between states.
 Current issues of international concern covered by
environmental law include ozone layer depletion and global
warming, desertification, destruction of tropical rain
forests, marine plastics pollution from ships, international
trade in endangered species (i.e. ivory trade), shipment of
hazardous wastes to Third World countries, deforestation
of Brazil and the Philippines, protection of wetlands, oil
spills, transboundary nuclear air pollution (i.e. Chernobyl),
dumping of hazardous wastes, groundwater depletion,
international trade in pesticides, and acid rain.
 DECLARATIONS

 The Declaration of the United Nations Conference on

the Human Environment (the 1972 Stockholm
Declaration) (UN Doc. A/CONF/48/14/REV.1
(1972). This declaration represented a first major
attempt at considering the global human impact on
the environment, and an international attempt to
address the challenge of preserving and enhancing
the human environment. The Stockholm Declaration
espouses mostly broad environmental policy goals and
objectives rather than detailed normative positions.
 The Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development (UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (vol.
I)) was a short document produced at the 1992
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), known as the Rio Earth
Summit. The Rio Declaration consists of 27
principles intended to guide future sustainable
development around the world.
 The Rio Declaration affirms that countries have
"the sovereign right to exploit their own
resources pursuant to their own environmental
and developmental policies, and the
responsibility to ensure that activities within
their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage
to the environment of other States or of areas
beyond the limits of national jurisdiction." Under
this principle, countries are prohibited from
undertaking or allowing actions that will cause
pollution in other nations.
 TREATIES & REGULATIONS

 Customary law and general principles relating to

the environment.

 The UN Environment Program (UNEP) and

the UN Commission on Sustainable
Development have negotiated many of these
treaties.
 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the
Ozone Layer, 1985, and Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987

 The scientists found that the chlorofluorocarbon

gases (CFCs), which were widely used and
viewed as posing no harm, could migrate to the
stratosphere, remain intact for decades to
centuries, and by releasing chlorine, break down
the ozone layer.
 During the Protocol negotiations, there was controversy as to whether to

base the targets on consumption or production of the chemicals. The CFC

industry was concentrated, with the major companies in the United

States, the European Community, and Japan. In contrast, consumption of

the chemicals was diffuse around the world. Although both the United

States and the European Community were large producers of CFCs, only

the latter was a large net exporter. Thus, the European Community

argued for a production-based control system, while the United States

argued for a consumption-based one. The formula adopted in the Protocol

equates consumption to production minus exports plus imports of the

controlled chemicals. Countries must report annually on their

consumption of the controlled chemicals.

 The 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs)

 Calls for an immediate ban on certain chemicals, severely

restricts the use of others, and provides for POPs to be
disposed of and managed using environmentally
sound methods

 The 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention

Initially, twelve POPs have been recognized as causing
adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem and these can
be placed in 3 categories:
 Pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin,
heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene;
 Industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs); and
 By-products: hexachlorobenzene; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF),
and PCBs.
 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
Pollution, 2002, Kuala Lumpur

 is a legally binding environmental agreement signed

in 2002 by the member states of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations to reduce haze
pollution in Southeast Asia. The Agreement
recognises that transboundary haze pollution which
result from land and/or forest fires should be
mitigated through concerted national efforts and
international co-operation.
 Objective: To prevent and monitor transboundary
haze pollution resulting from land and/or forest fires.
Air Pollution Control

The techniques employed to

reduce or eliminate the emission into
the atmosphere of substances that can
harm the environment or human health.
Changing or eliminating a process that
produces a polluting air effluent is
often easier than trying to trap the
effluent.
CONTROL OF PARTICULATES

 Cyclones
 Fabric Filters
 Wet Collectors
 Electrostatic Precipitators
 Cyclones

The cyclone is a popular, economical, and

effective means of controlling particulates. Cyclones
alone are generally not adequate to meet stringent air
pollution control regulations, but serve as precleaners
for control devices like fabric filters or electrostatic
precipitators

Dirty air enters the cyclone off-center at the

bottom; a violent swirl of air is thus created in the
cone of the cyclone and particles are accelerated
centrifugally outward toward the cyclone wall. Friction
at the wall slows the particles and they slide to the
bottom, where they can be collected. Clean air exits at
the center of the top of the cone
How It Works

Cyclone separators work much like a centrifuge, but with a

continuous feed of dirty air. In a cyclone separator, dirty
flue gas is fed into a chamber. The inside of the chamber
creates a spiral vortex, similar to a tornado. This spiral
formation and the separation is shown. The lighter
components of this gas have less inertia, so it is easier for
them to be influenced by the vortex and travel up it.
Contrarily, larger components of particulate matter have
more inertia and are not as easily influenced by the vortex.
Since these larger particles have difficulty following the
high-speed spiral motion of the gas and the vortex, the
particles hit the inside walls of the container and drop down
into a collection hopper. These chambers are shaped like
an upside-down cone to promote the collection of these
particles at the bottom of the container. The cleaned flue
gas escapes out the top of the chamber.
Advantages
First, cyclone separators are beneficial because
they are not expensive to install or maintain, and
they have no moving parts. This keeps
maintenance and operating costs low.
Second, the removed particulate matter is
collected when dry, which makes it easier to
dispose of. Finally, these units take up very little
space.
Disadvantages
In using cyclone separators. Mainly because the
standard models are not able to collect
particulate matter that is smaller than 10
micrometers effectively and the machines are
unable to handle sticky or tacky materials well
 Fabric Filters
Fabric filters used for controlling
particulate matter operate like a
vacuum cleaner. Dirty gas is blown or
sucked through a fabric filter bag. The
fabric bag collects the dust., which is
removed periodically by shaking the
bag. Fabric filters can be very efficient
collectors for even submicrometer-
sized particles and are widely used in
industrial applications, although they
may be sensitive to high temperatures
and humidity.
Process description

A fabric filter installation consists of a casing which contains a

filter medium (the fabric). This filter divides the filter casing into
a “dirty”section and a “clean”section.
The dirty section, where the dust-laden air enters, is normally
the bottom section or the middle section of the casing. The
incoming air does not normally flow directly towards the filters,
but is passed via one or multiple dispersion plates. The
purpose of this is to create a better spread across the filter,
whereby it receives a more even load. The air also loses a
vast part of its kinetic energy, whereby pre-separation takes
place due to gravity.
The air polluted with dust is passed through the fabric filter and
is rid of dust particles. The dust is periodically removed from
the filter and is collected in a tray under the filter installation
(hopper).
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
—High removal yield for coarse and fine dust;
—Varying load does not influence pressure drop and
efficiency;
—Collected dust can possibly be re-used in the process;
—Residual emissions are determined by incoming
concentrations;
—Relatively easy to use.
Disadvantages
—No high moisture level or droplets. Eventual additional
heating, of the housing for example, can prevent
moisture condensing on the filter. If this is not possible,
the fabric filter cannot be applied;
—Risk of explosion; Sparks and soot must be avoided.
Sparks must be extinguished before they reach the filter.
Soot is susceptible to self-combustion;
—Electrostatic loading possible;
—Sticky dust must be avoided. Eventually, extra auxiliary
materials can be added.
 Wet Collectors

The spray tower or scrubber can remove

larger particles effectively. More efficient
scrubbers promote the contact between air and
water by violent action in a narrow throat section
into which the water is introduced. Generally, the
more violent the encounter, hence the smaller the
gas bubbles or water droplets, the more effective
the scrubbing.A venturi scrubber is a frequently
used high-energy wet collector. Gas flow is
constricted through a venturi throat section and
water is introduced as high-pressure streams
perpendicular to the gas flow. The venturi
scrubber is essentially 100% efficient in
removing particles >5 µm in diameter.
VENTURI SCRUBBER
Advantages
Wet scrubbers have the ability to handle
high temperatures and moisture.
In wet scrubbers, flue gases are cooled,
resulting in smaller overall size of
equipment.
Wet scrubbers can remove both gases and
particulate matter.
Wet scrubbers can
neutralize corrosive gases.

Disadvantages
The need for entrainment separation or
mist removal to obtain high efficiencies
and the need for treatment or reuse of
spent liquid.
 Electrostatic Precipitators

Electrostatic precipitator, also called electrostatic air cleaner,

a device that uses an electric charge to remove certain impurities
either solid particles or liquid droplets from air or other gases in
smokestacks and other flues. The precipitator functions by
applying energy only to the particulate matter being collected,
without significantly impeding the flow of gases. Originally
designed for recovery of valuable industrial-process materials,
electrostatic precipitators are used for air pollution control,
particularly for removing particles from waste gases at industrial
facilities and power-generating stations. In 1824 M. Hohlfeld, a
mathematics teacher in Leipzig, first described the precipitation
of smoke particles by electricity. The first commercially successful
process was patented in 1908 following experiments by American
chemist Frederick Gardner Cottrell at the University of California,
Berkeley. Early units were used to remove sulfuric acid mist
and lead oxide fumes emitted from acid-making
and smelting activities. The devices helped protect vineyards in
northern California from lead emissions.
Process
First it is necessary to charge the dirt. This is done in
the ionising section, which consist of plates called
spiked ionizers. The plates are charged to a very
high voltage, some particles stay on the plates but
most of them pass to the collecting cell.
The collecting cell is constructed in parallel plates; it
uses alternate charged and earthed plates, without
any charged lackage. The charged particles travel
between the plates, bouncing off the positively
charged plates until they hit a negatively charged
plate where they stick.
The dust particles stay stuck to the collector plates
until they can simply washed off during maintenance
routine or in automatic wash system.
The electrostatic principle is most effective on very
small particles, as the charge which can be carried
on a small particle is higher in relation to its mass
than the charge on a large particle. Consequently it
is an advantage to remove the large particles before
the electrostatic stage and this is done by a
mechanical pre-filter.
Advantages
This is more effective to remove very small particles like smoke, mist and
fly ash. Its range of dust removal is sufficiently large (0.01 micron to 1.00
micron).

The draught loss of this system is the least of all forms(1 cm of water)
It provides ease of operation.
The dust is collected in dry form and can be removed either dry or wet.

Disadvantages
The running charges are also considerably high as the amount of power
required for charging is considerably large.

The space required is larger than the wet system.

The efficiency of the collector is not maintained if the gas velocity exceeds
that for which the plant is designed. The dust carried with the gases
increases with an increase of gas velocity.
Because of closeness of the charged plates and high potential used, it is
necessary to protect the entire collector from sparking by providing a fine
mesh before the ionizing chamber. This is necessary because even a
smallest piece of paper might cause sparking when it would be carried
across adjacent plates or wires.
 Control Of Gases
 Flue gas desulfurization
Wet scrubbing system
Dry scrubbing system
The 2018 Climate
and Clean Air
Awards
 Individual Category:

 Dr Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Climate and Atmospheric Sciences,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, for his contributions to
science and our understanding of super pollutants. His work has been, and continues to be,
fundamental to the way we understand and address climate change.
 Professor Ramanathan said: “The new science of weather extremes and its documented public
health impacts, has significantly elevated the importance of using super pollutants mitigation to
bend the warming curve by about 0.60C within 25 years. It is a race against time; but we can win
this race since scalable solutions are available with numerous living laboratories where they are
being implemented.”
 Dr Mario Molina, Nobel Laureate: 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for his contributions to
science and our understanding of short-lived climate pollutants, in particular the roles of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) at heating the atmosphere. Dr.
Molina’s scientific discoveries, and the national and environmental policies it has helped shape,
has contributed to the wellbeing of all humanity.
 Leonardo DiCaprio for his advocacy work and awareness raising on the issue of climate
change and for his philanthropy and environmental efforts through the Leonardo DiCaprio
Foundation. The Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation (LDF) has awarded over USD $80 million in
grants, funding 200+ high-impact projects in 50 countries.
 Catherine McKenna, Minister for Environment and Climate Change, Canada. Under Minister
McKenna’s, leadership, Canada has become a global leader in reducing short-lived climate
pollutant (SLCPs) emissions both domestically and through international efforts. Since Minister
McKenna’s election in 2015, Canada has decreased its black carbon emissions by 18% from
2013 levels, and is projected to reduce them by 30% by 2030. Methane emissions are also
projected to decrease by 16% from 2012 by 2025.
 The 2018 Climate and Clean Air Award for Enabling
Policy went to Centro Mario Molina Chile, and the Ministry
of Transport and Communications, Chile, for their joint
efforts to implement policy to reduce diesel air pollution.
 Santiago is the first city to commit to soot-free technology
for emission reductions. Centro Mario Molina Chile is
helping implement the new standard. Chile’s Ministry of
Environment estimates that the new standard will reduce
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and PM2.5 emissions by almost
70%, by 2025. Santiago's commitment is a strong signal
to bus manufacturers both regionally and internationally
that there is growing demand for cleaner bus technology
in cities for better air quality and the climate.
 Gianni López Ramírez, Director Centro Mario Molina
Chile said: "Today we have one billion cars in the world.
By 2050 it will be 3 billion. We need to give people the
best public transit to keep people on buses. Santiago is
taking the next step to electrification for the public
transport system. By 2019 we will add 500 electric buses
making Santiago a city with one of the highest numbers of
electric buses in the world."
ES 423-ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING THU(1:00-4:00
PM)

BSME IV-A
GROUP 2

ENGR. JAMES A. HINAYON

INSTRUCTOR