NETWORKING

101
NETWORK
 is a collection of computers and devices
connected together to share resources, such as
hardware, software, data and information

 are connected using some type of physical or

wireless medium capable of carrying a signal

* Telephone lines, cables, and radio waves are

all types of transmission media used in networks
Classification of NETWORKS according to
coverage area

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

 connects computers and devices in a
relatively small area, such as home, a computer
lab, a single office building, or a closely
positioned group of buildings
 each individual computer, or node, has its
own processing and storage resources, but also is
able to access and share printers, hard disks,
data and other resources on the network
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
 is a high – speed network that connects LANs
in a metropolitan area such as a city or town

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

 covers a large geographic area, country, or
even the world, using a combination of
communications media such as telephone lines,
cables and radio waves

* INTERNET is the world’s largest WAN

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 defines the physical arrangement or shape
used to connect computers and devices on local
area network

BUS TOPOLOGY
 every computer or device is connected to a
main cable called the BUS
 has no central connection point
 cables simply go from one computer to the
next, ending with a computer or a special
terminator to keep signals from bouncing back
into the network
BUS
 connects every computer on the network to
every other computer, and transmits data and
instructions between all of the computers

ADVANTAGE: inexpensive and easy to install

DISADVANTAGE: bus fails, entire network is not

cable
RING TOPOLOGY
 a cable forms a closed loop, with the
computers and devices connected to the cable
 when a computer or device sends data, it is
passed through each device in the ring network
until the correct computer is reached
ADVANTAGE: *can span larger distance than
the bus network
DISADVANTAGE: *harder to install than bus or
star
* if one device fails, all devices before failed
device are unaffected; those after the failed
device are not able to access network
 HOST

HOST
HOST

HOST
STAR TOPOLOGY
 has a central device to which computers and
devices are connected
 devices on the network all connect to the hub
or switch in the middle thus forming a star

HUB
 is a central device that provides the common
connection point for the other nodes on the
network
 HOST

HOST HUB

HOST

HOST
ADVANTAGE: * inexpensive and easy to install
* if one node fails, others not affected

DISADVANTAGE: *if hub fails, entire network

is not available
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
 is a logical model that defines the design
and interaction of the computers, devices, and
media on a network

CLIENT-SERVER
 one or more computers acts as a server and
other computers on the network request
services from the server
 typically is used to connect ten or more
computers
SERVER - sometimes called HOST computer,
controls access to the hardware, software, and
other resources on the network and provides a
centralized storage area for programs, data
and information

CLIENT – is any other computer on the

network that relies on the server for its
resources
Examples of servers

File Server – is used to store and manage files

Print Server – manages printers and print jobs
Database Server – stores and provides access
to a database
Network Server – manages network activity
or traffic
Web Server – stores and delivers requested
Web pages to a computer
PEER – TO – PEER

 each computer , or peer, on the network

has equal responsibilities and capabilities on
the network

 a peer-to-peer network typically is used to

connect fewer than ten computers
NETWORK PROTOCOLS – are rules that
define how the hardware devices and software
operate and work together

NETWORK HARDWARE PROTOCOLS

ETHERNET - often used in LANs, a hardware

protocol that allows nodes to contend for access
to the network
TOKEN RING – is an older LAN technology
that controls access to the network by requiring
devices on the network to pass a special signal
called a token
NETWORK SOFTWARE PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol) – is a popular protocol suite that is
basis of the Internet and should be your choice
if you want to connect a network to the
internet and provide each workstation with
Internet access
IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange /
Sequenced Packet Exchange) – is a protocol
suite designed for use with the Novell Netware
network operating system. IPX/SPX is similar to
TCP/IP but is not supported on the Internet

NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) –

is a proprietary suite used only by Windows
computers. Faster than TCP/IP and easier to
configure but not supported on the Internet
IP ADDRESS
is a unique address used by TCP/IP suite of
protocols to identify a device on the Internet or
a network
ex. 207.46.249.29

 has four numbers that range from 0 through

255 separated by periods
 sometimes called dotted decimal number or
dotted quad
 each of the four numbers in the dotted quad
is called an octet
 Determining the Class of IP address and its subnet
mask
The class of IP address can be easily determined by
looking at the leading (highest-order) bit/s of the first octet from
the right only of the IP address.
Class First octet Subnet Mask
Class A = 1 – 126 255.0.0.0
Class B = 128 – 191 255.255.0.0
Class C = 192 – 223 255.255.255.0
Class D = 224 – 239 255.255.255.255
Class E = 240 – 247 255.255.255.255
 OCTET 1 2 3 4
NETWORK HOST CLASS A

NETWORK HOST CLASS B

NETWORK HOST CLASS C

* An IP address has two parts to identify the

network where the computer resides and a
second part to pinpoint the specific machine or
host within that network
STATIC IP ADDRESS
 a permanent address that represents the
machine on a network, often assign by the
administrator

DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS
 a temporary address assign by the server on
the computer that is connected on the network
DEVICES ,TOOLS and MATERIALS
ROUTER

This is a hardware device that routes data

(hence the name) from a local area network
(LAN) to another network connection. A router
acts like a coin sorting machine, allowing only
authorized machines to connect to other
computer systems
ACCESS POINT/ REPEATER

An access point is a station that transmits and receives

data (sometimes referred to as a transceiver). An access
point connects users to other users within the network
and also can serve as the point of interconnection
between the WLAN and a fixed wire network
Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the
signal can cover longer distances or be received on the
other side of an obstruction.
NETWORK SWITCH

A network switch (also called switching hub,

bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a
computer networking device that connects
devices together on a computer network by
using packet switching to receive, process, and
forward data to the destination device.
PATCH PANEL

A patch panel in a local area network (LAN) is a

mounted hardware assembly that contains ports
used to connect and manage incoming and
outgoing LAN cables. Patch panels are also
referred to as patch bays, patch fields or jack
fields.
PUNCH DOWN TOOL / INSERTION TOOL

A punch down tool, also called a punch down tool or a

krone tool, is a small hand tool used by
telecommunication and network technicians.

It is used for inserting wire into insulation-displacement

connectors on punch down blocks, patch panels,
keystone modules, and surface mount boxes (also
known as biscuit jacks).
LAN CABLE TESTER

A cable tester is a device that is used to test the

strength and connectivity of a particular type of
cable or other wired assemblies.
CRIMPING TOOL

A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two

pieces of metal by deforming one or both of them
in a way that causes them to hold each other.
The result of the tool's work is called a crimp.
A good example of crimping is the process of
affixing a connector to the end of a cable
CAT5e KEYSTONE/ WALL JACK

Keystone jacks are used in the wiring system of

LAN and Ethernet connections
TWISTED PAIR CABLES
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)

Short for unshielded twisted pair, a popular type of cable

that consists of two unshielded wires twisted around each
other. Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is used extensively
for local-area networks (LANs) and telephone
connections. UTP cabling does not offer as high
bandwidth or as good protection from interference as
coaxial or fiber optic cables, but it is less expensive and
easier to work with.
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP)

Shielded twisted pair is a special kind of

copper telephone wiring used in some
business installations. An outer covering or
shield is added to the ordinary twisted pair
telephone wires; the shield functions as a
ground.
RJ45

An 8-pin/8-position plug or jack is commonly used

to connect computers onto Ethernet-based local
area networks (LAN).
COAXIAL CABLE

A coaxial cable is a type of shielded and

insulated copper cable that is used in
computer networks and to deliver cable TV
services to end users.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE

A fiber optic cable is a network cable that

contains strands of glass fibers inside an
insulated casing. They're designed for long
distance, very high-performance data networking,
and telecommunications.
CABLE RACEWAY

Cable raceway is a simple, organized solution for

managing lengths of industrial cable and wire.
Standard Wiring Scheme
T568B Color Combination
Pin Wire Color
1 White Orange
2 Solid Orange
3 White Green
4 Solid Blue
5 White Blue
6 Solid Green
7 White Brown
8 Solid Brown
T568A Color Combination
Pin Wire Color
1 White Green
2 Solid Green
3 White Orange
4 Solid Blue
5 White Blue
6 Solid Orange
7 White Brown
8 Solid Brown
Procedure: Building Cables
1. Cut a length of cable from your terminal to the switches
where is placed.
THANK YOU