THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

• A-B is the differential input

• Here the potential at ‘b ’measured from ‘c’ is
E1 if current through r1 and r2 is zero
• E1 is the zero reference potential of signal
measured from ‘c’. Potential at ‘A’is Esig+E1
• Here average value of input is ½ Esig+E1
• This voltage contains the unwanted common
mode voltage.
• Currents flowing through unequal resistances r1 and r2 can
cause differential input signal
• R2-R1 is known as line unbalance
• Larger the line unbalance greater will be the unwanted
differential pickup
• When Esig=0 , common mode voltages and ground
difference of potential between zero reference conductors
are one and the same thing
• Ie”the common mode signal is simply the ground-difference
of potential between zero-signal reference points”
 (55)
• Common mode rejection ratio is the ratio
between common mode signal and unwanted
pickup at the input to an instrument amplifier
• Mutual capacitance C31 permits currents to
flow in path 2-3-1-2 and this current flows in R2
• The transfer of signal data from A1 to A2 can be
made by techniques like microwaves, modulated
light, rf transmission, magnetic flux coupling or
by direct connection
 MAGNETIC FLUX COUPLING(55)
• There is a need of modulation and demodulation
• A transformer is used to transfer signal in carrier
form
• If the shield enclosure about input signal is not
complete,a leakage term C23 , together with any
potential difference V14 will permit current to
flow in path 1-2-3-4-1
• This current flows through source resistance R2
 DIRECT CONNECTION
• Here the conductors exits the shield enclosure in a
controlled manner
• For direct connection the second amplifier should have
very high input impedances 1000MΩ
• Here C24 withV24 will permit current to flow in path 5-
2-4-6-5
• The input impedance R23 will permit current to flow in
path 5-2-3-6-5
• These two paths are in parallel
INPUT MODULATOR TECHNIQUES WITH FLUX
COUPLING(58)
• The filtered input signal appears across capacitor C1.
• The modulator M1 impresses this potential on an
alternating basis across the two halves of input
transformer
• The ac signal in in secondary is proportional to signal
in C1
• The same signal that drives the modulator also
demodulates the amplified carrier signals resulting in
an amplified version of input information
• Shielding problems with power transformer,
and the modulator and demodulator drives
• If mutual capacitance is excessive carrier
current can enter the signal conductors
• If C34 is excessive V54 causes currents in path
4-3-2-1-5-4
 ELECTRONICALLY COUPLED AMPLIFIER

• High voltage common mode signals can be

accommodated if A1 is coupled to A2 through
a balanced attenuator
• Attenuates both common and normal modes
 PHOTOCOUPLING TECHNIQUES
• By using a photocoupling transistor between
A1 and A2
• Nonlinearity can be balanced by using a
matching photocoupler element in feedback
loop of driving amplifier
• Performance limited by the matching that can
be obtained between photocouplers