EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON DRILLING

OF BRONZE PLATE BY USING CUTTING FLUID

AS MILK BUSH
 ABSTRACT
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly
with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other
metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel orzinc) and
sometimes non-metals or metalloids such
as arsenic, phosphorus orsilicon.

The milk bush is classified as a tropical or tender perennial. It

is hardy in USDA zones nine to 11 and prefers full sun and soil
with a pH of between 6.1 and 7.8. This plant can be grown
indoors in a container or outdoors and is resistant to drought.
It is vulnerable to both the mealy bug and scale and also milk
bush cutting fluid used bronze plate drilling process
 KEYWORDS

1. jojaba Cutting fluids,

2. Mechanical properties,
3. effect
4. Hss tool
5. Carbide tool
6. Bronze plate
 INTRODUCTION
Cutting fluids are used in metal machining for a
variety of reasons such as improving tool life,
reducing work piece thermal deformation, improving
surface finish and flushing away chips from the
cutting zone. In the 19th-century machining practice,
it was not uncommon to use plain water. This was a
simple practice used to keep the cutter tool cool,
regardless of whether or not it provided any
lubrication at the cutting edge-chip interface. When
one considers that high-speed steel (HSS AND CARBIDE) had not
been developed then, the need to cool the tool
becomes all the more apparent. (HSS AND CARBIDE retains its
hardness at high temperatures while other carbon
tool steels do not).
 An improvement was soda water,
which better inhibited the rusting of machine slides.
These options are generally not used today because
better options are available. Lard was very popular in
the past. It is used less often today, because of the
wide variety of other options, but it is still a fine
option.
• Old machine shop training textbooks speak of using
red lead and white lead, often mixed into lard or lard oil
This practice has become obsolete because lead
• is hazardous to health, and excellent non-lead-
containing options are now available.
From the mid-20th century to the 1990s, 1, 1, 1-
trichloroethane was used as an additive to make some
cutting fluids more effective. In shop-floor slang, it was
referred to as "one-one-one". It has been phased out
because of its ozone-depleting and CNS-depressing properties

Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat

due to friction between the tool and the workpiece
and due to the energy lost during the deformation of
the material. The surrounding air independently is a
rather poor coolant for the cutting tool, because the
rate of heat transfer is low.
 BRONZE PLATE MATERIALS
• This article is about the metal alloy. For other uses, see Bronze (disambiguation).
• Yoruba bronze head sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century AD
• Bronze deer figurine dating from between the 9th and 6th centuries BC,National
Archaeological Museum ofSofia
• A hoard of bronze socketed axes from the Bronze Age found in modern Germany. This was
the top tool of the period, and also seems to have been used as a store of value.
• Chinese Ding, Western Zhou(1046–771 BC)
• An ormolu bronze Empire stylechariot clock. France, c. 1810.
• Bronze bell with a visible crystallitestructure.
• Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often
with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel orzinc) and
sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus orsilicon. These additions
produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful
properties, such as stiffness, ductility or machinability. The historical period where the
archeological record contains many bronze artifacts is known as the Bronze Age.
• Because historical pieces were often made of brasses (copper and zinc) and bronzes with
different compositions, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects
increasingly use the more inclusive term "copper alloy" instead
 MILK BUSH CUTTING FLUID
• A milk bush is a shrub that is native to northeastern, southern, and central
Africa and that also grows throughout other semi-arid tropical regions,
including parts of India. Known by many other names, including pencil
cactus, firestick plant, and Indian tree spurge, the plant can reach a height
of between 12 and 20 feet (3.6 and 6 meters). The plant can be used for
several purposes, such as hedging, cattle feed, and medicinal uses. In
addition, the milk-like latex produced by this African shrub can be
converted into a fuel that is very similar to gasoline. Gardeners in semi-
arid climates also grow milk bush as a houseplant or outdoors as part of
their landscaping.
• The typical milk bush plant is similar in appearance to a cactus, but
without spines. The branches grow in a pseudo whorl pattern and produce
small, deciduous leaves. Yellow flowers may bloom at the ends of
branches, usually in the spring.
• The milk bush is classified as a tropical or tender perennial. It is hardy in
USDA zones nine to 11 and prefers full sun and soil with a pH of between
6.1 and 7.8. This plant can be grown indoors in a container or outdoors
and is resistant to drought. It is vulnerable to both the mealy bug and
scale.
 HSS AND CARBIDE TOOL
• HSS and CARBIDE is usually supplied in the T condition with a tensile strength
of 850/1000 N/mm2.

• HSS and CARBIDET steel is a popular grade of through-hardening alloy steel

due to its excellent machinability in the "T" condition. HSS and CARBIDET is
used in components such as gears, shafts, studs and bolts, its hardness is in
the range 248/302 HB. HSS and CARBIDET can be further surface-hardened to
create components with enhanced wear resistance by induction or nitriding
processing

817M40T - HSS and CARBIDET steel is a high tensile alloy steel renown for
its wear resistance properties and also where high strength properties are
required. HSS and CARBIDET is used in components subject to high stress
and with a large cross section. This can include aircraft, automotive and
general engineering applications for example propeller or gear shafts,
connecting rods, aircraft landing gear components
HSS TOOL IMAGE
CARBITE TOOL IMAGE
 HSS TOOL CUTTING FLUIDS TEST
TEMPERATU
RE
SPEED
SPECIMEN MATERIALS CUTTING CUTTING SPEED AFTER
TOOL FLUID TURNING
(RPM) (RPM)

1 BRONZE HSS WATER

PLATE
2 BRONZE HSS DRY
PLATE CUTTING
3 BRONZE HSS MILK BUSH
PLATE OIL
 CARBIDE TOOL CUTTING FLUIDS TEST
SPECIMEN MATERIALS CUTTING CUTTING SPEED TEMPERATU
TOOL FLUID (RPM) RE
AFTER
TURNING
(RPM)

1 BRONZE CARBIDE WATER

PLATE
2 BRONZE CARBIDE DRY
PLATE CUTTING

3 BRONZE CARBIDE MILK BUSH

PLATE OIL
 ADVANTAGES OF USING CUTTING
FLUIDS
• Cools the work surface and tool
• Lubricates the interface between the work surface
and tool
• Flushes away some dust chippings, and swarf
• Reduces tendency for chip adhesion/pressure
welding to tool tip
• May improve resulting surface finish
• May increase tool life (see below)
• Allows higher cutting speeds
 DISADVANTAGES IN USING CUTTING
FLUIDS

• For certain Machine tools- A costly engineering system is

required for applying the fluid
• The fluid used has to be prepared and after use, filtered for
re-use of disposed
• Some fluids have a health risk if not used correctly causing
problems such as dermititus
• Some cutting materials are affected by thermal shock e.g.
cemented carbides. Use of cutting fluids should be avoided
for these materials
 APPLICATION

All machining process

 REFERENCES
• 1. Adegbuyi P.A.O. (2003) “Indigenous Oil as
• cutting fluid” Engineering and Technology
• Research journal, volume 1 no 1,page 15-25,
• Faculty of Engineering, Technology andEnvironmental Sciences,
Lagos State
• University, Lagos, Nigeria

2. El Baradie M. A., (1996) “Cutting fluids part

1: Journal on characterisation of material
processing technology” page 786-787
• 3. Radoslav Raki A., Zlata Raki B. (2002) “The
influence of the metal working fluids on
machine tool failures” volume 252 no 5-6:
page 438-444
• 4. Srikant R.R. (2001): Department of industrial
production, college of engineering, Gitam,
Visakhapatnan, India.
• 5. Greeley M. H., Devor R.E, Kapoor S. G.,
Rajagopalan N (2004).. “The influence of
• fluid management policy and operational
changes on metal working fluid functionality.
Journal on manufacturing science
• engineering. volume 126.
THANK YOU