ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGG. TECH.

& MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR

PRESENTATION ON HYDRO THERMAL CO-ORDINATION

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
MR. SUBHASH SWAMI HEMRAJ GURJAR
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT 4th YEAR(8th SEM)
BRANCH - EE
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 What is hydrothermal scheduling?
 Types of Hydrothermal scheduling.
 What is power system Optimization?
 Some terms related to Hydrothermal scheduling
 Conclusion
 References
INTRODUCTION
 In hydro-thermal power plants, the base load is
supplied from hydro plants and the peak load is
supplied from a proper mix of reservoir-type hydro
plants or thermal plants.
 By interconnection of different types of power
plant it results into economical generation of
energy.
 Modern power system consists of a large number of
thermal and hydro plants connected at various load centre
through a transmission network.
 Our important objective is generate and transmit power to
meet the load demand at minimum cost by optimal mix of
different types of plants.
 Therefore the study of the optimal scheduling for power
generation at different plants in a power system is of high
importance.
COMPARISION BETWEEN THERMAL
AND HYDRO POWER PLANTS
THERMAL POWER PLANT
It is non-renewable
source of energy.
Initial cost is low.
But operational cost is
high.
It produces air pollution.
HYDRO POWER PLANT
It is renewable source of
energy.
Initial cost is high.
But operational cost is
low.
It is a clean source of
energy.
HYDRO-THERMAL SCHEDULING
 The operating cost of thermal plant is very high,
though their initial cost is low.
 On the other hand the operating cost is low in case
of hydroelectric generation.
 Due to the low operating cost in case of hydel plants
so we can operate it in conjuction with thermal
plants which will lead to save fuel.
 So Hydrothermal scheduling is a power system
optimization problem which gives us idea how to
manage the hydel and thermal plant combinely.
CLASSIFICATION OF
HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING
Hydrothermal scheduling is classified into two parts, that
are:

a) Long range problem: This type of scheduling having the

scheduling interval of a month or a year.
b) Short range: This type of scheduling having the
scheduling interval of a day or a week.
According to this different mathematical formulations are
made.
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
 Generally optimization is a technique in which we try to
maximize our profit or gain and to minimize loss or
expenditure under some practical conditions known as
constraints.
 In load flow analysis we know that every bus associated
with four operational variables like P,Q,|V| and α. Out of
these four, two are specified variable and other two are
not given.
 According to these two specified variables we have three
types bus that are PQ bus(Load bus), PV bus (Generator
bus), Slack bus.
 If the specified variables are varied within their
constraints that cause an infinite number of load flow
solution.
 Each value of load flow solution related to one set of
specified variables.
 The optimal choice is that values of specified variable
for which gives best load flow solution.
 Optimal and economical system operation it
predominantly depends on best or optimal load flow
solution.
OPTIMAL UNIT COMMITMENT
 Unit commitment is the process to determine the units
of a plant that should operate for a particular load.
 As it is not economical to run all the units available all
the time.
 So it is an optimal approach in which the most
efficient unit is loaded first and then followed by least
efficient unit when load increases.
 It is very difficult to find economical combination of
units to meet a particular load demand as it is highly
time consuming.
 To determine the combination which has the least
operating cost we use different computational method
like dynamic programming method.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
 The main objective of economic load dispatch to
minimize the cost of generation.
 The other objective is to maintain total power
generation is the summation of total load demand
plus loss.
 Under the incremental loading condition, the load
flow will give several solutions but one solution is
best in respect of economy.
 So the analysis made for obtaining this solution
known as economic load dispatch.
INCREMENTAL PRODUCTION
COST(IPC)
 The fuel cost in hydel units is practically zero. So It is
considered to be for thermal units only.
 IPC can modelled under two considerations that are with
transmission losses and without transmission losses.
 With losses:
Let us consider a system considering of ‘n’
number of generators. So total fuel cost
Ct=C1+C2+C3+---------+Cn=σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖
 PG=P1+P2+………+Pn =σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿
where PG = Total generating power
PD = Load Demand
PL = Transmission loss
By using Langrange optimization technique we find the
𝑑𝑐𝑖 𝑑𝑝𝑖
expression for IPC as +λ = λ
𝑑𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑝𝑖
where λ is Langrangain multiplier and the equation known as
co-ordination equation and without losses it is given as
𝑑𝑐𝑖
=λ, so for economical operation IPC of all generating units
𝑑𝑝𝑖
must be same.
OPTIMAL SCHEDULING OF
HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
Operation of the system having both hydro and thermal
power plants is a complex method.
We perform static optimization when the plant is thermal
power plant .
But hydro thermal scheduling is a dynamic optimization
due to the water constraint i.e. water availibility.
There are basically three types of hydroelectric plant but
we use storage type because optimization possible in
storage tank.
 For easy analysis we consider one hydro and one thermal power
plant supplying power to load and it is called as fundamental
system given as below
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
 In this we consider time interval ‘T’(which can be one
year, month, day or hours)
 We have to determine the water discharge rate i.e. q(t)
as to minimize the cost of thermal generation under
the following constraints
1) Meeting the load demand:
PGT(t)+PGH(t)-PL(t)-PD(t)=0, t ϵ [0,T]
Where, PGT(t)= Thermal power generation
PGH(t)= Hydro power generation
PL(t) = Total loss in line
PD(t) = Total load demand
2) Water availability:
𝑇 𝑇
X’(T)- X’(0)-‫׬‬0 𝐽 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ‫׬‬0 𝑞 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
where X’(T) and X’(0) are the water level at the end and beginning
, J(t) is the water flow.
3) Hydro generation PGH(t) = f(X’(t),q(t))
here we discrtitize time interval T into M intervals for our
calculations.
Using these constraints and Langrangain optimization technique,
we find the most optimal equation for hydrothermal scheduling.
ADVANTAGES:
 Flexibility
 Greater economy
 Security of supply
 Better Energy Conversion
 Reserve Capacity Maintenance
DISADVANTAGES:
The coordination of power plants have some
disadvantages. These are:
 Increasing in cost of transmission line.
 Complexity of network.
 Maintenance cost increased.
 Additional Protective equipment are required.
NEED OF COORDINATION
They were developed due to the following reasons:
 Due to increase in load demand from all sides such as
industrial, agricultural and domestic.
 Due to abundance of water available on earth.
 Due to the low operating cost.
 Due to limited range of fossil fuel.
 Due to high cost of fuel such as coal in thermal power
plant.
HYDROTHERMAL
COORDINATION PROBLEM:
• It is the first stage in the solution of the
hydrothermal generation scheduling problem.
The HCP consists of determining the optimal
amounts of hydro and thermal generation to be
used during a scheduling period. The HCP is also
decomposed in three parts. Depending on the
reservoirs storage capacity.
1. Long term
2. Mid term
3. Short term
CONCLUSION
 Hydro-thermal scheduling is very beneficial as
it helps us to minimize the cost and less use of
fossil fuel for the power generation but due to
the uncertainty of inflows of water makes it a
very complex problem.
THANK YOU