Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mis SCDL
Mis SCDL
Information Systems
2
Factors contributing the need for timely
and accurate information;
Expanded market
Wal-mart - vender managed inventor
WISDOM
Increased competition
Shorter product life cycle
Government regulation
Increased cost pressure
Canara Bank - iFlex
3
Critical question to answer during information strategy
development;
4
Business pressures
1. Global competition for trade and for labor
2. Need for real time operations
3. Changing workforce
4. Customer orientation
5. Technological innovation and obsolescence
6. Information overload
7. Social responsibility
8. Government regulation and deregulation
9. Ethical Issues
5
Organization responses:
1. Strategic systems
2. Customer focus and service
3. Continuous improvement efforts
4. Business process reengineering
5. Empowering employees and collaborative
work
6. Business alliances
7. E-Commerce
6
Capabilities of IS
Provides fast and accurate transaction processing
Provides large capacity, fast access storage
7
MIS-it is a system that access, organizes and
reports on organizational information, needed
for repetitive decision making in functional
areas, usually by middle managers.
8
Need of MIS
Decision making
Strategic planning
Management control
Operational planning and control
Competative advantages
9
10
Role of MIS
To provide the information to the managers in
the functional area.
Required for the increased business complexity
Qualitative decision making
Making decision under uncertainty
Proactive decision making
Each MIS generates report in its functional area
Routine scheduled reports
Ad-hoc (demand) reports
Exception reports
11
Misconception about MIS
12
Strategic role of MIS
1. Precise development of strategic planning forecasting
and monitoring
2. Overall cost leadership and cost focus
3. Product differentiation
4. Focused differentiation
1. Becoming low cost producer
2. Creating new products and services
3. Focus on the market niche
4. Linking with customers and suppliers
5. Managing value chain
6. Creating strategic alliances
13
Functional sub-systems of MIS:
Marketing Sales forecasting, sales planning, customer and sales
analysis
Manufacturing Production planning and scheduling, cost control analysis
16
Internet An Organization’s
MIS
Financial
MIS
Business
transactions
Business
transactions
Databases Human
of
Resources Etc.
external
data MIS
Extranet
Etc.
18
Change in industry structure
Industry profitability is determined by five
competitive forces;
The bargaining power of the customers
The bargaining power of suppliers
Threat of new entrants in the firms market
Pressure form substitute products or services
Positioning of traditional industry competitors.
IT can alter each of the five competitive forces and
thereby help the firm gain competitive advantage.
19
20
New ways of doing things
Functional use
Strategic use
21
Functional use:
Lower the cost of value chain
Facilitating the product delivery
Adding values to the quality
Improved product and service quality
Reduce the defects
Information transfer 60:40 – value addition
Speed up the operation – minimize the lead time
Help to simplify;
Product
Product process
Production cycle time
Helps in;
Meet benchmarking standards
Improve customer service
Improve quality and precision of design and product
22
Strategic use;
Gives organizations new ways to out-perform their rivals
Deal with competitive forces; customer value
Product differentiation
Focused differentiation
Developing right linkage to customers and suppliers
Becoming a low-cost product (Dell’s – build on order)
More precise development of strategies, planning,
forecasting and monitoring
For problem solving and decision making
Helps to improve organizational abilities to co-ordination
Think Globally – Act Locally
Used to acquire organizational flexibility
23
Develop response profiles;
What will the competitors do in the future?
What does the organization hold and
advantage over its competitors?
How will this change the organizational
relationship with the competitors
Answered by undertaking;
–competitor analysis, or restoring competitive
Intelligence or B.I
Impact of IT
Business @the speed of thought 24
IT capabilities and their organizational impacts
26
Understanding a computer
27
Characteristics of Components of a computer
computers: CPU
Automatic Input device
Speed Output device
Accuracy Storage devices
Diligence Physical media to link
Versatility various communication
Reliability devices
Storage
No feelings/no emotions/no
questions/ no intelligence
28
29
Generations of computer
Storage: 2KB
30
ENIAC
31
•containing over 17,000 vacuum tubes and over 500 miles of wires.
Second generation: (1957-63)
Uses transistors
Lesser storage space
Less power consumption
Longer life
Reliable
Faster
Storage: 32KB
Speed: 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 instructions per month
Usage of magnetic core memory
Languages used: ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN and SNOBOL
Applications: Payroll, inventory, production planning,
marketing and accounting.
32
Third generation (1964-79)
IC Chips
Higher switching speed of transistors
Speed: 5MIPS
Time shared OS
Integrated DBMS
33
Fourth Generation(1980 onwards)
Speed: 200MIPS
34
Forth generation of computers are
instrumental in:
Making/possible or available extremely powerful
PCs at low cost
Spreading computers from office to home
35
Fifth generation
Use of parallel processing
Use of Artificial intelligence
36
Computer categories
Super computer
Main frame computer
Mini computer
Micro computer
37
Data communication and ITES
Software functions:
Manage the computer resource of the
organization
Provide tools for human beings to take the
advantages of these resources
Act as an intermediately between organization
and stored information
38
Software categories
System software
OS
Process management; multiprogramming; time
sharing;multiprocessing; virtual memory; fault tolerance;
GUI
Language translators
Utility programs
Communication software
Application software
39
40
41
Data organization or sequence;
Bits
Byte
Character
Fields
Records
Files
Database
42
Data operations:
Capturing
Verifying
Classifying
Sorting/arranging
Summarizing
Calculating
Storing
Retrieving
Reproducing
Disseminating/communicating
43
Data processing steps;
Data collection
Data collation
Data conversion
Data written in documents
Data in machine readable form
Input unit
Memory, CPU
Processed data in internal form
Output unit
Data transformed to a readable form
44
Transaction processing:
Transaction processing has relevance for the
following reasons:
Information
Action
investigational
45
Data processing modes:
Computers are used for the processing of data,
analyzing it and getting the necessary information for
facilitating decision making
Batch processing
On-line processing
On-line real-time processing
Distributed processing
Other data processing modes:
Time sharing
Multi-programming
Multi-processing
46
Data transmission
Data communication, which consists of data
processing as well as data transmission generally
requires:
Transmitter (source of information)
Transmission channel/carrier
47
Transmission signal
Analog
Characteristics
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency
digital
48
Communication channels:
Guided
Twisted pair
Coaxial
optical
Unguided
IR
Satellite
GEO
MEO
LEO
49
Characteristics of the communication channel:
Transmission speed (baud rate)
Bandwidth
Transmission mode (synchronous/ asynchronous)
Transmission direction
Simplex; Half Duplex; full-Duplex
Communication processors
Front end processor
Concentrators
Multi-plexer
Telecommunication software
50
Computer networks:
Node
Access path
Access Point
Protocol
File server
Network OS
Gateways
Routers
Bridge
Switch
brouters
51
Network topologies
Star
tree
Ring
Bus
Mesh
Hybrid
52
Types of networks:
WAN
MAN (WiMAX)
BBN
LAN (WLAN – Wi Fi)
PAN (Blue tooth)
BAN
VAN
VPN
53
Internet
54
Evolution of the Internet
1969 – ARPANET (Advanced Research
Project Agencies) from DoD
Packet switching network
The goal of the project were to allow
researchers to share computing resources
and exchange information regardless of their
location.
55
1980 – ARPANET split into – ARPANET and
Milnet.
Worldwide UNIX communication network,
USENET ( User’s Network),
Computer Science Network ( CSNET)
BITNET ( for academic and research communities)
56
Infrastructure of the Internet
US government funding on internet
Administrative processes such as standards
development and the DNS ( domain name
system), through contract with private
organizations that perform these functions.
Infrastructure is supplied by network service
providers such as UUNET, MCI WorldCom
company, GTE Internetworking, and Sprint.
ISP’s– Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
Backbone providers
57
Operation of Internet
58
To allow access to network
Application resources
60
Services provided by Internet
Communication services Chatting
E-mail Instant messaging
Usenet newsgroup (forums) Internet Telephony
Usenet Networking Internet fax
TelNet
Streaming audio & video
Gopher
Archive Real-time audio and
WAIS (wide area information video
service)
WWW
61
Information Retrieval Services
62
Gophers
Most files and digital information that are
accessible through FTP are also available
through gopher.
It is a computer client tool it enables user to
locate the information stored on Internet
gopher servers through a series of
hierarchical menus.
63
Veronica ( Very Easy Rodent- Oriented Net-
wide Index to computer Archives)
64
WAIS – Wide area information Servers
Allows the user to locate files around the
internet.
Most thorough way to locate a specific file, but
it requires that users know the names of the
databases they want to search
65
Web Services;
WWW – WWWW
Retrieve, format
and display
information using
hypertext links
66
Handles all types of digital information
1989 –Timothy Berners-Lee proposed global
network of hypertext documents
Web is based on standard hyper text language-
HTML
Which formats and incorporates dynamic
hypertext links to other documents stored on
some or different computers.
67
HTML was discovered form Standard
Generalized Markup Language – SGML
Hypertext links
Navigation
Home page
URL
68
Internet Benefits
Reducing communication cost
Enhancing communication and coordination
Accelerating the distribution of knowledge
Improving customer service and satisfaction
Facilitating marketing and sales
Internet problems:
Security
Technological problem
Lack of standards
Legal issues
The traditional internet culture
69
Intranet
70
Building Intranets
To build an intranet, a company needs:
Web servers
Browsers
Web publishing tools
Back-end databases
TCP/IP networks (LAN or WAN)
Firewalls
71
Architecture of an Intranet
72
Intranet Functionalities
Intranet functionalities
Web-based database access for ease of use
Search engines, indexing engines, directories
assisted by keyword search
Interactive communication—chatting, audio support,
videoconferencing
Document distribution and workflow
Groupware
73
Intranet application areas
Document management
Search and access to
documents Project management
Personalized information Training
Enhanced knowledge Enhanced transaction
sharing processing
Individual decision making Paperless information
delivery
Software distribution
Employees control their
own information
74
An Extranet
75
ISDN – Integrated service Digital Network
International standard for transmitting voice
data, image and video to support a wide range
of services over the Public telephone network
Developed by CCITT standard
ISDN is digital; flexible; economy; lower power
consumption and easy maintainability
Basic rate and primary rate
76
ITES
Involves the offering of services from remote
locations
ITES based on web enabled services – using
telecom and data networks
BPO – ITES
The transfer of ownership of the process to the
service providers
Control is exercised by defining very clear SLA
77
ITES services
Animation
BPO/Management
Back office operation
Collection service
Customer care/interaction service
Data organization
Digital content development
Legal database
Market research
E-Learning
Transcription and translation service
Website services
GIS
78
GIS Applications:
Advertising
Archeology
Education
Cartography (map making)
Election administration
Insurance
Routing/distribution network
Oil/gas/mineral exploration
Wilde life
Government agencies
Transportation and logistics
Urban and regional planning
Emergency response planning
79
Constraints of ITES
80
Management and Decision making
81
Decision making
Decision is a choice out of several options made by the
decision maker to achieve some objective in a given
situation.
Decisions made at different levels
Characteristics of decision making;
Sequential nature
Exceedingly complex due to risk and trade offs
Influenced by personal values
Made in institutional settings and business environment context
82
Decision making environment
83
Programmed decisions:
Routine/structured
Repetitive/short term
84
Techniques used for making programmed
decisions;
Habit
SOP
DOP
Org. hierarchy or structure
OR
IT
85
Non-programmed decisions;
Innovative
New/complex situations
important and critical
Strategic
Long term
86
Techniques used for taking non-programmed decisions;
Judgment
Intuition
Business intelligence
Creativity
87
88
Decision making process
Determine the existing problems and/or
opportunities
Generate alternative course of action
89
Support for Various Decision-Making Levels
90
Decision Support System (DSS)
91
Serve the management level of the org.
Helps managers to make decisions that are
unique, rapidly changing and not easily specified in
advance.
DSS uses internal information from TPS and MIS
and also from external sources – current stock
price or product price of the competitors.
Designing it requires analytical power than
other systems
Built explicitly with a variety of models to
analyze data
92
DSS
Definition:
“A computer based
information system that
combines models and
data to provide support
for decision makers in
solving semi-structured
Management level
or interdependent
Inputs: Low volume data
problems with extensive
Processing: Interactive
user involvement”.
Outputs: Decision analysis
Users: Professionals, staff
93
How IT supports in decision making?
Includes K.M, DSS, Data warehousing,
Business Intelligence, Data Mining, and
electronic document management.
The resources considered for decision
making is known as input, attainment of the
managers goal is output.
Managers success is based on the ratio of
inputs and outputs – Productivity
94
Manager has to do many roles:
1. Interpersonal roles – figurehead, leader,
liaison
2. Informational roles – monitor disseminator,
spokes person
3. Decisional roles – entrepreneur, disturbance
handler, resource allocator, navigator
95
Characteristics of DSS
1. It is designed and run by managers
2. It contains a database drawn from internal files and external
environment
3. It focuses on decision processes rather than on transaction
processing
4. It permits managers to test the probable result of alternative
decisions
5. It supports decision making usually in solving semi-structured
complex problems
6. It helps in refining managerial judgment applied to problem
solving
7. It improves managerial decision and their by managers
effectiveness
8. The decision maker retains control over decisions through out
the decision process
96
Decision making tools
Pay of matrix
Decision tree
Queuing model
Distribution model
Inventory model
Game theory
97
Decision making models:
Classical model
Collect all the information
Administrative model
Make the decision in the best interest of the Manager
Herbert Simon model
98
When making decision, the decision maker typically
goes through a fairly systematic process;
Intelligence
Design
Choice
Herbert Simon’s Decision
model
implementation
99
Intelligence Phase:
Where reality is examined and problem is defined
Organizational objectives
Search and scanning procedures
Data collection
Problem identification
Problem classification
Problem statement
Objectives
100
Design phase:
A model or simplified representation of reality
Formulate a model
Set criteria for choice
101
Choice phase:
Involves the selection of best solution
Solution of the model
Sensitivity analysis
102
Implementation:
Successful implementation results in resolving
the original problem
103
MANAGERS, DECISION MAKING, AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Decision-Making Process
104
Components of DSS:
1. DSS Database
2. Model Base
3. DSS software system
4. Hardware
5. The user interface
6. The analysis tools
105
DSS database:
A collection of current or historical data from a
number of applications or groups.
Easily accessible
Precision
Accurate
106
Model driven DSS:
Primarily stand alone system that uses some
type of model to perform what if and other
kind of analysis.
Model is a simplified representation of reality
Simplification is required, because the reality is too
complex to copy exactly
107
DSS
Behavioral
model
Management
science
Model
Operations
Models
108
Behavioral Model – for understanding the
behavior/trends amongst the variables
Trend analysis, Forecasting, co-relation,
regression
Management Science Model – developed
based on the principles of management,
management Accounting and Economics
Inventory management, Cost accounting, Capital budgeting
109
OR models – mathematical models,
represents real life problems
Linear model
ABC Analysis
110
Model
Driven DSS
Iconic Models
Analog
Models
Mathematical
Models
Mental
Models
111
Iconic (Scale) model:
Physical replica of the system
Based on a different scale from the original
2D – photographs
112
Analog model:
Does not look like real system but behaves like it
It could be a physical model, but the shape of the
model differ from that of the actual system
Ex: - organizational chart, blue print of the machine
or building
113
Mathematical (QT) Model:
Most DSS analysis is executed numerically using
mathematical, statistical, financial, or other QT
models
114
Mental model:
People frequently use a behavioral mental model
Mental model presents a description of how a person thinks
about a situation
It includes – beliefs, assumptions, relationships and flow of
work as perceived by the individual
Mental model determines the information we use and the
manner in which people interpret information
Developing mental model is the first step in decision making
115
Data driven DSS:
Helps in generating useful information's from
huge quantity of data in organizational
databases, data warehouses and websites
Data from TPS, OLAP and data mining
Mines customers data from the web site
Data from the enterprise system
116
DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
• Components
•Data management
• user interface
• model management
•Knowledge management
117
DSS Applications in different Management
levels
Queuing theory
Analysis of variances
Correlation analysis
118
DSS for tactical planning and
Management control:
Regression analysis
Correlation analysis
Factor analysis
Multidimensional scaling
Game theory
Non-linear programming
Network analysis
119
DSS tools for strategic planning:
Expert systems
Natural language systems
120
Some of the major capabilities are;
1. What if analysis
2. Sensitivity analysis
3. Risk analysis
4. Goal seeking analysis
5. Exception reporting analysis
121
What if analysis:
When a model is solved the results depends
on the assumptions, which are frequently
subjective made by one or more peoples.
What if analysis attempt check the impact of a
change in the assumptions (input data) on the
proposed solutions.
Ex: what will happen if the total inventory cost
if the originally assumed cost of the carrying
inventories is not 10% but 12%.
122
Sensitivity analysis:
Is the investigation of the effect that changes if
one or more parts of a model have on other
parts of the model.
Variation in input results in the variation in the output.
A sensitive model means that small changes in
conditions dictates a significant different
solution.
The chances for a particular solution to succeed
are very high in non-sensitive model
Two types of sensitivity analysis are:
1. What if
2. Goal seeking analysis
123
Goal seeking analysis:
Represents “backward” solution approach
It attempts to find the value of the inputs necessary
to achieve a desired level of output
124
Risk analysis:
To assess the risk involved
Probability of risk
125
Exception reporting analysis:
Tracks exceptions like;
over due accounts
Production runs that results in more power consumption
than estimated
Sales man who could not meet sales target
126
Factors influencing success and failure in DSS
127
Comparison between MIS & DSS
MIS DSS
Structured task Semi/unstructured task
Identifies the information Establishes tools to be used
requirement for decision process
Data storage Data manipulation
Indirect access to data Direct access to data
Based on computer experts Based on managerial
judgment
Cannot be used for decision Used for decision making
making
Emphasis on efficiency Emphasis is on effectiveness
128
Types of DSS
129
Decisions and type of system required
Decision Type of system required
131
Features of GDSS:
Anonymous inputs without identifying the source of
inputs to enable group decision makers to
concentrate on the merits of the input without
considering who give it.
Parallel communication to enable every group
members to address issues or make comments
suggestions simultaneously.
Automated record keeping by anonymously
recording each comment that is entered into the
PC by the group member for further review and
analysis.
132
Success factors of GDSS:
Depends upon the quality of meeting, effective and
efficient use of time and ability of the group
members.
Improved preplanning
Increased participation
Open, collaborative meetings atmosphere
Criticism-free idea generation
Idea organization and evaluation
Setting priorities and making decisions accordingly
Documentation/record keeping of meetings
Access to external information, if and when required
Preservation of organization memory
133
Executive Support System (ESS or EIS)
134
Internal and external factors for EIS
135
EIS characteristics
Informational characteristics
Flexibility and ease of use
Timely information
User-interface characteristics
User friendly system – GUI
Access from many places
customized
136
Managerial characteristics
Provides support for defining the overall vision,
mission and strategy – strategic or futuristic
oriented
Can help with higher degree risk
137
Capabilities of ESS
138
Office Automation System (OAS)
139
Other publishing systems:
Word processing system
Desktop publishing
Electronic Meeting System (EMS)-IP
telephony
Teleconferencing
Telecommuting
Multimedia
140
Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP)
141
Old Dream of Total Integration
Unification of all key operational systems
Integration is Geographic (multiple sites in USA, Europe & Asia
for many large firms)
Functional, with modules for
Logistics
Financial
Human Resources
And more specialized areas, such as SCM, CRM
142
Major Suppliers
SAP
Oracle
J.D Edwards
PeopleSoft
Siebel Systems
143
SAP Today
Biggest ERP supplier
55% global share, and rising fast
One of world’s most successful software firms
Huge web of connections
More than 1,000 “partners”
More than 12,000 customers
More than 10 million licensed users
22 versions tailored to specific industries
Web offering called “mySAP.com”
1979: SAP /R2 for mainframes
1992: SAP /R3
144
Benefit: Operational Efficiency
Lower cost
Data entered only once, used by all processes and
departments
Better customer service
Current data accessible to all participants
E.g. customer service rep can see stock levels in other divisions,
progress on order.
Allows management of processes across organizational
boundaries
145
CRM Software
146
Expert Systems
147
Capabilities of ES
Capturing expertise's
Codifying the expertise's
Duplicating and transferring expertise's
Saving the human experts time
Saving on maintenance and updating of
knowledge base
148
Characteristics of ES
149
Applications of Expert Systems
Medical system
for diagnosis of
respiratory conditions
PROSPECTOR:
Used by geologists
to identify sites for
drilling or mining
150
Applications of Expert Systems
MYCIN:
Medical system for
diagnosing blood disorders.
First used in 1979
DESIGN ADVISOR:
Gives advice to
designers of
processor chips
151
Applications of Expert Systems
DENDRAL: Used to
identify the structure of
chemical compounds.
First used in 1965
155
Problems with Expert Systems
Limited domain
Systems are not always
up to date, and don’t learn
No “common sense”
Experts needed to setup
and maintain system
156
Knowledge Engineers
Tasked with working with the expert to
extract expertise and codify in a set of
rules.
Has training in the development of expert
systems, but not necessarily in the
application domain.
Know the capabilities of the technology
and knows how to apply it.
Autonomic computing
157
Artificial Intelligence
158
What is an intelligence behavior?
Learning or understanding from experience
Making sense of ambiguous or contradictory messages
Responding quickly and successfully to a new situation
Using reasoning to solve problems and direct actions
effectively
Dealing with complex situations
Understanding and inferring in ordinary, rational ways
Apply knowledge to manipulate the environment
Recognizing the relative improvement of different elements in
a situation
159
Comparing AI with NI:
AI is more permanent
AI can be less expensive
AI is consistent and thorough
AI can be documented
AI offers ease of duplication and dissemination
NI is creative
NI enables peoples to benefit from and directly use sensor
experiences
NI enables people to recognize relationships between things to
sense qualities and spot patterns that explain how various
items interrelate.
Human reasoning is making use of wide context of experience
160
Commercial AI systems:
Expert systems
Natural language technology
Speech (voice) understanding
Robotic and sensory systems
Computer vision and science recognition
Intelligent compute assisted instruction
Machine learning
Handwriting recognition
Intelligent agents
161
AI applications;
Manufacturing/production planning and schedule
Project management
Factory management
Sales, distribution and field services
Diagnosis and trouble shooting
Financial management
Portfolio management
Asset and liability management
Criminology
geology
Nuclear science
162
System Analysis and Design
Types of systems:
Conceptual and empirical systems
Theoretical,explanatory and provides clarifications
Natural and artificial systems
Rivers, mountains,minerals
Open and closed systems
Always interacting with the environment and exchanges
information
Probabilistic and deterministic systems
In a deterministic system the interaction of elements is
known and hence the outcome predictable
163
Other systems are;
Social and machine system
Physical and abstract system
164
System characteristics:
System receives inputs by way of information,
energy or materials
System process the inputs and produces/gives
output/results
System has a structure –organized in a particular
way
System interdependent
165
What is control?
“The process by which manager assures that
resources are obtained and used effectively in the
accomplishment of an organization’s objectives”
It is one of the major functions of management
along with planning, organizing, directing and
leading.
166
Control systems
Closed
Open loop system
167
Control may result;
Performance of group/individuals
Characteristics of group/individuals
168
Control cycle;
1.Determine
goals
171
SDLC
SDLC stands for
Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC - refers to the development stage of the system’s life
cycle.
Allsystems have a life cycle or a series of stages they
naturally undergo.
The number and name of the stages varies, but
the primary stages are conception, development,
maturity and decline.
172
Basic concept of system development
The definition stage
The development stage
The installation and operation stage
System analysis
System design
Programming
Testing
conversion
Implementation
System Implementation
173
The definition stage;
Proposal definition (SRS)
Feasibility assessment
Technical
Economical
Operational
Motivational
schedule
174
Information requirement analysis
Input and output data for report
Functional requirements
Conceptual design
Documenting flow of activities and processing
General description/concepts on inputs/output
175
Development stage:
176
Installation and operation stage
Conversion
Parallel
Direct
Pilot
phased
177
System analysis:
Complete understandings of important business
activities
Understanding the user requirements
178
System design:
To ensure that the system meets organizational objectives
promotes integration of activities and facilitate control as the
emphasis in system design.
Major activities:
Specify data element, records and files
Specify input performance and data preparation formats
Specify system output
Develop feedback and control mechanism
Develop program specification
Develop operation specification
Identify personnel who will complete these activities
Plan the resources
Schedule:
Switch over to new system
User training
Parallel operation
System review
179
A good system design should posses the
six important characteristics:
Acceptability
Decision facilitating ability
Economy
Flexibility
Reliability
Simplicity
180
Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle
Prototyping
Building a scaled-down working version of the
system
Steps in prototyping:
1. Identify the user basic requirements
2. Develop the initial working prototype
182
Advantages:
Users are involved in design
183
Limitations:
Better suited for small modular applications
Performance may be rather inefficient
184
Approaches to developing prototype systems
185
CASE tools
Calculating
printing
187
Characteristics of procedure oriented
Emphasis on algorithms
Division of large program into smaller
programs known as functions
Data moves between function to function
Top-down approach in program design
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OOP approach:
Emphasis on data rather than procedure
Programs divided into objects
Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by
external functions
Object can communicate each other
Bottom-to-up approach
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OOPs concepts:
Objects
Classes
Data abstraction and encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Dynamic binding
Message passing
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OOSD advantages
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Database management systems
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Database is a huge repository for structured data
Data are retrieved form database for processing
them into Information.
Series of operations – to generate Information
Types of operations;
1. Aggregation
2. Summation
3. Calculation
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Nature of the data;
Text
Image
Audio
Video
Animation
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Characteristics of DBMS
Shared
Persistence
Validity/integrity/correctness
Security
Non-redundancy
Independence
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DBMS components:
Transactionmanagement
Concurrency control
Recovery management
Security management
Language interface
Storage management
Database catalog management
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DBMS
Components of DBMS:
Data Model
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Data Dictionary
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Data Model
Defines the way data are conceptually
structured.
Ex.
Hierarchical
Network
relational
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Data Definition Language:
Defines what types of information are there in
the database and how they will be structured
DDL defines each data element as it appears
in the database before that data element is
translated into the form required by the
applications.
It defines the logical and physical view of the
database
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Data Manipulation language:
DML allows user to store, retrieve, sort,
display and delete the contents of a database.
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Data Dictionary:
Stored definition of the data elements and
data characteristics such as individuals,
business functions, programs and reports,
that uses data elements as well as physical
representation, responsible parties in the
organization ( Data Ownership) and security.
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Advantages of DBMS to the organization:
Improved strategic use of corporate data
Reduced complexity of the organization's information
system environment
Reduced data redundancy and inconsistency
Enhanced data integrity
Application data independence
Improved security
Reduced application development and maintenance
cost
Improved flexibility of information system
Increased access and availability of data and
information
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Disadvantages of Database:
Higher data processing cost
Increased Hardware and software cost
Data insecurity and integrity
Insufficient database expertise.
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Data warehousing and data mining
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Information Security
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External threats
Internet connection
Remote access
Telecommuting
firewalls
Internal threats
Un- authorised access
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Routine maintenance
Software updates
Audit trails
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Information system Quality
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Need for software quality assurance
Avoiding legal liability if the software fails
Documents for best practice quality technique
Marketing the software products
Making software development cost effective
Customer satisfaction; delight and customer loyalty
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Software quality criteria
Quality factor Software quality criteria
correctness Traceability, constancy, completeness
Reliability Error tolerance, consistence, accuracy
Efficiency Execution efficiency, storage efficiency
Integrity Access control, access audit
Usability Operability, training,
communicativeness, I/O
Maintainability Simplicity, modularity, self descriptive
Portability Machine independent, system
independence
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THANK YOU
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