SAFET Y

MANAGEMENT
O C C U PAT I O N A L S A F E T Y A N D H E A LT H
WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH?
-It is concerned with preserving and protecting human and facility resources in the workplace
-It involves helping people by preventing them from being injured or becoming ill due to hazards
in the work place.
-the management function in an organization concerned with improving
its quality and efficiency.
-the responsibility to protect human life is as important as other goals.
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF OSH

- Economic – A safe workplace increases efficiency

- Moral – The right thing to do
- Legal – Businesses are regulated by safety and health policies set by the government.
 DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Modern developments in health and safety are neither isolated nor
independent.
• They are part of the long continuum of developments in the safety and
health movement.
• It started with the Code of Hammurabi (ancient Babylonians: 2000 BC)
• Significance of the code:
contained clauses dealing with injuries, allowable fees
for physicians, and monetary damages assessed
against those who injured others
• “If a man has caused the loss of a gentleman’s eye, his own eye shall
be caused to be lost.”
• Egyptian civilization:
- much of the labor was provided by the slaves
- slaves were not treated well
- Rameses II (1500 BC) built the Ramesseum
- he created an industrial medical service to care for the
workers
- workers are required to bath in the Nile River and were
given regular medical examinations. Sick workers were
isolated
• The Romans:
- vitally concerned with safety and health
- built aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines,
and well-ventilated houses
• 1567, Philippus Aureolus:
- treatise on the pulmonary diseases of miners “On the
Miners’ Sickness and Other Miners’ Diseases
- the treatise covered diseases of smelter workers and
metallurgists and diseases associated with the handling of and
exposure to mercury
• Around the same time, Georgius Agricola
- published his treatise De Re Metallica
- the need for ventilation in mines and illustrating various
devices that could be used to introduce fresh air into mines
• Bernardino Ramazzini (18th Century):
- wrote Discourse on the Diseases of Workers
- conclusive parallels between diseases suffered by workers
and their occupations

• Industrial Revolution:
- introduction of inanimate power to replace people and animal
power
- Substitution of machines for people
- Introduction of new methods for converting raw materials
- Organization and specialization of work, resulting in a division
of labor
 ROLE OF ORGANIZED LABOR

• fought for safer working conditions and appropriate compensation

for workers injured on the job
• Their work to overturn anti-labor laws relating to safety in the
workplace
• These laws were the fellow servant rule, the statutes defining
contributory negligence, and the concept of assumption of risk
• Fellow servant rule held that employers were not liable for
workplace injuries that resulted from the negligence of other
employees
• The doctrine of contributory negligence says that if the actions of
employees contributed to their own injuries, the employer was
absolved of any liability

• The concept of assumption of risk was based on the theory that

people who accept a job assume the risks that go with it.

• Organized labor played a crucial role in bringing deplorable working

conditions to the attention of the general public.
 ROLE OF SPECIFIC HEALTH
PROBLEMS
• Specific health problems that have been tied to workplace hazards have
played significant roles in the development of the mdern safety and
health movement.

• Lung disease:
- coal miners in the 1800s
- frequent contact with coal dust led to a widespread
outbreak
of anthrocosis among Great Britain’s coal miners (black
spit)
- 1800s to 1875, when it was eliminated by such safety and
 health measures as ventilation and decreased work hours
- By early 1930s, resurgence of lung problems
- By 1940s, British scientists were using the term coal-miner’s
pneumoconiosis, or CWP
- designated CWP as a separate and compensable disease in 1943
- US did not immediately follow suit despite numerous outbreak in
the country
- An explosion in a coal mine in West Virginia in 1968 killed 78 miners
- Congress responded by passing the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act
- over the years, miners typical suffer from lung diseases caused by in-
halation of coal dust particulates
• Silicosis:
- took a tragic event (Gauley Bridge disaster)
- focus attention on a serious workplace problem
- 1936, Congress held a series of hearings on the
matter
- that same year, representatives from business, industry,
and government attended the National Silicosis
Conference convened by the US secretary
of labor
- silica particulates did, in fact, cause silicosis
• Mercury Poisoning:
- first noticed among Japanese fishing village in early
1930s
- after much investigation, it was determined that a
nearby
chemical plant periodically dumped methyl mercury into
the
bay that was the village’s primary source of food
- it has been an issue in US also after a study was
conducted
in the 1940s that focused on New York City’s hat-making
industry
TERMS AND CONCEPTS IN THE
SAFETY PROFESSION
• Loss prevention – describes a program designed to identify and correct potential accident
problems before they result in financial loss or injury.
• Loss control – is a program designed to minimize incident-based financial losses
“Loss prevention and loss control techniques are important to the safety professional who
attempts to recognize, evaluate, and control hazards in the workplace.
• Safety Management – encompasses the responsibilities of planning, organizing, leading and
controlling activities necessary to achieve an organization’s loss prevention and loss control
goals.
• Safety - It is probably the most misinterpreted term by individuals outside of the safety
profession. For the layperson, safety means not getting injured. ‘‘Safety,’’ to the professional,
implies reference to the likelihood or risk that a loss event will occur. It can be defined as
‘‘operating within an acceptable or low probability of risk associated with conditions or
activities having the potential to cause harm to people, equipment, facilities or the enterprise.’’
TERMS AND CONCEPTS IN THE
SAFETY PROFESSION
• Risk – can be defined as the measure of the probability and severity of a loss event taking
place.
• Hazard – is a workplace condition or worker action that can result in injury, illness, or other
organizational loss.
“The evaluation of risks in the workplace starts with the identification of the types of hazards
existing at the facility”
• Accidents – are unplanned events, often resulting in injuries or damage, that often interrupt
routine operations. They are nearly always preceded by unsafe acts of employees, hazardous
conditions in the workplace, or both. When appropriate action is taken, most accidents can be
eliminated.
JOB TITLES OF INDIVIDUALS
PERFORMING OSH ACTIVITIES
Industrial Hygienist: Although basically trained in engineering, physics, chemistry, or biology,
this individual has acquired through study and experience knowledge of the effects on health of
chemical and physical agents under various levels of exposure. The industrial hygienist is involved
in the monitoring and analytical methods required to detect the extent of exposure and the
engineering and other methods used for hazard control.
Risk Manager: The risk manager in an organization is typically responsible for insurance
programs and other activities that minimize losses resulting from fire, accidents, and other natural
and man-made losses.
Safety Professional: An individual who, by virtue of their specialized knowledge and skill and/or
educational accomplishments, has achieved professional status in the safety field. They may also
have earned the status of CSP from the Board of Certified Safety Professionals.
JOB TITLES OF INDIVIDUALS
PERFORMING OSH ACTIVITIES
Safety Engineer: An individual who, through education, licensing, and/or experience, devotes
most or all of their employment time to the application of scientific principles and methods for
the control and modification of the workplace and other environments to achieve optimum
protection for both people and property.
Safety Manager: The individual responsible for establishing and maintaining the safety
organization and its activities in an enterprise. Typically, the safety manager administers the safety
program and manages subordinates, including the fire prevention coordinator,
industrial hygienist, safety specialists, and security personnel.
THE SAFETY AND HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL’S ROLE AND
RESPONSIBILITY
The specific roles and responsibilities of safety professionals depend upon the jobs in which they
are employed or the types of hazards present where they work.
1. Accident Investigation: determining the facts and causes related to an accident based on
witness interviews and site inspections.
2. Work with Emergency Response Teams: organizing, training, and coordinating skilled
employees to react to emergencies such as fires, accidents, or other disasters.
3. Environmental Protection: recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazards that can lead
to undesirable releases of harmful substances into air, water, or the soil.
4. Ergonomic Analysis and Modification: designing or modifying the workplace based on
an understanding of human physiological/psychological characteristics, abilities, and
limitations.
THE SAFETY AND HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL’S ROLE AND
RESPONSIBILITY
The specific roles and responsibilities of safety professionals depend upon the jobs in which they
are employed or the types of hazards present where they work.
6. Fire Protection: eliminating or minimizing fire hazards by inspection, layout of facilities, and
design of fire suppression systems.
7. Hazard Recognition: identifying conditions or actions that may cause injury, illness, or
property damage.
8. Hazardous Materials Management: ensuring dangerous chemicals and other products are
stored and used in such a manner as to prevent accidents, fires, and the exposure of people to
these substances.
9. Health Hazard Control: recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazards that can create
undesirable health effects, including noise, chemical exposures, radiation, or biological hazards.
THE SAFETY AND HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL’S ROLE AND
RESPONSIBILITY
The specific roles and responsibilities of safety professionals depend upon the jobs in which they
are employed or the types of hazards present where they work.
10. Inspection/Audit: evaluating/assessing safety and health risks associated with equipment,
materials, processes, or activities.
11. Recordkeeping: maintaining safety and health information to meet government
requirements, as well as provide data for problem solving and decision making.
12. Regulatory Compliance: ensuring all mandatory safety and health
standards are satisfied.
13. Training: providing employees with the knowledge and skills necessary to recognize hazards
and perform their jobs safely and effectively.
ASSIGNMENT / QUESTIONS:
1. Why does it make good business sense to have a good safety program? List four
reasons.
2. Do you think most working individuals are concerned with occupational safety and
health issues? Why?
3. Why is it useful to study historical occupational safety and health events?
4. What is your definition of the term safety? How does it differ from the professional
definition of this term?
5. What potential losses can result from safety and health hazards in the workplace?
6. What are some of the responsibilities of safety professionals?
PROCEDURE IN HAZARDS ANALYSIS
IN THE WORKPLACE
• Every workplace, HAZARDs may potentially occur on various activities we are doing if one
or more components of the accident causation models are breached.
OBJECTIVES

• Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard analysis

• Identify typical hazards in the workplace
• Review various techniques that can be used to identify hazards in the workplace
WHAT IS HAZARD?

• It is often associated with several conditions or activities that if left uncontrolled can cause an
injury.
COMMON HAZARDS IN THE
WORKPLACE
HOW DO I IDENTIFY WORKPLACE
HAZARDS?
• Hazard analysis is an exercise in detective.Your goal is to discover the following:
1. What can go wrong?
2. What are the consequences?
3. How could it arise or happen?
HOW DO I CORRECT OR PREVENT
HAZARDS?
• After assessing your list of potential hazards on a certain activity, now you may consider what
mitigating method you could device to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of the hazard. The
most effective and widely used are engineering controls that are physical change or machine or
work environment to prevent employee to hazard.
HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES

• The order of precedence and effectiveness of hazard control is the following:

1. Engineering Controls
2. Administrative Controls
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
ENGINEERING CONTROLS INCLUDE
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Elimination/minimizing of the hazard
2. Substitution of equipment or process to decrease hazard
3. Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine, blast shields, or other means
4. Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices;
2. Exposure time limitations;
3. Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
4. Alarms, signs and warnings;
5. Buddy system and training
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

1. When engineering controls are not feasible or so not totally eliminate the hazard
2. While engineering controls are being developed
3. When safe work practices do not provide sufficient additional protection
4. During emergencies when engineering controls may not be feasible.
ADVANTAGES

• Essential safety management tool

• Inventory of hazard and risks
DRAWBACKS

• Requires commitment
• Time and budget
• Needs patience
ASSIGNMENT (TO BE PASSED ON FEB.1, 2019)
- ENGINEERING LETTERING
- SHORT BOND PAPER
- STRICTLY NO COPYING OF OTHER’S WORK!

1. Tragedies that have changed the safety movement

a. Hawk’s Nest Tragedy
b. Asbestos Menace
c. Bhopal Tragedy
2. Do you think World War II contributed to the Safety
Movement? Explain your answer.