STRUCTURAL HEALTH

MONITORING

P . Rajitha
14011P0110
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• What is SHM?
• Traditional Methods before SHM
• Need for SHM in Structures
• Systems of SHM
• What is a SMART SENSOR?
• Efforts in developing sensors
• Examples of SHM implemented structures
• Limitations of SHM
• Future Scope
 INTRODUCTION
Safety and Stability are the two important factors which are
to be considered to design any type of structure.
During their designed life the structures may experience
extreme load conditions , some withstand those
conditions or suffer from minor damages or in the worst
cases , they collapse.
Even if the structure is not subjected to extreme conditions,
it has to be monitored. If not the structure may get
weaken and if unnoticed it may cause a major problem.
 What is SHM?
The ability to continuously monitor the integrity
of the structure in the real-time, which can
provide safety particularly for the aged structures
is called “STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING”.
The design and fabrication of smart structures is
one of the major challenges. SHM represents one
of the primary applications for the new sensor
technology.
 Traditional Methods before SHM
a) Visual Inspection by experienced engineers
b) Non-Destructive methods:
• Eddy currents
• Rebound hammer
• Ultra pulse velocity
The effectiveness of such inspections depends
upon the expertise conducting the tests. These
methods are highly labour intensive and costly.
 Need for SHM in Structures
 To detect and localize damage
 Limits in visual inspection
 Cost is reduced while providing increased public
safety
 Lifetime monitoring of future projects
 To design appropriate retrofit measures
 To assist the emergency response efforts
 To assess the strength capabilities at any point of
time
 Systems of SHM
To investigate both local and globalised damages
efficiently, a dense array of sensors are implemented
for large structures.
Such a dense array of sensors needs to be scalable, so
that the performance does not degrade substantially
as the number of components increase.
There are two types of systems:
1. Traditional SHM system using Central Data
Acquisition
2. SHM system with Smart Sensors
1.Traditional SHM System using Centralised Data
Acquisition
SHM System with Smart Sensors
 What is a Smart Sensor?
In general, a sensor is a device that is designed to
acquire information from an object and transform
it into an electric signal.
The difference between a standard sensor and
smart sensor is its intelligence capabilities. It
typically consists of three parts as shown below,

Sensing Signal
microprocessor
element conditioning
 Efforts in developing Sensors
Dr.Straser and
Prof.A.Kiremidjian
 To acquire, manage data
and to facilitate damage
detection diagnosis.
 Ease of installation, low
cost , portability and broad
functionality.
 Consists microprocessor,
modem, data storage and
batteries.
 Efforts in developing Sensors

Lynch
 First concept of wireless
sensor.
 8-bit Atmel
microcontroller with
4MHz CPU.
 Spectrometer and
Accelerometer.
 Efforts in developing Sensors

Agre, (“AWAIRS I”)

 It can support bi-
directional and peer-to-
peer communication with
few neighbours.
 Consists of a processor,
radio, power supply and
sensors.
 Efforts in developing Sensors

European project
(“EYES”)
 Enable the creation of
new generation of self
organising and
collaborative sensors.
 Two-level structure.
 Efforts in developing Sensors

Berkely-Mote processors
 Improved memory
capacity and better
microprocessor.
 3rd generation of Mica.
 Recent devices : mica2,
Mica2dot, intel-Mote.
 Examples of SHM implemented Structures
Golden Gate Bridge:
• Opened in 1937.

• SHM was planned in

1995.

• It consists of three
phases.
Typical cross-section
 Examples of SHM implemented Structures
Jindo Bridge:
• It is a US-Korea-Japan
collaborative project.
• SHM was implemented in
the year 2009.
• FE model.
• 70 WSSN.
Finite Element Model
Typical Section of 70 WSSN Nodes
 Limitations
• High installation costs.
• Vulnerable to ambient signal noise corruption.
• Size and complexity of large structures require a
large number of sensing points to be installed.
• Vulnerable to high intensity earthquake
conditions.
Future Scope
REFERENCES
• Billie F. SPENCER Jr., Manuel RUIZ-SANDOVAL, Narito KURATA
“SMART SENSING TECHNOLOGY FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING ”, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
Vancouver, B.C., Canada August, 2004.
• Dr. Mahendra P. Singh Dr. Scott L. Hendricks Dr. Muhammad R. Hajj,
“METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND
DAMAGE DETECTION OF CIVIL SYSTEMS”, June, 16th 2005
Blacksburg, Virginia
• Kiremidjian, A.S., Kenny, T.W., Law, K.H. & Lee, T. 2001. “A
WIRELESS MODULAR HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
CIVIL STRUCTURES.” Proposal to the National Science Foundation.
• Charles SEIM, Mervin g GIACOMINI, “INSTRUMENTING THE
GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE TO RECORD SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR”,
2000.